Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West John P

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85755-0 - Exiles and Pioneers: Eastern Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West John P. Bowes Index More information

Index

Abbott, James A., 228 Armstrong, James, 211 accusations against, 233 Armstrong, John M., 204, 215 issues patents to Black Bob Shawnees, argues against slavery, 182 238 Armstrong, Lucy B. Absentee Shawnee Indians, 219, 221, 227 argues for widows as heads of family, and Civil War, 227 214–216 alcohol, 67 Armstrong, Silas, 180, 207, 210, 212 at treaty councils, 73, 76, 198, 199 joins Wyandotte City Town Company, Indian temperance, 74, 118, 145 214 trade, 40, 57, 107, 116–118 leader of Wyandot “Citizen Party,” 217 Alford, Thomas Wildcat, 219 maneuvers for Lucy Armstrong’s land, allotment, 4, 5, 14, 185, 189, 219, 256, 257 214–216 1854 Shawnee treaty, 221, 226 signs 1855 treaty, 184, 201 1855 Wyandot treaty, 205–210, Astor, John Jacob, 58 213–217, 259 Atchison, Senator David R., 210 Black Bob Shawnee Indians, 238–239 Aupaumut, Hendrick, 126 Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians, 219, 220 Baptists, 169, 172 Delaware Indians, 189, 196–201 conﬂict with Methodists, 170 Potawatomi Indians, 247, 249–251 mission schools, 57 proposed by Wyandots, 183, 201 Shawnee Baptist Mission, 101 Shawnee Indians, 228–233 Shawnee mission in Kansas, 169–170, American Fur Company, 58 171 American Revolution, 7, 24, 26, 83, 154, Barbeau, Marius, 1, 188 156 Barker, Francis, 101 backcountry violence, 84 Barnett, Joseph, 99 Andrews, T. P., 241 Battle of Fallen Timbers, 28, 163 annuities, 107, 115–116, 241, 251 Beaubien, Medone B., 247 Delaware Indians, 194 Bertrand, Benjamin, 248 dispute among Shawnees, 168–169, 176 Bertrand, Jr., Joseph, 247, 249 paying trader debts, 76, 195 Bertrand, Sr., Joseph, 59 Wyandot Indians, 209 relations with St. Joseph Potawatomis, Apple Creek, 32, 38 59–60 Arapaho Indians, 87 Between-the-Logs, 162 Arikira Indians, 119 Bigtree, James, 208 Armstrong, Hannah, 216 Black Beaver, 197

261

262 Index

Black Bob, 167, 177, 221, 222 Cape Girardeau, 30, 33, 100, 131 argues for traditional leadership, 225 Shawnee land grant, 25 death of, 225 Carey Mission School, 57, 67, 247 protests new Shawnee government, 177 Carondelet, Don Francisco Luis Hector, Black Hawk, 64 the Baron de, 25 Black Hawk War, 64–65 Carselowey, J. R., 255 regional impact of, 65–67 Cass, Lewis, 19, 48, 57, 69, 73, 74, 84, Black Hoof, 19, 48, 50, 97, 129, 157, 158, 113, 165, 257 178, 184, 256 description of Joseph Parks, 155 against Shawnee relocation from Ohio, relationship with Joseph Parks, 157 48–49 Cerre,` Gabriel, 30 early Shawnee migrations, 19–20 Cherokee Indians, 6, 9, 25, 27, 54, 81, 122, Black Hoof, Young, 176 127, 151, 220, 256, 257, 259 Blackfish, 173, 222 1843 council, 141–145 Blackfish, Parlie, 222 1843 proposal for Indian league of Bloody Eyes, 162 nations, 145–147 Blue Jacket, 127, 129, 156 1869 agreement with Shawnee Indians, Bluejacket v. Commissioners of Johnson 238 County, 236 first inter-Indian peace council, 144 U.S. Supreme Court reversal of, 236 Treaty Party, 143 Bluejacket, Charles, 177, 225, 253 Chevalier, Catherine, 61 certificates of competency, 233 Chevalier, François, 62 fights taxation, 234–237 Cheyenne Indians, 87, 119 land speculation, 231, 234 Chick, William, 180 protests plans of Joseph Parks, 177 Chickasaw Indians, 22, 25 wealth of, 230 Choctaw Academy, 80 Bogy, Louis, 222 Choctaw Indians Bone, James, 229 opposition to Isaac McCoy’s plan for Bourassa, Alexander, 58 Indian Territory, 140 Bourassa, Eloy, 58 use of wampum, 47 Bourassa, Joseph, 247, 249 Chouteau, Auguste, 29, 33, 34, 36 land speculation, 250 Chouteau, Cyprien, 104, 194 Bourassa, Jude, 247 Chouteau, François, 37, 104, 107 Bourassa, Leon, 58 Chouteau, Jr., Auguste, 36 Bourie, Harriet, 59 Chouteau, Jr., Pierre, 37, 104 Broderick, William, 49 trading company, 115, 116, 117 Brotherton Indians, 83 Chouteau, P. L., 134 Brown, Adam, 160 Chouteau, Pierre, 33, 34, 36 Brown, John D., 209 Citizen Band of Potawatomi Indians, 219, Brown, Orlando, 1, 2, 175, 203, 204 240, 248, 251, 253, 258 discusses proposal for Wyandot allotment, 220 citizenship, 203 citizenship, 4, 5, 14, 189, 250, 258 Buckongahelas, 40 1855 Wyandot treaty, 205–210, 213–217, 259 Caldwell, Billy (Soukamok), 61, 72, 246 discussed by Wyandots, 203–205 involvement with Potawatomi treaties, proposed by Wyandots, 184, 201–203 60–63 Shawnee Indians, 225 Caldwell, William, 62 Civil War, 5, 14, 15, 201, 213, 216, 219, Calhoun, John C., 38, 48, 140 224, 226 California Gold Rush, 119, 149 Quantrill’s raid on Black Bob Shawnees, calumet, 125 227

