Feasibility & Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Recharge by TSE

The Arab Regional Center @ AGU Feasibility & Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Recharge by TSE in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Aqeel Ahmed, Waleed Al-Zubari, Alaa El-Sadek, and Mubarak A. Al-Noaimi

WSTA 10th Gulf Water Conference, Water in the GCC…the Water-Energy-Food Nexus”, Doha, 22-24 April, 2012 Overview

 Introduction  Groundwater Resources in Bahrain and Groundwater Development Impacts  Agriculture, Groundwater, and Tertiary TSE  Feasibility of Groundwater Recharge by Tertiary TSE  Methodology  Results  Conclusion and Recommendations Introduction

 Groundwater (Dammam Aquifer) is the only natural water resource in Bahrain  Part of an extensive regional aquifer (the Eastern Arabian aquifer), recharged by underflow

GDC, 1980 Cont., Introduction

 Two Aquifer units (A & B zones)  Adjacent to seawater on the east and brackish water (C zone) from the bottom

A A' Bahrain main island Sitra island Geological Units 0 20 Neogene Formation A 40 + Recent deposits 60

Formation Alat Member Dammam 80 B Orange Marl Member 100 C

120 Khobar Member

140 Sharks Tooth Shale M.

160

180 Rus Formation (+anhydrite & shales)

200 Limestone (Aquifer) A meters below sea level sea below meters 220 Shale and marl (Aquitard) A' 240 Anhydrite (Aquitard) 260 Umm Er Radhuma

280 Underflow from Saudi Formation Arabia aquifers 300 320 Cont., Introduction

 Significant increase in water demands in past four decades, met mainly by groundwater abstraction Total Water Requirements in Bahrain, 1950-2010

400 industrial 350 municipal 300 agriculture 250

200

150

Million cubic meters cubic Million 100

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Cont., Introduction

 Heavy reliance on groundwater and unplanned utilization  Prolonged over-exploitation  Potentiometric level decline & Quality deterioration Development of Dammam Aquifer in Bahrain 300

Water taken from 250 GW Storage

200 Wells Abstraction 150 Safe Yield

100 Million Cubic meters Cubic Million

50 Natural Springs Discharge

0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Cont., Introduction

Potentiometric Levels Decline of the Dammam Aquifer in Bahrain

Al-Shaikh Al-Safahiyah Al-Rahah

1950

1940 1990

Al-Qusaibi, 1997 Cont., Introduction

Salinity Quality mg/L Deterioration of the Dammam Aquifer (Salinity)

Historical salinity (1965) Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE Agricultural Water Consumption, in Mm3 (Groundwater &TSE)

200 Groundwater Tertiary TSE 150

100

0 Cont., Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE

TSE Dynamics in Bahrain (Tubli Wastewater Treatment Plant)

120 Inlet Tubli (Mm3/year)

100 TSE Production (Mm3/year) Partially TSE consumption (Mm3/year) treated or 80 untreated Sea Overflow (Mm3/year)

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cont., Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE

System Analysis of the Problem of Tubli Bay Pollution by Wastewater in Bahrain Drivers Pressures 1 Pressures 2 Rapid population Increasing rates of municipal water Increasing inflow growth High consumption & Increasing rates of rates to Tubli consumption patterns wastewater generation treatment plant (centralized wastewater system MAR? & limited capacity) Response Increasing wastewater State treatment capacity Increasing Decentralization carryover rates Clean up and pollution Proposed tariff on Wastewater! Impacts Health, Environmental, Ecological, Aesthetics, Financial, economical, political, social losses Feasibility of GW Recharge by TSE

