DOCSLIB.ORG

Feeling Controlled in Marriage: a Phenomenon Specific to Physically Aggressive Couples? Miriam K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feeling Controlled in Marriage: a Phenomenon Specific to Physically Aggressive Couples? Miriam K Journal of Family Psychology Copyright 1999 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1999, Vol. 13, No. 1,20-32 0893-320O/99/$3.0O Feeling Controlled in Marriage: A Phenomenon Specific to Physically Aggressive Couples? Miriam K. Ehrensaft, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Richard E. Heyman, K. Daniel O'Leary, and Erika Lawrence State University of New York at Stony Brook Spouses in maritally happy nonaggressive (H; n = 21), distressed nonaggressive (DNA; n = 16), and distressed aggressive (DA; n = 20) marriages were inter- viewed about their perceptions of their spouse as controlling. Four areas of spousal control were assesed: involvement in decision making, relationships with family and friends, freedom to plan activities independently, and sense of competence and self-respect. Overall, as expected, spouses in happy marriages reported feeling less controlled than spouses in the 2 distressed groups. Few gender differences were obtained, with the exception that wives in aggressive marriages were more likely to report that their husbands controlled their sense of competence and self-respect. Differences between the DA and DNA groups depended on the specific area of control. Wives in the aggressive couples were significantly more likely than their husbands to state that their spouse's aggression was an attempt to control them. Scholars and practitioners from a variety of between marital aggression and control, defini- theoretical perspectives have asserted that there tions of control produced by each theory, and is a relationship between coercive control and empirical research that has been associated with the occurrence of physical aggression in mar- these definitions. Then a definition of control is riage (Black, 1983; Finkelhor, 1983; Gondolf, offered, drawing from each of these three 1985; Stets, 1988). Efforts to test this assertion, theories. Finally, the relationship between this however, have been hampered by a lack of definition of control and physical aggression is agreement on how to operationally define studied in a sample of distressed aggressive spousal control. Consequently, this article briefly (DA), distressed nonaggressive (DNA), and reviews existing theories explicating the link nondistressed nonaggressive (H) couples. Partner abuse literature points to three impor- Miriam K. Ehrensaft, Jennifer Langhinrichsen- tant theoretical frameworks for understanding Rohling, Richard E. Heyman, K. Daniel O'Leary, and the link between marital aggression and control: Erika Lawrence, Department of Psychology, State attachment, feminist, and social control theories. University of New York at Stony Brook. Bowlby's (1969, 1973, 1977, 1988) attachment Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling is now at the theory postulates that aggression against an Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama. Erika Lawrence is now at the Department attachment figure, whether during childhood or of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. adulthood, is a control strategy that functions to This research was supported in part by National regain either physical or emotional proximity to Institute of Mental Health Grant MH19107. Because that figure, when the bond with that figure is the research constituted Miriam K. Ehrensaft's perceived to be endangered. Individuals who are doctoral specialties project, special thanks are ex- insecurely attached to their primary attachment tended to committee members Marvin Goldfried, figure are more likely to perceive subjective David Pomeranz, and Dana Bramel. threats to the bond with their attachment figure, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Miriam K. Ehrensaft, who is now at the as compared with individuals who are securely Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New attached (Bowlby, 1977; Hazan & Shaver, York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 West 168th Street, 1987). A definition of control based on attach- Unit 78, New York, New York 10032. Electronic mail ment theory would encompass behaviors in- may be sent to [email protected]. tended to regulate the proximity of the attach- 20 CONTROL IN MARRIAGE 21 ment figure. Consistent with attachment theory, ful behavior (e.g., Gondolf, 1985). A definition clinical reports indicate that battering men are of control based on this theory would describe highly controlling toward their partner and behaviors intended to maintain adherence to display extreme difficulty in tolerating their perceived regulations and norms within the partner's autonomy (Elbow, 1977; Ganley, marriage; violence could be used as a form of 1981; Gondolf, 1985; Shields & Hanneke, 1983; retribution