Index 263

Clark, George I., 202, 204, 210 1854 treaty, 189, 195 argues against slavery, 182 1860 treaty, 198–199 lobbies for citizenship for Wyandots, 206 agriculture, 87, 97, 100, 102–106, named secretary of Nebraska Territory, 194 183 allotment, 14, 185, 196–201 signs 1855 treaty, 184, 201 ancient confederation with eastern Clark, George Rogers, 26 Indians, 83, 85 Clark, William, 36, 37, 49, 57, 61, 92, 99, and 1838 inter-Indian council, 139 104, 131, 168, 170 and 1839 emigration, 82–85 St. Louis journal, 50–52 and 1843 council, 147 Coffman, Lot, 207 and Colonel George Morgan, 25–29 Comanche Indians, 141, 147 annuities, 114, 115, 194 Compromise of 1850, 149 Apple Creek, 32 Conner, James, 195 as grandfathers, 125, 142 Conner, John, 195, 199 birth and death rates, 118 becomes Delaware principal chief, 196 border economy, 110, 112 signs 1860 treaty, 198 changes in government, 200 Conner, William, 49, 196 conflict with Osage Indians, 131–133 Connor, Melinda Rogers, 234 conflict with Pawnee Indians, 134–136, Cooley, D. N., 250 148 Cornatzer, Samuel, 229, 237 disease, 119, 120 wealth of, 230 dispossession in Kansas, 189, 201 Cornstalk, 98, 168, 172, 178 early migrations, 9, 23–24, 128 Cornstalk, Peter, 169, 170 factions, 196 council fires, 143, 149, 150, 151 flood of 1844, 101 Brownstown, 127 Florida War, 139, 165 carried west by Wyandots, 147 frustration with U.S. government, 132 discussion of original council fire, gender roles, 104–106 144–145 hunting, 100, 103, 119, 132, 133, 134 of northwestern confederacy, 148 impact of American settlement in symbolism, 126, 243 Missouri, 38 Crawford, T. Hartley, 81 in Canada, 53, 84, 156 Creek Indians, 20, 22, 24, 27, 122, 127, in Indiana Territory, 40, 97 134, 146, 224 in Texas, 196 1837 and 1838 councils, 137–138 invitation to Canadian Indians, 82, opposition to Isaac McCoy’s plan for 84 Indian Territory, 140 Leavenworth, Pawnee, and Western use of wampum, 47 Railroad, 198–200 Cruzat, Don Francesco, 25 Lenni Lenape, 9 Cummings, Alfred, 192, 195 migration to Spanish Louisiana, 24–29 Cummins, Richard, 100, 103, 104, 117, negotiations with Spanish authorities, 118, 136, 165, 176 35 New Madrid, 38 D’Abbadie, Jean Jacques Blaise, 29 northwestern Indian confederacy, 127, Davis, Jefferson, 193, 218 128 Dawes Act, 257 northwestern Indian confederacy in Day, Joe, 101 the West, 147–151 De Leyba, Don Fernando, 33 on Canadian River, 140 Delaware Indians, 51, 87, 99, 160, 187, removal from Indiana, 40–41 235, 256, 257 social and political divisions, 24 1829 treaty, 42, 134 St. Mary’s treaty of 1818, 40, 84