 MAR using Tertiary TSE represents a promising and potential option in the management of water resources in the Kingdom of Bahrain (hydraulic benefits: water levels and salinity)  However, associated health risks need to be assessed thoroughly (among other less concerns) before the implementation of such a scheme  Objective: to evaluate the hydrogeological and environmental feasibility of recharging groundwater with surplus tertiary treated wastewater Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge  Methodology  Site selection by GIS and Criteria Matrix  Using geospatial data to select the best location for artificial recharge (geometry, transmissivity, quality of groundwater, water supply wells location, TSE distribution network and main reservoirs with possible surplus)/ GIS  Simulation Modeling and Analysis of selected sites  Develop a groundwater mathematical model for the surrounding areas of the selected sites; simulate artificial recharge using several scenarios, evaluate the hydraulic efficiency and benefits, and identify the most suitable site for MAR/ MODFLOW and MT3DMS simulation  Health Risk Assessment  Use simulation modeling to assess health risks of artificial recharge/ PMPATH and MT3DMS Cont., Adaptation Options  Results  Site selection by GIS & Criteria Matrix ABUSAIBA 2900000 MAQABA ADARI _2_1 ABUSAIBA 2900000 MAQABA ADARI _2_1 JANABYHA ABUSAIBA 2900000 JASRA MAQABA HAWARATA'ALI A'ALI _2_1ADARI _2_1 1. Treated wastewater reservoirs tanks JANABYHA ABUSAIBA JASRA BUHAIRMAQABA _1_2 2900000 HAMALABOURI _2_1 HAWARATA'ALI A'ALI _2_1ADARI _2_1 Hamad Town(ControlJANABYHA Reservoir) DUMISTANJASRA BUHAIRABUSAIBA _1_2 2890000 2900000 HAMALABOURI _2_1 MAQABA HAWARATA'ALI A'ALI _2_1ADARI _2_1 Hamad Town(ControlJANABYHA Reservoir) ABUSAIBA locations and capacity 2900000 DUMISTANJASRA BUHAIRMAQABA _1_2 HAMALABOURI _2_1 2890000 HAWARATA'ALI A'ALI _2_1ADARI _2_1 MALIKIYAHamad Town(ControlJANABYHA Reservoir) DUMISTAN BUHAIR _1_2 2890000 HAMALAJASRABOURI _2_1 SADAD HAWARATA'ALI A'ALI _2_1 MALIKIYAHamad Town(ControlJANABYHA Reservoir) DUMISTANJASRA BUHAIR _1 2890000 BOURI _2_1 BUHAIR _2 2. Dammam Aquifer Transmissivity (T) SADAD HAMALA HAWARATA'ALI A'ALI _2_1 ZALLAQ MALIKIYAHamad Town(Control Reservoir) DUMISTAN BUHAIR _1_2 HAMALABOURI _2_1 2880000 2890000 SADAD ZALLAQ Hamad Town(Control Reservoir) MALIKIYADUMISTAN 2890000 2880000 SADAD 3. Domestic Water wells locations ZALLAQ MALIKIYA

2880000 SADAD ZALLAQ MALIKIYA 2880000 SADAD 4. Agricultural areas ZALLAQ 2870000 2880000 ZALLAQ 5. Aquifer salinity 2870000 2880000 2870000

2870000

6. Treated wastewater emergency wells 2860000 Treated2870000 wastewater emergency wells Criteria Reservoirs Locations The2870000 comparison aquifer salinity criteria 2860000 Treated wastewater emergency wells

DammamReservoirsAgricultura Outcrop Locations Areas Criteria 2860000 500 Contour line (C.I=500) Rus Outcrop DammamDomesticReservoirs WaterOutcrop Wells Locations Locations Criteria 2860000Source: Water ResourcesAgricultural Directorate (2008) areas Rus Outcrop DammamReservoirs Outcrop Locations 2860000Salinity source: Water ResourceTransmissivityDomestic Directorate.(2006) Water wells Criteria 2850000 Rus Outcrop Two Selected Sites 440000 450000DammamReservoirs Outcrop Locations460000 470000 2860000 1000TSE Reservoirs Criteria 2850000 Source:Rus AlShowaiey OutcropContour line (2005) (C.I=1000) 440000 450000DammamReservoirs Outcrop Locations460000 470000 Source: Swar (2002) 2850000 Rus Outcrop Malikya and Dumistan 440000 450000Dammam Outcrop 460000 470000 2850000 Source: Water ResourceRus Outcrop Directorate.(2008) 440000 450000 460000 470000 2850000 Source: Ministry of Works. 440000 450000 460000 470000 2850000 440000 450000 460000 470000 Cont., Adaptation Options  Cont., Results  Simulation modeling and analysis of the two selected sites

Proposed injection locations

Abstraction wells

Constant head

Actual Years Prediction Years 80

50 TSE Production 40 TSE Consumption 30 million cubic meters cubicmillion Water 20 TSE Surplus levels 10 Max Production

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Salinity Year Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge

 Cont., Results  Six scenarios are developed  National strategic water storage plan scenario: [200,000 m3/day – average daily consumption] / 2 = 77 Mm3 (38.5 Mm3 per location)  Surpluses storage Scenario: 7 Mm3/year = 35 Mm3 (17.5 Mm3 per well)  Inject all the quantities from scenario 1 (77 Mm3) in one well only: (3a: Dumistan, 3b: Malikiya)  Inject all the quantities from scenario 2 (35 Mm3) in one well only: (4a: Dumistan, 4b: Malikiya). Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge  Cont., Results  Simulation modeling and analysis of selected sites (water levels) Malikiya Water Level