for violations of such norms. Sonkin, Martin, & Walker, 1985; Walker, 1984). In summary, ideas from attachment, feminist, Research suggests that partner-violent men are and social control perspectives each yield more likely to be insecurely attached to and are theoretical support for a relationship between less trusting of their partner (Holtzworth- control and physical aggression in marriage and Munroe, Stuart, & Hutchinson, 1997), display different operational definitions of control. higher needs to control emotional distance in Drawing ideas from each of these three theories, their marriage (Dutton & Strachan, 1987), and we propose that an assessment of control should are more dependent on their partner than are cover the following areas: reducing the spouse's DNA men (Murphy, Meyer, & O'Leary, 1993). power to make decisions, limitations of the Feminist theory provides a second theoretical spouse's relationships with others and indepen- link between control and aggression in romantic dence in daily activities, and diminution of his relationships. This theory views family violence or her self-image and ego strength. Behaviors in each of these domains may be defined as as an outgrowth of a patriarchal hierarchy that controlling when they attempt to or have the sanctions the use of male-female violence as a effect of directing or constraining the spouse's means of maintaining male power within the actions, thoughts, or emotions. We reasoned that marriage (Denzin, 1984; Dobash & Dobash, an individual might control his or her spouse in 1979; Lips, 1991). Consistent with this stance, just one, or several, of these areas and, thus, rates of wife abuse appear to be lower in included a separate assessment of control over societies in which wives have economic influ- each area. For us to distinguish feeling con- ence within the marriage, compared with those trolled from mutual and normative interspousal in which wives have little or no economic influence, these attempts had to be perceived as influence (Levinson, 1988). Family violence is negative by the recipient. Control was also also less common in societies in which men do differentiated here from psychological maltreat- not expect to be masters of their homes and ment of a spouse (e.g., Marshall, 1992). We tolerance for violence is low (O'Kelly & conceptualized psychological maltreatment as a Carney, 1986). On the basis of feminist theory, broader, umbrella structure, of which control- partner control (especially by men) would be ling behavior is only one specific subtype, as not denned in terms of male-dominated decision all psychological maltreatment described in the making, beliefs about men's greater competence literature is necessarily controlling (Marshall, relative to women, and expectations that men's 1992; Tolman, 1989). For instance, verbal needs take priority over women's needs. hostility toward a spouse may be psychologi- Social control theory provides a third theoreti- cally maltreating, whereas its actual or per- cal connection between marital aggression and ceived function might be to express anger, rather spousal control. Black (1983) has suggested that than control, per se. There is some disagreement among domestic violence researchers regarding violent responses to perceived deviance or the differentiation between psychological abuse injustice by others serve as conflict manage- and control. Although some maintain that the ment, as a means of expressing grievances, and function of all psychological abuse is to control as a form of social control. Consistent with this the partner, others disagree. Because it is our theory, most marital assaults do occur in the position that the function and impact of all context of disagreement or a grievance (O'Leary psychological abuse may or may not be to et al., 1989; Vera Institute of Justice, 1977). control the partner, we chose specifically to Social control theory may also be operative in focus our definition of control on behaviors that remarks made by male batterers, implying that do constrain or limit the partner and that are their wives deserved to be beaten for perceived perceived by the partner as unwanted. offenses such as attempts at autonomy, failure to fulfill traditional household chores, or disrespect- It is surprising that few empirical studies have 22 EHRENSAFT ET AL. sought to demonstrate the link between control partners. For husbands, our hypothesis was and marital aggression, and most existing based on findings indicating that aggressive men studies suffer from important methodological have stronger needs for control than do nonag- shortcomings. First, most studies that address gressive men (Kimerling & Arias, 1994), control fail to specify just what it is that they are suggesting that aggressive husbands might be measuring. Other studies do not differentiate more likely to interpret their wives' behaviors
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cussed in Chapters A-300 and A-100
    TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF TANF 150 GUIDE TO DETERMINING TANF-RELATIONSHIP This guide provides more detailed information about the eligibility requirements for relationship discussed in chapters A-300 and A-100. This guide is not all inclusive. A B C If the child no longer lives with Can the person listed in column B be a the relative listed +below... And the child now lives with... TANF caregiver/payee for the child? 1. Mother 1. Stepfather 1. Yes 2. Father 2. Stepmother 2. Yes 3. Stepfather 3. Stepfather's Spouse 3. Yes 4. Stepmother 4. Stepmother's Spouse 4. Yes 5. Stepfather's Spouse 5. New Spouse 5. No 6. Stepmother's Spouse 6. New Spouse 6. No *7. Grandmother 7. Step Grandfather 7. Yes *8. Grandfather 8. Step Grandmother 8. Yes *9. Step Grandfather 9. New Spouse 9. No *10. Step Grandmother 10. New Spouse 10. No 11. Brother 11. Sister In-law 11. Yes 12. Sister 12. Brother In-law 12. Yes 13. Brother In-law 13. New Spouse 13. No 14. Sister In-law 14. New Spouse 14. No 15. Stepbrother 15. Stepbrother's Spouse 15. Yes 16. Stepbrother's Spouse 16. New Spouse 16. No 17. Stepsister 17. Stepsister's Spouse 17. Yes 18. Stepsister's Spouse 18. New Spouse 18. No *19. Aunt 19. Aunt's Spouse 19. Yes *20. Uncle 20. Uncle's Spouse 20. Yes 21. Aunt's Spouse 21. New Spouse 21. No 22. Uncle's Spouse 22. New Spouse 22. No **23. First Cousin 23.
    [Show full text]
  • Proof of Marriage for the Purpose of Obtaining Retirement Benefits We Are Asking for Proof of Your Marriage; the Items Listed Below Tell You What You Should Send Us
    United States Office of Personnel Management Retirement Operations Washington, D.C. 20415-0001 Proof of Marriage for the Purpose of Obtaining Retirement Benefits We are asking for proof of your marriage; the items listed below tell you what you should send us. Ceremonial Marriage C. The address or addresses at which you resided while To prove a ceremonial marriage we require: you lived together; 1. A copy of the original certificate of marriage, if available; D. Whether there was any public announcement in or connection with your common law marriage; 2. A copy of a public or religious institutions’s record of E. Whether you and your spouse were regarded among marriage, or a statement as to the contents of such a record, your neighbors, friends, and relatives as being husband certified by the authorized custodian of the record; or and wife during the time you lived together; and 3. If neither of the above proofs of marriage is available, you F. How the person swearing the affidavit is in a position to must send us a statement explaining why such proofs know the facts being presented in the affidavit. cannot be obtained. Along with this explanation, send us any or all proofs listed below: 2. Your own affidavit is also required. In your affidavit you should state: - An affidavit of the clergyman or other authorized A. The date on which and the State in which you and your official who performed the marriage. spouse mutually agreed to become husband and wife; - Affidavits of two witnesses to the marriage ceremony.
    [Show full text]
  • An Essential Dichotomy in Australian Kinship Tony Jefferies
    11 Close–Distant: An Essential Dichotomy in Australian Kinship Tony Jefferies Abstract This chapter looks at the evidence for the close–distant dichotomy in the kinship systems of Australian Aboriginal societies. The close– distant dichotomy operates on two levels. It is the distinction familiar to Westerners from their own culture between close and distant relatives: those we have frequent contact with as opposed to those we know about but rarely, or never, see. In Aboriginal societies, there is a further distinction: those with whom we share our quotidian existence, and those who live at some physical distance, with whom we feel a social and cultural commonality, but also a decided sense of difference. This chapter gathers a substantial body of evidence to indicate that distance, both physical and genealogical, is a conception intrinsic to the Indigenous understanding of the function and purpose of kinship systems. Having done so, it explores the implications of the close–distant dichotomy for the understanding of pre-European Aboriginal societies in general—in other words: if the dichotomy is a key factor in how Indigenes structure their society, what does it say about the limits and integrity of the societies that employ that kinship system? 363 SKIN, KIN AND CLAN Introduction Kinship is synonymous with anthropology. Morgan’s (1871) Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family is one of the founding documents of the discipline. It also has an immediate connection to Australia: one of the first fieldworkers to assist Morgan in gathering his data was Lorimer Fison, who, later joined by A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Donation