264 Index

Delaware Indians (cont.) protests plans of Joseph Parks, 177 temperance, 118 statement against Johnson and Shawnee troubles with squatters in Kansas, council, 175 191–194 Foreman, Grant, 255 use of wampum, 135, 149 Forsyth, Robert, 62 Wyandot purchase, 85 Forsyth, Thomas, 62 Denver, James, 192, 216, 232, 246 Fort Leavenworth, 101, 103, 108, 165 Deseille, Fr. Louis, 74, 76, 77 Fort Leavenworth Agency, 114 Deunquod, 162, 163, 164 mixed descent employees, 109 disease, 41, 71, 107 Framboise, Madeline la, 58 during removal, 78 Friends’ Shawnee Labor School, 110 in Kansas, 87, 95, 119–120, 171 Fuller, Andrew, 81 Dole, William, 197 Dougherty, George, 230 Gardiner, James B., 152, 157 Dougherty, John, 134 Garrett, Joel, 207 Gay, William, 211 Elliott, Richard, 146, 243 Gibson, George, 241 environment, 11 Gilliss, William, 42 comparison of Great Lakes region and Glaize, 28, 128 Great Plains, 94–96 Gnaddenhutten massacre, 84 description of western lands, 89–90, Goode, Reverend William H., 142, 145 92–94, 99 Graham, Richard, 50 disease, 119 Great American Desert, 89 drought, 102 Green, Reverend Jesse, 169 flood of 1844, 101 Grey-eyes, John, 205, 209 Indian complaints, 92–93 Guthrie, Abelard, 183, 226 Eudora, KS founds Quindaro, 214 establishment of, 231–232 Guthrie, Nancy Quindaro Brown, 183 Ewing, Clymer, and Company, 116 Ewing, George W., 58, 76 Half Day, 243 Ewing, Jr., Thomas, 198 Handsome Lake, 17 Ewing, William G., 58, 76 Harmar, General Josiah, 28 Harrison, William Henry, 38, 57 Fairfield, 40, 84 Harvey, Henry, 172 Fall Leaf, Captain, 199 Harvey, Thomas H., 102, 241 ferries, 112 Herring, Elbert, 74, 165 Field, Matthew, 101 Hicks, Francis, 148, 202 Fillmore, Millard, 206 slavery, 182 Findlay, James, 104, 114 Hicks, John, 127, 148, 162 Finiels, Nicolas de, 32 signs 1855 treaty, 201 Finley, Reverend James B., 163 Hicks, Matilda, 212, 216 Fish (William Jackson), 169, 171, 173 Hidatsa Indians, 119 Fish, Charles, 1, 2, 109, 112, 173, 175, Hoag, Enoch, 251 177 Ho-Chunk Indians, 64 Fish, Paschal, 1, 2, 109, 112, 171, 227 Homestead Law of 1862, 227 inn for travelers in Kansas, 112–113 Housatonic Indians, 83 land speculation, 231 Hughes, Andrew, 104 licensed Methodist preacher, 173 Huron Indians, 128, 161 opposition to severalty Shawnees, 224–226 Indian Country, 13 protests Black Bob land patents, 238 as defined by federal policy, 116