2 Hamala Water Level 1 0 Sadad Water Level 0 -1 -1 0 -2 Dumistan Water Level -0.5 -2 -1 -3 6 -3

-1.5 -4 Zallaq Water Level Water Level (m) Level Water -2 -4 4 -5 0 -2.5 -5 WaterLevel (m) Observation 1 Water Level -3 -6 -0.5 2 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980 -3.5

-1 -7 WaterLevel (m) 0 0 -4 Time (day) -1.5 -8 Observation 2 Water Level -4.5 -0.5 -2 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980 -2 -5 Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan -1 With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) M alikiya" With Recharge (scenario 4b) M alikiya -2.5WaterLevel (m) 0 Observation0 180 3360 Water540 Level720 900 Time1080 (day)1260 1440 1620 1800 1980 -1.5 -3 -4 -1 Time (day) -2 -3.5 Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan WaterLevel (m) With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malikiya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malikiya 0 -2 -4 -6 Observation 4 Water Level -2.5 Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan -0.5 0 180With Recharge360 (scenario 4a) Dumistan540 720With Recharge (scenario900 3b) Malikiya1080 1260With Recharge (scenario1440 4b) Malikiya 1620 1800 1980 -3 -3 -4.5 -1 -5 Time (day) 0 -3.5

-4 WaterLevel (m) -1.5 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980 -1 -4 Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan -2 -5 Time (day) -2 -4.5 With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malikiya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malikiya -2.5WaterLevel (m) -6 -3 -5 Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan -3 -4 -7 0 With180 Recharge (scenario360 4a) Dumistan 540 With720 Recharge (scenario900 3b) Malikiya 1080 With1260 Recharge (scenario1440 4b) Malikiya 1620 1800 1980 -3.5 -5 WaterLevel (m) -8 Time (day) -4 -6 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980 -4.5 Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan -7 Time (day) WaterLevel (m) -5 With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malikiya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malikiya -8 0 Without180 Recharge 360 540 With 720Recharge (scenario900 1) 1080 With1260 Recharge (scenario1440 2) 1620 With1800 Recharge (scenario1980 3a)Dumistan -9 With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malikiya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malikiya Time (day) -10

0 Without180 Recharge 360 540 With720 Recharge (scenario900 1) 1080 With1260 Recharge (scenario1440 2) 1620 With1800 Recharge (scenario1980 3a)Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malikiya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malikiya Time (day) A Observation Well

Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan

With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malikiya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malikiya Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge  Cont., Results  Simulation modeling and analysis of selected sites (Salinity) scenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 3a (Dumistan)

scenario 3b (Malikiya) scenario 4a (Dumistan) scenario 4b (Malikiya) Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge  Cont., Results  Health Risk Assessment (Pathogens) using PMPATH scenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 3a (Dumistan)

Hamala Hamala Hamala dometic dometic dometic wellfield wellfield wellfield

Farrmers Farrmers Farrmers wells wells wells

scenario 3b (Malikiya) scenario 4a (Dumistan) scenario 4b (Malikiya)

Hamala Hamala Hamala dometic dometic dometic wellfield wellfield wellfield

Farrmers Farrmers Farrmers wells wells wells Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge  Cont., Results  Health Risk Assessment (Nitrates) – Using MT3DMS (S 3b)

2010 2011

2014 2013 2012 Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge  Cont., Results  Health Risk Assessment (Nitrates)

North of Malikiya

6 4 5 Year 2

Concentration(mg/L) 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Simulation of Distance from Malikiya Location (m) scenario 3b

West of Malikiya (about 4 Km)

8 6

4 2 South of Malikiya

Concentration(mg/L) 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 10 8 Distance from Malikiya Location (m) 6 4 2

0 Concentration(mg/L) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Distance from Malikiya Location (m) Conclusion and Recommendations

 Groundwater artificial recharge/storage enhancement using surplus tertiary TSE is a viable option for Bahrain at a certain location in western Bahrain, where maximum “hydraulic benefits” and minimum “health risks” can be achieved  Field pilot study for artificial recharge using tertiary TSE at the selected location to further evaluate the feasibility of artificial recharge and validate the modeling results is a pre-requisite for such plans  MAR should be looked at as a major component of national water resources management and planning in Bahrain  To develop a 3D simulation model for Bahrain aquifer system (including C zone), that can be used in the management of groundwater, including the evaluation of artificial recharge THANK YOU!