    Mitochondrial Donation Standard Note: SN/SC/6833 Last updated: 29 January 2015 Author: Dr Sarah Barber - Science and Environment Section Dr Peter Border – Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) New mitochondrial donation techniques could provide an option for women with mitochondrial DNA mutations to enable them to give birth to healthy children. They involve using donor mitochondria in an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. The techniques (maternal spindle transfer and pronuclear transfer) have been subject to three scientific reviews (2011, 2013 and a further update in 2014) by a Human Embryology and Fertilisation Authority expert panel, an ethical review by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics and a HFEA public consultation. In 2013, the HFEA advised the Government that there is general support for the introduction of these treatments. They recommended that further research is still needed and the treatment should be offered within a strict regulatory framework. On 17 December 2014, the Under-Secretary of State for Health announced that the Regulations to allow for the introduction of these techniques had been laid before the House. This followed a consultation on draft regulations and a scientific review update by the HFEA expert panel in 2014. A House of Commons debate on the Regulations has been tabled for 3 February 2015. A number of safety and ethical considerations have been raised in regard to mitochondrial donation. The treatments involve changing the embryo’s mitochondrial DNA prior to implantation. However, the nuclear DNA, which makes up over 99% of our total DNA will not be altered by these treatments. There has been some opposition to their proposed introduction and the media have reported that the techniques will lead to three parent babies.
    [Show full text]
  • Should the U.S. Approve Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy?
    SHOULD THE U.S. APPROVE MITOCHONDRIAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY? An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Daniela Barbery Emily Caron Daniel Eckler IQP-43-DSA-6594 IQP-43-DSA-7057 IQP-43-DSA-5020 ____________________ ____________________ Benjamin Grondin Maureen Hester IQP-43-DSA-5487 IQP-43-DSA-2887 August 27, 2015 APPROVED: _________________________ Prof. David S. Adams, PhD WPI Project Advisor 1 ABSTRACT The overall goal of this project was to document and evaluate the new technology of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), and to assess its technical, ethical, and legal problems to help determine whether MRT should be approved in the U.S. We performed a review of the current research literature and conducted interviews with academic researchers, in vitro fertility experts, and bioethicists. Based on the research performed for this project, our team’s overall recommendation is that the FDA approve MRT initially for a small number of patients, and follow their offspring’s progress closely for a few years before allowing the procedure to be done on a large scale. We recommend the FDA approve MRT only for treating mitochondrial disease, and recommend assigning parental rights only to the two nuclear donors. In medical research, animal models are useful but imperfect, and in vitro cell studies cannot provide information on long-term side-effects, so sometimes we just need to move forward with closely monitored human experiments. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ……………………………….……………………………………..……. 01 Abstract …………………………………………………………………..…………. 02 Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..… 03 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………..…….
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Medicine 2019: Washington DC Scientific and Clinical Meetings June 26-29, 2019 Hilton Alexandria Mark Center Alexandria, VA
    Mitochondrial Medicine 2019: Washington DC Scientific and Clinical Meetings June 26-29, 2019 Hilton Alexandria Mark Center Alexandria, VA 2019 Course Chairs: Amel Kara, MD and Carla Koehler, PhD 2019 CME Chair: Bruce H. Cohen, MD Mitochondrial Medicine 2019: Washington DC Scientific/Clinical Program June 26-29, 2019 Course Description The United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation and PeerPoint Medical Education Institute have joined efforts to sponsor and organize a CME-accredited symposium. Mitochondrial diseases are more common than previously recognized and mitochondrial pathophysiology is now a recognized part of many disease processes, including heart disease, cancer, AIDS and diabetes. There have been significant advances in the molecular genetics, proteomics, epidemiology and clinical aspects of mitochondrial pathophysiology. This conference is directed toward the scientist and clinician interested in all aspects of mitochondrial science. The content of this educational program was determined by rigorous assessment of educational needs and includes surveys, program feedback, expert faculty assessment, literature review, medical practice, chart review and new medical knowledge. The format will include didactic lectures from invited experts intermixed with peer-reviewed platform presentations. There will be ample time for professional discussion both in and out of the meeting room, and peer-reviewed poster presentations will be given throughout the meeting. This will be a four-day scientific meeting aimed at those with scientific and