Index 265

Indian Removal Act, 9, 10, 55, 63, 137 Kansas (town of), 107, 119 as benchmark, 18 Kansas Indians, 129, 130, 133, 148 foundation and implementation, 55–56 Kansas Territory, 7, 178, 188, 190, 226 Indian Reorganization Act, 257 Bleeding Kansas, 185 Indian Rings, 194 government support of preemption, 212, Indian Territory, 197, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218 219, 220, 224, 227, 229, 238, 239, Indian land ownership in, 218 251, 257 land speculation in, 191–194, 213–215 McCoy’s plans for creation of, 140–141 organization of, 4, 12, 207 Inter-Indian councils settler depredations, 212, 228 1837 and 1838 councils, 137–138 territorial elections, 210–211 1843 council, 122–123, 141–145 timber theft in, 192 1843 proposal for Indian league of Kansas-Nebraska Act, 88, 150, 183, 185, nations, 145–147 188, 190, 206 American concerns regarding 1838 Kaskaskia Indians, 37 council, 139 Kayrahoo, John, 187, 188, 218 attempts to renew northwestern relationship between whites and Indians, confederacy in the West, 147–151 187–188 customs and kinship terms, 124–126 successor to Tauromee, 217 Glaize in 1792, 128 Kenekuk (Kickapoo Prophet), 70 regarding Shawnee relocation west Ketchum, Captain, 148, 190 of the Mississippi, 42–49 speech at 1848 council, 148–149 role and symbolism of council fires, written will, 195 126–127 Ketchum, George, 256 Scioto in 1769, 27 Ketchum, James, 195 use of wampum in, 45–48 Ketchum, Louis, 256 Iowa Indians, 122 Ketchum, Sol, 255 at 1843 council, 142 Kickapoo Indians, 35, 43, 44, 51, 64, 70, Iroquois Indians, 22, 24, 27, 179 104, 109, 115, 134, 147, 148, 150 Great League of Peace, 125, 126 Kickapoo Prophet. See Kenekuk use of wampum, 46 Kikito, 63, 66, 67 Isaacs, Andrew, 198 removal from Indiana, 66–72 Kikthawenund (Chief William Anderson), Jackson, Andrew, 57, 71 40, 41, 99, 130 Jacob, James, 238, 239 conflict with Osages, 131–133 Jefferson, Thomas, 4, 21, 36, 38, 39, 55 conflict with Pawnees, 134–135 Jesuits, 244, 245 Delaware migrations from Indiana to among Wyandots, 161 Kansas, 42 protest 1836 treaty with Yellow River Kikuskawlowa, 24 Potawatomis, 76–77 Killbuck, Captain, 40 Twin Lakes mission, 74 King, Matthew, 230, 237 Johnson, Fielding, 199, 200 land sales, 234 Johnson, Reverend Thomas, 111, 170, kinship 173 Indians and traders, 26, 42, 58–60, affiliation with southern branch of 61 Methodist Episcopal Church, 174 networks, 10, 18, 35, 39, 42, 54, 86 slavery, 174 terms, 125–126 Jolly, John, 138, 141 Kirk, William, 98 Journeycake, Charles, 197 Kockatowha, 190 named assistant chief, 200 death of, 200 Journeycake, Rachel Rogers, 234 signs 1860 treaty, 198

266 Index

Konkapot, Levi, 53, 82 McDougal, Nancy, 229 Konkapot, Robert, 53 McIntosh, Roly, 122, 124, 138 speech at 1843 council, 143 Laclede,` Pierre, 29 McKee, Mary, 1, 2 founding St. Louis, 29–30 Meeker, Jotham, 101, 146, 170 LaFramboise, Joseph, 247, 249 Mekinges, 195 LaFramboise, Josette, 247 Menard, Pierre, 36, 41, 42, 49 Lea, Luke, 174 Menominee, 63, 72, 244 Leavenworth forced removal in 1838, 72–82. See Trail settlement of, 191 of Death Leavenworth, Pawnee, and Western Mesquakie Indians, 30, 64, 148 Railroad (LP&W), 198 Methodists, 111, 153, 169, 172 and Delaware Indians, 198–200 among Wyandots in Ohio, 161–163 and Potawatomis, 249–250 conflict with Baptists, 170 becomes Union Pacific, Eastern Division impact on Shawnee unity, 174 (UPED), 200 Shawnee complaints about, 1, 2 Lesieur, François and Joseph, 30 Shawnee mission in Kansas, 169–170, Lewis, Captain (Quitewepea), 43 171, 211 negotiations for Shawnee migration, split over slavery, 2, 174, 182, 211 43–49 Mexican-American War, 149 Lincoln, Abraham, 225 Miami Indians, 40, 45, 51, 103, 125, 127, Linn, H. C., 252 128, 148, 150, 179 Lisa, Manuel, 36 council fire at Brownstown, 127 Little Turtle, 28, 126 middle ground, 9, 21, 39 Long, Isaac, 210 Mississippi River Looney, John, 138, 141 as boundary between American Lorimier, Jr., Louis, 41 civilization and Indian savagery, 38–39 Lorimier, Louis, 25, 32, 37 as corridor, 10, 21–22, 33, 52 Shawnee migrations to Louisiana as political boundary, 10, 21–22, 28 Territory, 25–29 Missouri border economy, 107–110 Louisiana Purchase, 21, 36, 38, 130 Walker brothers, 180 impact of, 36 Missouri Compromise, 3, 38, 174 Lowery, Major George, 144 Missouri Fur Company, 36 discussion of original council fire, Missouri Indians, 30 144–145 Missouri Shawnee Indians, 100, 131, 132, Lykins, Johnston, 170 137, 159 1825 treaty, 100, 166 Mahican Indians, 24, 83 agriculture, 32 Mandan Indians, 119 and Joseph Parks, 176 Manypenny, George, 150, 188, 209, 218 Apple Creek, 32, 38, 167 Markham, Reverend Thomas, 174 Black Bob band, 167, 168, 177, 220, Marshall, John, 195 227, 228, 238–239 Marshall, William, 65, 67 Cape Girardeau land grant, 25, 100, 166 Maxent, Gilbert Antoine, 29 impact of American settlement in McCoy, John Calvin, 108, 207, 216 Missouri, 38 McCoy, Reverend Isaac, 57, 59, 108, 118, negotiations with Spanish authorities, 34 170 political struggles with Ohio Shawnees, and Yellow River Potawatomis, 74 166–178, 222–226 Baptist mission for Shawnees, 169, 171 Rogerstown, 32, 38, 167 exploration of western lands, 92–94 Mitchell, David, 190, 204 plans for Indian Territory, 140–141 Mix, Charles, 212

