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Redalyc.Contribución De Pheidole Fallax Y Ectatomma Ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) En La Dispersión Y Germinación De Semill

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Redalyc.Contribución De Pheidole Fallax Y Ectatomma Ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) En La Dispersión Y Germinación De Semill Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Gutierrez-Rapalino, Bleydis Paola; Domínguez-Haydar, Yamileth Contribución de Pheidole fallax y Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la dispersión y germinación de semillas en áreas rehabilitadas de la mina de carbón del Cerrejón, Colombia Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 65, núm. 2, junio, 2017, pp. 575-587 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44950834012 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Contribución de Pheidole fallax y Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la dispersión y germinación de semillas en áreas rehabilitadas de la mina de carbón del Cerrejón, Colombia Bleydis Paola Gutierrez-Rapalino 1 & Yamileth Domínguez-Haydar 1 1. Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad del Caribe colombiano. Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico. Ciudadela Universitaria, Km 7-Vía Puerto Colombia. Barranquilla, Colombia; [email protected], [email protected] Recibido 30- V-2016. Corregido 08- XI -2016. Aceptado 07- XII -2016. Abstract: Contribution of Pheidole fallax and Ectatomma ruidum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to the dispersion and germination of seeds in rehabilitated areas of the Cerrejón coal mine, Colombia. Seed dispersal is a key process in the re-establishment of vegetation on reclaimed lands. The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of the ant species Ectatomma ruidum and Pheidole fallax to seed dispersal and germination on reclaimed lands in the Cerrejón coal mine, Colombia. Four 6 x 40 m plots were installed in each area, in which the number of nests by species was counted and distances between closest nests of each species were measured. Five of the nests counted were chosen for seed extraction, and a nearby control sample was taken from each nest. In total, 295 nests were counted: 59 nests during the dry season and 236 nests during the rainy season, of which 84 belonged to P. fallax and 211 belonged to E. ruidum . A total of 21 304 seeds were found in nests and control samples, of which 19 349 were obtained from P. fallax nest refuse, and 318 were obtained from E. ruidum nests; 597 seeds were found in control samples. The number of seeds extracted from nests was significantly higher than the number of seeds removed from control samples. There was a significant difference between the number of seeds removed by P. fallax and the number of seeds removed by E. ruidum . The seed germination percentage from nests was higher than the percentage from seeds in control samples. In the case of P. fallax , the germination percentage was lower in control samples and higher in nests and refuse. The results suggest that the ant species E. ruidum and P. fallax may contribute to seed dispersal and re-establishment of vegetation in areas where they were found. These ants may thus significantly contribute to restoration pro - cesses in areas degraded by mining. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (2): 575-587. Epub 2017 June 01. Key words: myrmecochory, nests, restoration, refuse piles, propagules. La dispersión de semillas es el movimiento permiten la protección frente a depredadores, de los propágulos fuera del área de influencia la disminución en la competencia con los con - de la planta madre; en este proceso los anima - géneres y les brindan además la oportunidad de les cumplen un papel importante como vectores colonizar otras áreas (Beattie, 1985). (Howe & Smallwood, 1982). Entre los insectos Las hormigas como postdispersoras reorga - se ha destacado el aporte de las hormigas como nizan los bancos de semillas y pueden aumentar dispersores de semillas en la región Neotropi - las tasas de germinación (Delabie, Ospina, & cal (Pizo, Passos, & Oliveira, 2004; Christia - Zabala, 2003; Giladi, 2006; Farnese, Mângia, nini, Mayhé-Nunes, & Oliveira, 2007, 2012). & Fonseca, 2011; Escobar-Ramírez, Duque, En la mirmecocoria las hormigas transportan Henao, Hurtado-Giraldo, & Armbrecht, 2012). las diásporas a una distancia considerable de Sin embargo, la propagación depende en cierta la planta madre sin afectar el embrión, les medida de las características de las semillas Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 65 (2): 575-587, June 2017 575 o de las preferencias alimenticias de las hor - hormigas es espacialmente diferente, E. ruidum migas. Varias investigaciones han demostrado realiza esta labor hacia áreas abiertas como que la presencia de apéndices, como arilo, o potreros, mientras que P. fallax lo hace hacia de una estructura carnosa llamada eleosoma lugares con mayor cobertura vegetal. podría aumentar la dispersión (Beattie, 