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving Spouse Checklist
    Surviving Spouse Checklist When your spouse dies, you may be faced with a dark shadow of grief, fear and uncertainty along with a flood of emotions that can make tasks like managing financial obligations seem almost impossible. At a time when you feel least able to cope with life, when you are low on mental and physical energy, there are many decisions to be made that can permanently affect your family, finances, livelihood, and much more. This checklist is designed to help those dealing with this challenging time keep the process organized and as easy to understand as possible. Funeral – Memorial Period: Veterans Affairs at 1-800-827-1000 or at: Follow directives if body or organ donation was http://www.cem.va.gov/bbene/benvba.asp pre-planned. Have someone at your house during the funeral if Contact a funeral home to make arrangements possible, since burglars read obituaries and for funeral preparations and payment. Order pre- funeral notices to target empty homes. printed “thank you” cards. Decide on cremation or burial if not pre-planned. Allow family to assist with food preparation, housekeeping tasks and care for young children, Contact friends and family who need to be if needed. informed about the death and services. Allow close friends and family to help with the contact Set up a system to keep track of and later of others. acknowledge cards, letters, phone calls, etc. Ask the funeral director to help you get at least Next action items: 12 certified copies of the death certificate, or contact the County Clerk’s office yourself to get If applicable, contact your spouse’s employer to them.
    [Show full text]
  • DS-5511 Affidavit for the Surviving Spouse Or Next Of
    U. S. Department of State CONSULAR OFFICES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AFFIDAVIT FOR THE SURVIVING SPOUSE OR NEXT OF KIN *Provide information below to the extent that it is available. VENUE State ss. City I, being duly sworn according to law, declare that I reside at Your Name and that on Street Address (Including City, State/or Country) Date of Death (mm-dd-yyyy) had permanent legal residence at Name of Deceased . I am the Complete Address of the Deceased Specify: widow, widower, child, father, mother, sibling, other and as such am entitled to receive the decedent's estate under the laws of . To the best of my knowledge, Name of state/foreign state in the United States or foreign country where the deceased last had a permanent legal residence did/did not have a will or trust specifying the disposition of his or her estate. Name of Deceased NAME(S) OF SURVIVORS, IN ORDER OF KINSHIP Please insert the name of living relatives in the following order of relationship: surviving spouse, children, father and/or mother, brothers and/or sisters, other: Date of Birth Name (mm-dd-yyyy) Address Telephone Number Relationship DS-5511 Page 1 of 3 10-2008 Name Date of Birth Address Telephone Number Relationship Subscribed and sworn to before me by Signature of Affiant Type Name of Affiant Date (mm-dd-yyyy) Address of Notary Public Signature of Notary Public Type Name of Notary Public DS-5511 Page 2 of 3 PRIVACY ACT STATEMENT The information on this form is requested to assist U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • What to Write in a Mother's Daycard
    What to write in a Mother’s Day card Mother’s Day is a great opportunity to show Mom how much she means to you with a personal message in a card to thank her for all she does. Need some inspiration? Here are some tips for how to write a heartwarming message to your mom, grandma, spouse or any of the other amazing moms in your life. For your mom For your grandmother Being a mom requires a lot of love and care, Grandmas give us a lifetime of love and joyful so share your appreciation for all she’s done moments. Share a funny or heartwarming for you over the years. Give examples of ways memory you have of her and explain why it’s she’s helped you and explain the impact she’s stuck with you over the years. had on your life. For your wife or partner On Mother’s Day, she wants to know that you see what a wonderful parent she is and appreciate her for it. Make sure she knows it’s not just what she does—it’s who she is that makes her so beloved. For your sister or friend Whether she’s just starting out as a mom or has been a parent for a long time, every mom could use some encouragement on Mother’s Day. Tell her what a great role model she is and how much you admire her and her children. For your daughter There’s nothing sweeter than seeing your daughter or granddaughter become a parent in her own right! Tell her how proud you are of her, and celebrate the amazing woman she’s grown up to be.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Security Divorced Spouse Benefits FAQ