Index 267

Mohican Indians, 83 Hog Creek, 44, 100, 152, 156, 159, 166, Monroe, James, 56 167, 169, 173–176 Moravians, 24, 40, 110, 161 Huron River band, 152, 156, 157, 167, at Fairfield, 84 174, 175 at Goshen, 84 Lewistown, 44, 167, 168 at New Fairfield, 84 political struggles with Missouri Gnaddenhutten massacre, 84 Shawnees, 166–178, 222–226 White River mission, 97 Quakers, 172 Morgan, Colonel George, 25 Shawnee Council, 14 Delaware migrations to Louisiana Tenskwatawa removal party, 48–51 Territory, 29 Wapakoneta, 20, 44, 50, 97–99, 113, Mormons, 248 152, 155, 156, 158, 166, 167, 169, 172, Mudeater, Matthew, 210, 212 173, 175, 176 leads Wyandots to Seneca lands, 212 Ojibway Indians, 148 lobbies for citizenship for Wyandots, council fire at Brownstown, 127 206 Oneida Indians, 83 signs 1855 treaty, 184, 201 Oregon Trail, 107, 112, 119, 246 Munsee dialect, 23, 83 Osage Indians, 25, 30, 122, 123, 129, 133, Munsee Indians, 18, 24, 53, 82, 128 141, 146 1839 emigration, 82, 85 at 1843 council, 142 ancient confederacy with Delaware conflict with Delaware Indians, 131–133 Indians, 83, 85 first inter-Indian peace council, 144 conflict with Delaware Indians, 85 in Spanish Louisiana, 33–35, 130 history of in New Jersey and relationship with Chouteaus, 34, 36 Pennsylvania, 83 Otoe Indians, 136 in Canada, 84, 156 Ottawa Baptist Mission, 111 relationship with Moravians, 84 Ottawa Indians, 35, 57, 79, 92, 103, 128, 146, 148 Nanticoke Indians, 83 council fire at Brownstown, 127 Natcoming, Chief, 115, 118 Nauntay, 61 Palmer, Luther, 248 Navarre, Anthony, 247 Parish, Isaac, 231 Navarre, Pierre, 59 Parke, Abiah, 156 Neconhecon, 190, 199 Parker, Ely, 217 signs 1860 treaty, 198 Parkman, Francis, 113 New Fairfield, 53, 84 Parks, Catherine, 157 New Madrid, 30, 38 Parks, Joseph, 11, 148, 253, 259 Newcom, John, 53, 85 assumes position of influence among Newsom, B. J. Shawnees, 175–176 accusations against, 233 becomes first elected chief, 177 Northrup, Hiram, 180, 208 comments on allotment, 221 northwestern Indian confederacy, 127, 128 connection to Methodists, 173 attempts to renew in the West, 147–151 death of, 221 Notawkah, 73, 75, 78 economic pursuits in Kansas, 113–115 fighting Seminoles in Florida, 139–140, Ogee, Joseph, 112 165 Ohio Shawnee Indians, 42, 100, 175, 220 heritage, 155–157 1831 treaty, 166 interpreter, 152, 158, 165 and Joseph Parks, 157, 158, 164, land speculation, 231 175–178 possible plans for land cession treaty, debates over migration in 1820s, 43–49 177