1989; Pese a que E. ruidum y P. fallax han sido Pizo et al., 2004; Salas, Ybarra, Moreno, Rivas, reconocidas como buenas dispersoras de semi - & Pérez, 2010). Incluso, las semillas que con - llas, pocas referencias detallan qué sucede con tienen mayor cantidad de lípidos en su parte las semillas llevadas a los nidos; es decir, si son carnosa suelen presentar una mayor tasa de o no consumidas y cómo es la tasa de germina - remoción (Christianini et al., 2007). ción respecto a las que no son removidas. Este Las semillas removidas por las hormigas, estudio cobra importancia si se tiene en cuenta son llevadas a sus nidos donde son consumi - que estas hormigas se encuentran asociadas das las estructuras carnosas y muchas veces la a sitios en procesos de restauración, donde el semilla es dejada intacta. Esta situación podría papel como dispersores podría contribuir al aumentar la supervivencia y el éxito germinati - restablecimiento de la capa vegetal. Por ello, el vo (Christianini et al., 2007), ya que los nidos objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la contribu - son sitios enriquecidos en nutrientes, en los que ción de las hormigas E. ruidum y P. fallax en las semillas encuentran micrositios adecuados la remoción y germinación de semillas en áreas que pueden favorecer su germinación y el rehabilitadas en la mina del Cerrejón. establecimiento de las plántulas (Leal, Wirth, & Tabarelli, 2007). Desde este punto de vista, MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS esta función resulta beneficiosa en áreas en las cuales se realizan procesos de restauración, ya Área de estudio: Este trabajo fue reali - que podrían contribuir con la recuperación de zado en la mina de carbón a cielo abierto del la capa vegetal afectada por actividades huma - Cerrejón, localizada en el departamento de La nas de alto impacto como la minería de carbón Guajira (11°4’45.78” N - 72°42’32.78” W) a cielo abierto. (Fig. 1), al noreste de Colombia (Santamaría, En la mina de carbón del Cerrejón (La Domínguez Haydar, & Armbrecht, 2009 b; Guajira, Colombia) desde hace más de dos Gualdrón, 2011). Las zonas climáticas en el décadas se han realizado acciones de rehabili - área corresponden a las categorías de cálido tación ecológica. De acuerdo con Domínguez- seco y cálido muy seco. Se presentan dos Haydar y Armbrecht (2011) la aplicación de períodos lluviosos; el primero en abril y mayo, estos planes de restauración ha permitido el el segundo entre octubre y noviembre, con restablecimiento de la fauna de hormigas y la una precipitación media anual de 840 mm, recuperación de algunas funciones ecosistémi - una temperatura media anual de 27.5 oC y una cas; en particular, encontraron que las especies elevación que fluctúa entre 220 m y 240 m. La Ectatomma ruidum (Roger, 1861) y Pheidole formación vegetal corresponde a las zonas de fallax (Mayr, 1870) fueron las hormigas que matorral desértico, bosque subxerofítico y bos - más contribuyeron a la remoción y dispersión que seco tropical (Gualdrón, 2011). de semillas. La mina utiliza un modelo de rehabilitación Resultados similares encontrados por Wil - ecológica que consta de tres etapas: adecuación son (2003), Zelikova y Breed (2008), Santa - geomorfológica de las tierras, estabilización maría, Armbrecht y Lachaud (2009 a), y Lôbo, de los suelos con pastos y la revegetación con Tabarelli y Leal (2011) muestran que estas hor - especies nativas (Gualdrón, 2011). Producto migas remueven más del 50 % de las semillas de esta labor realizada por la mina, pode - que les son ofertadas en los experimentos de mos encontrar áreas con diferentes tiempos remoción. Además, Zelikova y Breed (2008) de haber iniciado el proceso de rehabilitación indican que la remoción de semillas por estas en un gradiente que alcanza más de 20 años 576 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 65 (2): 575-587, June 2017 Fig. 1. Área de estudio en donde se muestran las áreas de rehabilitación, las zonas de explotación de carbón actual y el bosque de referencia en la mina de carbón el Cerrejón, Guajira-Colombia. Fig. 1. Study area showing rehabilitation areas of current coal exploitation and the forest site in the Cerrejon coal mine, Guajira, Colombia. (más detalles en Gualdrón (2011) y Domín - se extrajeron cinco nidos al azar por parcela guez-Haydar y Armbrecht (2011)). En los alre - con su respectivo suelo control, para este se dedores de la mina se encuentran fragmentos verificó que no hubiera actividad superficial de de bosque seco tropical, los cuales no han sido macrofauna y se tomó a un metro de distancia intervenidos con minería y forman parte de la del nido. Para asegurar la independencia entre zona de compensación y conservación. nidos se comprobó que la distancia mínima entre los nidos de P. fallax fuese de dos metros, Diseño de muestreo: Se realizaron dos a través de excavaciones previas se determinó muestreos durante el 2014, uno en la época que nidos con una separación de aproxima - seca (marzo) y otro en la época de lluvia damente 1 m no estaban comunicados (Obs.
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