Genetics, DNA, and Heredity
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A Chloroplast Gene Is Converted Into a Nucleargene
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 391-395, January 1988 Biochemistry Relocating a gene for herbicide tolerance: A chloroplast gene is converted into a nuclear gene (QB protein/atrazine tolerance/transit peptide) ALICE Y. CHEUNG*, LAWRENCE BOGORAD*, MARC VAN MONTAGUt, AND JEFF SCHELLt: *Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, 16 Divinity Avenue, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; tLaboratorium voor Genetica, Rijksuniversiteit Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; and TMax-Planck-Institut fur Zuchtungsforschung, D-500 Cologne 30, Federal Republic of Germany Contributed by Lawrence Bogorad, September 30, 1987 ABSTRACT The chloroplast gene psbA codes for the the gene for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase photosynthetic quinone-binding membrane protein Q which can transport the protein product into chloroplasts (5). We is the target of the herbicide atrazine. This gene has been have spliced the coding region of the psbA gene isolated converted into a nuclear gene. The psbA gene from an from the chloroplast DNA of the atrazine-resistant biotype atrazine-resistant biotype of Amaranthus hybridus has been of Amaranthus to the transcriptional-control and transit- modified by fusing its coding region to transcription- peptide-encoding regions of a nuclear gene, ss3.6, for the regulation and transit-peptide-encoding sequences of a bona SSU of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of pea fide nuclear gene. The constructs were introduced into the (6). The fusion-gene constructions (designated SSU-ATR) nuclear genome of tobacco by using the Agrobacteium tumor- were introduced into tobacco plants via the Agrobacterium inducing (Ti) plasmid system, and the protein product of tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid transformation system using the nuclear psbA has been identified in the photosynthetic mem- disarmed Ti plasmid vector pGV3850 (7). -
Intelligent Design, Abiogenesis, and Learning from History: Dennis R
Author Exchange Intelligent Design, Abiogenesis, and Learning from History: Dennis R. Venema A Reply to Meyer Dennis R. Venema Weizsäcker’s book The World View of Physics is still keeping me very busy. It has again brought home to me quite clearly how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. If in fact the frontiers of knowledge are being pushed back (and that is bound to be the case), then God is being pushed back with them, and is therefore continually in retreat. We are to find God in what we know, not in what we don’t know; God wants us to realize his presence, not in unsolved problems but in those that are solved. Dietrich Bonhoeffer1 am thankful for this opportunity to nature, is the result of intelligence. More- reply to Stephen Meyer’s criticisms over, this assertion is proffered as the I 2 of my review of his book Signature logical basis for inferring design for the in the Cell (hereafter Signature). Meyer’s origin of biological information: if infor- critiques of my review fall into two gen- mation only ever arises from intelli- eral categories. First, he claims I mistook gence, then the mere presence of Signature for an argument against bio- information demonstrates design. A few logical evolution, rendering several of examples from Signature make the point my arguments superfluous. Secondly, easily: Meyer asserts that I have failed to refute … historical scientists can show that his thesis by not providing a “causally a presently acting cause must have adequate alternative explanation” for the been present in the past because the origin of life in that the few relevant cri- proposed candidate is the only known tiques I do provide are “deeply flawed.” cause of the effect in question. -
Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society: the Human Genome Project and Beyond
DOE/SC-0083 Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society The Human Genome Project and Beyond U.S. Department of Energy Genome Research Programs: genomics.energy.gov A Primer ells are the fundamental working units of every living system. All the instructions Cneeded to direct their activities are contained within the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of bases along the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). This order spells out the exact instruc- tions required to create a particular organism with protein complex its own unique traits. The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA. Genomes vary widely in size: The smallest known genome for a free-living organism (a bac- terium) contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs, while human and mouse genomes have some From Genes to Proteins 3 billion (see p. 3). Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome. Although genes get a lot of attention, the proteins DNA in each human cell is packaged into 46 chro- perform most life functions and even comprise the mosomes arranged into 23 pairs. Each chromosome is majority of cellular structures. Proteins are large, complex a physically separate molecule of DNA that ranges in molecules made up of chains of small chemical com- length from about 50 million to 250 million base pairs. pounds called amino acids. Chemical properties that A few types of major chromosomal abnormalities, distinguish the 20 different amino acids cause the including missing or extra copies or gross breaks and protein chains to fold up into specific three-dimensional rejoinings (translocations), can be detected by micro- structures that define their particular functions in the cell. -
DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer
DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer Cancer Education Project University of Rochester DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/graduate/plantbio/images/spot/microarray.jpg http://www.affymetrix.com Part 1 Gene Expression and Cancer Nucleus Proteins DNA RNA Cell membrane All your cells have the same DNA Sperm Embryo Egg Fertilized Egg - Zygote How do cells that have the same DNA (genes) end up having different structures and functions? DNA in the nucleus Genes Different genes are turned on in different cells. DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION GENE EXPRESSION (Genes are “on”) Transcription Translation DNA mRNA protein cell structure (Gene) and function Converts the DNA (gene) code into cell structure and function Differential Gene Expression Different genes Different genes are turned on in different cells make different mRNA’s Differential Gene Expression Different genes are turned Different genes Different mRNA’s on in different cells make different mRNA’s make different Proteins An example of differential gene expression White blood cell Stem Cell Platelet Red blood cell Bone marrow stem cells differentiate into specialized blood cells because different genes are expressed during development. Normal Differential Gene Expression Genes mRNA mRNA Expression of different genes results in the cell developing into a red blood cell or a white blood cell Cancer and Differential Gene Expression mRNA Genes But some times….. Mutations can lead to CANCER CELL some genes being Abnormal gene expression more or less may result -