268 Index

Parks, Joseph (cont.) at Council Bluffs, 146, 240, 241, 243 relationship with Lewis Cass, 157–158, at Osage River, 146, 241 165 border economy, 110, 112 Shawnee emigration in 1826, 49 citizenship, 251 slavery, 114–115 in Canada, 244 Parks, William, 156 in Mexico, 244 Paterson, Captain (Meshayquowha), 41, in Wisconsin, 253, 258 115, 135 inﬂuence of mixed-descent individuals, Pawnee Indians, 123, 129, 130, 141, 148 247–248 conﬂict with Delaware Indians, 134–136 Leavenworth, Pawnee, and Western pays d’en haut, 6, 21 Railroad, 249–250 Peepinohwaw, 73, 75, 78 Mission Band, 245, 247 Peoria Indians, 35, 43, 44, 133, 148 northwestern Indian confederacy in the Pepper, Colonel Abel C., 69, 72 West, 147–151 role in Kikito’s removal, 71 on Wabash River, 69, 70 role in removal of Menominee’s band of on Yellow River, 72, 244 Potawatomis, 72–81 political structures, 242 Perry, Captain William, 169, 170, 172 Potawatomi Business Committee, 14, Perry, John, 170, 172, 178, 184 247, 248, 251 death of, 175 relationship with traders, 58–60 Perry, John (President of the UPED), 200, removal, 10, 107 250 removal of Kikito’s band, 66–72 Petit, Fr. Benjamin Marie, 77 St. Joseph band, 60, 244 Phillips, Jonathan, 179 taxation, 235, 251 Piankeshaw Indians, 37, 40, 43, 44, 133 Trail of Death, 54, 72–82 Pierce, Franklin, 191, 218 villages in Great Lakes region, 60 Pike, Albert, 224 Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, 219, Pike, Lt. Zebulon, 89, 92 240, 258 Pilcher, Joshua, 82 1861 treaty, 246 Pitchlynn, Colonel Peter, 141 agriculture, 251 Platte Purchase, 93 annuities, 251 Pointer, Jonathan, 161 assertion of autonomy, 245 Pokagon, Simon, 79 origins at Council Bluffs, 244 Pontiac, 7, 17, 128 Pratt, Reverend John, 198 Porcupine, Betsy, 212, 213 preemption, 188, 191, 201 Potawatomi Catholic Mission, 109 federal policy, 192, 212 Potawatomi Indians, 35, 57, 64, 87, 92, Presbyterians, 161 158, 258. See Citizen Band of Price, Major General Sterling, 228 Potawatomi Indians, Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, United Band of Quakers, 20, 97, 100, 110, 161, 169, 170, Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis 172 1861 treaty, 246, 249 Quantrill, William, 227 1867 treaty, 219, 251 Quindaro, 214 agriculture, 109 establishment of, 213–215 allotment, 249–251 American attempts to create single Rankin, James, 148 Potawatomi nation, 240–245 questions Wyandot land purchase from and 1843 proposal for Indian league of Delawares, 179 nations, 146 Reeder, Andrew, 193 and Black Hawk War, 65–67 Rice, Luther (Naoquet), 67 and Oregon Trail, 107, 246 role in Kikito’s removal, 67–72