    SERVE YOUR CLIENTS UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL SECURITY Social Security Divorced Spouse Benefits FAQ mfs.com If you are divorced you may qualify for Social Security benefits based on the earnings record of your ex-spouse, even if they have remarried or passed away. There are two types of benefits potentially available to you: spousal benefits and survivors benefits. As you read this piece, discuss the various options with your investment professional and the role of Social Security in your retirement income plans. REQUIREMENTS TO RECEIVE A EX-SPOUSE BENEFIT Spousal Survivors Your age 62 or older 60 or older (50 if you are disabled) Length of marriage 10 consecutive years 10 consecutive years Your current Unmarried Unmarried or remarried after age 60 marital status Your former Must be age 62 or disabled Must qualify for retirement or disability benefits spouse Does not need to apply for a retirement benefit* *If your divorce was less than two years ago, your former spouse needs to apply in order for you to receive a spousal benefit. Divorced spouse benefits How long do I have to be married to receive a benefit off my Does my ex-spouse need to apply for their retirement benefit ex-spouse? for me to receive a benefit off them? In order to receive a benefit based on the earnings record of your No. As long as your ex-spouse qualified for Social Security ex-spouse, you must be married for ten consecutive years1 and the retirement benefits under their earnings record and is age 62 or divorce must have been finalized two years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinship and Marriage Kinship
    Kinship and Marriage Kinship • Culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or through marriage • Kinship system - Kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in a society Kinship Two main functions of kinship: • Provides continuity between generations • Inheritance and succession • Defines a group on whom a person can rely for aid • Provides allies and marriage partners • Regulates access to land and resource o Kin classification is cultural and may not reflect biology Descent • Descent- Affiliations between children and parents • Descent groups- group of kin who are descendants of a common ancestor, extending beyond 2 generations Descent • Functions of descent groups: • Organize domestic life • Enculturate children • Allow transfer of property • Carry out religious ritual • Settle disputes • Create political organization and monitor warfare Kinship Classification Kinship classification is related to: • The types of social groups that are formed • Systems of marriage and inheritance • Deep and broad cultural values • Roles people play in society based on their kinship association ** It is important to remember that the systems feel as natural to their members as your system does to you Kinship Classification Principles of classifying kin: • Generation • Relative age • Lineality (blood through descent) vs. Collaterality (siblings, cousins etc) • Gender • Consanguineal (blood relative) vs. Affinal kin (marriage relative) • Sex of linking relative • Side of the family- • Parallel cousins vs. Cross-cousins Descent
    [Show full text]
  • Father's Day – Holidays & Events – ESL Library
    Holidays & Events Father’s Day Pre-Reading A. Warm-Up Questions 1. When is Father’s Day? 2. What are some other words for “father”? 3. What do children do for their fathers on this day? 4. How are dads different from moms? B. Vocabulary Preview Match up as many words and meanings as you can. Check this exercise again after seeing the words in context on page 2. 1. stepfather a) a person who acts like a father but may have no relation to the family 2. father-in-law b) a person who previously served in the armed forces 3. father figure c) a man who remarries and acts as a father to his new spouse’s kids 4. invent d) dead 5. veteran e) to create, to come up with a new idea 6. deceased f) to put together, to mix 7. official g) a thing you do in a similar way at a similar time of the year 8. combine h) a marriage partner (a husband or wife) 9. tradition i) a spouse’s father 10. spouse j) decided by people of authority (often in writing) Copyright 2018, Red River Press Inc. For use by ESL Library members only. (LOW INT / VERSION 1.0) 1 Father’s Day Holidays & Events Reading 1. Father’s Day is a day for celebrating fathers, grandfathers, stepfathers, fathers-in-law, and other father figures. In North America and in the UK, it takes place on the third Sunday of June. Other countries celebrate dads on other days. 2. A woman from Washington State invented Father’s Day in 1908.
    [Show full text]