Index 269

Robinson, Alexander (Cheecheepinquay), Baptists, 169–170 61, 246 birth and death rates, 118 involvement with Potawatomi treaties, border economy, 110, 112 60–63 connections between wealth and power, Robinson, Benjamin, 150, 192, 207 229–234 Rogers, Graham, 222, 253 criticism of missionaries, 171, 172 certificates of competency, 233 disease, 120 supports Black Bob land patents, 239 dispute over Black Bob allotments, wealth of, 230 238–239 Rogers, Henry, 114, 177 early Shawnee migrations, 19–20, Rogers, Lewis, 168, 176 22–23, 128 and Methodists, 173 factions, 2, 13, 221 Rogers, Lewis (father), 173, 222 flood of 1844, 101 Rogers, Nelson, 109 Florida War, 139, 165 Rogers, William, 173, 176, 177 gender roles, 104–106 statement against Johnson and Shawnee governance, 22 council, 175 in Mexico, 167 Rogerstown, 32, 38, 222 inter-Indian councils in Ohio, 27, 125, Ross, John, 137, 141 127 speech at 1843 council, 143 land sales, 228–229 Ross, W. W., 248 Methodists, 2, 111, 169–170, 172–175 migration to Spanish Louisiana, 24–29 Sarahess, John, 213 northwestern Indian confederacy, 128 Sarcoxie, 190, 199 northwestern Indian confederacy in the signs 1860 treaty, 198 West, 147–151 Saucier, Angelique, 37 on Canadian River, 140 Sauk Indians, 30, 64, 104, 148 place in historical narrative, 8 Saukenuk, 65 relocation to Indian Territory, 237–238 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 102 Shawnee Council, 1, 14, 174, 221–223, 1847 census, 103, 105–106 237, 238 Secondine, James, 194 slavery, 174 Secondyne, 190 social and political divisions, 22, 168 Seminole Indians, 139, 165 taxation, 234–237 Seneca Indians, 126, 208 troubles with Osage Indians, 134 first inter-Indian peace council, 144 use of wampum, 46 negotiations with Wyandot Indians, 212 village locations, 9 Shawnee Indians, 51, 87, 144, 256. See Shawnee Methodist Indian Manual Labor Missouri Shawnee Indians, Ohio School, 173 Shawnee Indians Indian employment, 111 1854 treaty, 221 Shawnee Prophet. See Tenskwatawa 1869 agreement with Cherokee Indians, Shawneetown, 235 238 Simerwell, Robert, 57, 59, 170, 171 adopt republican government, 176 Sioux Indians, 119, 136 agriculture, 87, 97–99, 100, 101, slavery, 7, 38, 107, 189 102–106, 229 Bleeding Kansas, 190, 210 allotment, 14, 221, 226, 228–233 Joseph Parks, 114–115 and 1838 inter-Indian council, 139 Methodists, 1, 174 and 1843 council, 147 Missouri Compromise, 3 and Louis Lorimier, 25–29 Wyandot Indians, 181–182, 211 and original council fire, 144 Splitlog, Matthew, 210 annuities, 114, 115, 168–169, 176 St. Ange, Louis de Bellerive, 32

270 Index

St. Clair, General Arthur, 28 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 23 St. Louis Treaty of Greenville, 28, 40, 48 as commercial center, 29–31 Treaty of Paris (1763), 29 as crossroads for colonial conflict, 32–33 Trowbridge, Charles C., 19, 256 as hub for Indian removals, 51–52 Trudeau, Lt. Governor Don Zenon, 34 cholera outbreak in, 71 Tucker, Charles, 230, 233 established, 29–30 supports Black Bob land patents, 239 population growth, 37 Tucker, Dudley, 230 seat of Spanish government, 25 transition to American authority, 36 Unami dialect, 23 St. Mary’s Mission, 245 United Band of Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Ste. Genevieve, 29, 30, 34, 37, 42 Potawatomis, 60, 240 Stewart, John, 161 1829 treaty, 61 Stockbridge Indians, 18, 82, 84, 85, 108 history of, 242 1839 emigration, 82 influence of mixed-descent individuals, conflict with Delaware Indians, 85 60–63 Emigrant Party, 53, 54 political ties, 126 history of in New England, 83 Suwaunock, 135 Valle,` François, 42 Delaware conflict with Pawnees, 134–137 Van Buren, Martin, 75, 77 Sykes, Thomas B., 198 Vann, Joseph, 138, 141 accusations against, 199 Vashon, George, 169, 171 Vieux, Louis, 248, 251 Tahlequah, 122, 138, 141, 145 Voegelin, Erminie, 106 Tauromee, 150 leader of Wyandot “Indian Party,” 217 Wabansi, 146, 243, 245 signs 1855 treaty, 184, 201 Walker, Catherine, 160 taxation, 15 Walker, Isaac, 160 in Kansas, 234–236 Walker, Isaiah Potawatomi Indians, 250 joins Wyandotte City Town Company, Shawnee court case, 236–237 214 Taylor, H. L. Walker, Joel, 160, 178, 202, 206 accusations against, 233 joins Wyandotte City Town Company, Tecumseh, 7, 8, 9, 17, 19, 39, 40, 127, 128 214 Tekatoke, 45 lobbies for citizenship for Wyandots, 206 Tenskwatawa, 6, 8, 17, 19, 39, 40, 169, 256 marriage to Mary Ann Ladd, 182 early Shawnee migrations, 19–20 partnership with Northrup and Chick, Shawnee removal, 1826–1827, 48–51 180 Thompson, Jacob, 216 signs 1855 treaty, 184, 201 Thompson, Richard W., 177 Walker, John, 160 Tiblow, Henry, 109 Walker, Matthew, 160, 178, 183, 210 Tipton, John, 65, 72 elected to Wyandot Legislative Council, role in removal of Menominee’s band 180 of Potawatomis, 72–81 marriage to Lydia Ladd, 182 Topinebee, 59, 62, 244 mercantile interests, 180 Trade and Intercourse Acts, 56, 116 Walker, Sr., William, 160, 161 of 1790, 56 Walker, William, 11, 89, 148, 152, 183, of 1834, 77, 116 204, 205, 259 Trail of Death, 18, 54, 72, 77–82, 86, 241 “the Walker tribe,” 180 Trail of Tears, 6, 54, 137, 257 description of western lands, 90, 93

Index 271

elected chief, 164 Wilkinson, James, 37 elected to Wyandot Legislative Council, Williams, Gideon, 54, 82 180 Wolcott, Alexander, 62 favors white settlement in Indian Wolcott, Edward, 249 Country, 182 Works Progress Administration, 255 heritage, 160 world-systems theory, 12–13 interpreter, 160 Wyandot Indians, 87, 144 named provisional governor of Nebraska 1843 removal, 90, 107, 147, 179 Territory, 178, 183 1855 treaty, 201, 206–207, 213 questions need for removal from Ohio, 1867 treaty, 217 178 actions of Wyandot elite, 12, 178, slavery, 182 182–184, 189, 210 Walking Purchase, 23 allotment, 14, 189, 201, 205–210, 213, Wallace, Governor David, 78, 81 259 Walton, Elizabeth, 228 and Civil War, 216 wampum, 151 and Huron nation, 161 of western league of Indians, 138 and Methodists in Ohio, 161–163 preservation by Wyandots, 181 and Seneca Indians, 212 use of, 25, 44, 45–48, 125, 134, 142, annuities, 209 149 as elder brothers, 125 Wappinger Indians, 83 at Brownstown, 127, 157, 160 War of 1812, 6, 7, 36, 39, 48, 154 at Upper Sandusky, 160, 162 as endpoint, 6 border economy, 110, 112 population growth in southern Great changes in government, 161–164 Lakes region after, 63 Citizen Party, 217 Warren, Stephen, 8, 174, 224 citizenship, 14, 189, 201–210, 213, 217, Washington, James, 127 259 Wayne, General Anthony, 28, 163 clans, 163 Waywaleapy, 172 complaints about western lands, 92–93, death of, 175 94 participates in Methodist church deaths during ﬁrst winter in Kansas, 95 services, 173 disease, 120 Wea Indians, 43, 44, 51, 70, 133 dispossession in Kansas, 189, 217 Wells, Thomas, 110 early migrations, 128 Western Cherokee Indians (Old Settlers), government legislation, 181 41, 129, 132, 134, 143 impact of adoption and intermarriage, 1837 and 1838 councils, 137–138 181 alliance against Osage Indians, 43 Indian Party, 217 negotiations for Shawnee emigration, Kansas territorial elections, 210–211 44–48 keepers of northern council ﬁre, 126, opposition to Isaac McCoy’s plan for 147 Indian Territory, 140 land speculation, 213–215 western emigration, 43 matrilineality, 163 Westport, MO, 104, 114, 119, 153 northwestern Indian confederacy, 127 founded, 107 northwestern Indian confederacy White Eyes, 26 in the West, 147–151 White, Richard, 6, 124, 128 proposal for Nebraska Territory, 178, Whitecrow, Jacob, 206, 213 182–184 Whitedeer, Jesse, 228, 233 purchase of Delaware land in Kansas, Wichita Indians, 141, 147 85, 179, 203

272 Index

Wyandot Indians (cont.) widows’ ﬁght for land, 214–216 relationship between whites and Indians, Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma, 258 187 Wyandotte City revision of constitution, 180 establishment of, 213–215 settler depredations, 212 Wyandotte City Town Company, 214 slavery, 182, 211 taxation, 235 Zeisberger, David, 84