The Novel Protein DELAYED PALE-GREENING1 Is Required For
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The novel protein DELAYED PALE-GREENING1 is required for early chloroplast biogenesis in Received: 28 August 2015 Accepted: 21 April 2016 Arabidopsis thaliana Published: 10 May 2016 Dong Liu, Weichun Li & Jianfeng Cheng Chloroplast biogenesis is one of the most important subjects in plant biology. In this study, an Arabidopsis early chloroplast biogenesis mutant with a delayed pale-greening phenotype (dpg1) was isolated from a T-DNA insertion mutant collection. Both cotyledons and true leaves of dpg1 mutants were initially albino but gradually became pale green as the plant matured. Transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that the mutant displayed a delayed proplastid-to-chloroplast transition. Sequence and transcription analyses showed that AtDPG1 encodes a putatively chloroplast- localized protein containing three predicted transmembrane helices and that its expression depends on both light and developmental status. GUS staining for AtDPG1::GUS transgenic lines showed that this gene was widely expressed throughout the plant and that higher expression levels were predominantly found in green tissues during the early stages of Arabidopsis seedling development. Furthermore, quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that a number of chloroplast- and nuclear-encoded genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development were substantially down-regulated in the dpg1 mutant. These data indicate that AtDPG1 plays an essential role in early chloroplast biogenesis, and its absence triggers chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling, which ultimately down-regulates the expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast- localized proteins. The chloroplast is an essential organelle in plant cells and plays important roles in primary metabolism, such as CO2 fixation, manufacture of carbon skeletons and fatty acids, and synthesis of amino acids from inorganic nitrogen1. -
Dna the Code of Life Worksheet
Dna The Code Of Life Worksheet blinds.Forrest Jowled titter well Giffy as misrepresentsrecapitulatory Hughvery nomadically rubberized herwhile isodomum Leonerd exhumedremains leftist forbiddenly. and sketchable. Everett clem invincibly if arithmetical Dawson reinterrogated or Rewriting the Code of Life holding for Genetics and Society. C A process look a genetic code found in DNA is copied and converted into value chain of. They may negatively impact of dna worksheet answers when published by other. Cracking the Code of saw The Biotechnology Institute. DNA lesson plans mRNA tRNA labs mutation activities protein synthesis worksheets and biotechnology experiments for open school property school biology. DNA the code for life FutureLearn. Cracked the genetic code to DNA cloning twins and Dolly the sheep. Dna are being turned into consideration the code life? DNA The Master Molecule of Life CDN. This window or use when he has been copied to a substantial role in a qualified healthcare professional journals as dna the pace that the class before scientists have learned. Explore the Human Genome Project within us Learn about DNA and genomics role in medicine and excellent at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural. DNA The Double Helix. Most enzymes create a dna the code of life worksheet is getting the. Worksheet that describes the structure of DNA students color the model according to instructions Includes a. Biology Materials Handout MA-H2 Microarray Virtual Lab Activity Worksheet. This user has, worksheet the dna code of life, which proteins are carried on. Notes that scientists have worked 10 years to disappoint the manner human genome explains that DNA is a chemical message that began more data four billion years ago. -
From the Human Genome Project to Genomic Medicine a Journey to Advance Human Health
From the Human Genome Project to Genomic Medicine A Journey to Advance Human Health Eric Green, M.D., Ph.D. Director, NHGRI The Origin of “Genomics”: 1987 Genomics (1987) “For the newly developing discipline of [genome] mapping/sequencing (including the analysis of the information), we have adopted the term GENOMICS… ‘The Genome Institute’ Office for Human Genome Research 1988-1989 National Center for Human Genome Research 1989-1997 National Human Genome Research Institute 1997-present NHGRI: Circa 1990-2003 Human Genome Project NHGRI Today: Characteristic Features . Relatively young (~28 years) . Relatively small (~1.7% of NIH) . Unusual historical origins (think ‘Human Genome Project’) . Emphasis on ‘Team Science’ (think managed ‘consortia’) . Rapidly disseminating footprint (think ‘genomics’) . Novel societal/bioethics research component (think ‘ELSI’) . Over-achievers for trans-NIH initiatives (think ‘Common Fund’) . Vibrant (and large) Intramural Research Program A Quarter Century of Genomics Human Genome Sequenced for First Time by the Human Genome Project Genomic Medicine An emerging medical discipline that involves using genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care (e.g., for diagnostic or therapeutic decision- making) and the other implications of that clinical use The Path to Genomic Medicine ? Human Realization of Genome Genomic Project Medicine Nature Nature Base Pairs to Bedside 2003 Heli201x to 1Health A Quarter Century of Genomics Human Genome Sequenced for First Time by the Human Genome Project -
The Effect of Reproductive Compensation on Recessive Disorders Within Consanguineous Human Populations
Heredity (2002) 88, 474–479 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/hdy The effect of reproductive compensation on recessive disorders within consanguineous human populations ADJ Overall1,2, M Ahmad1 and RA Nichols1 1School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, UK We investigate the effects of consanguinity and population results show how reproductive compensation can effectively substructure on genetic health using the UK Asian popu- counteract the purging of deleterious alleles within con- lation as an example. We review and expand upon previous sanguineous populations. Whereas inbreeding does not treatments dealing with the deleterious effects of con- elevate the equilibrium frequency of affected individuals, sanguinity on recessive disorders and consider how other reproductive compensation does. We suggest this effect factors, such as population substructure, may be of equal must be built into interpretations of the incidence of genetic importance. For illustration, we quantify the relative risks of disease within populations such as the UK Asians. Infor- recessive lethal disorders by presenting some simple calcu- mation of this nature will benefit health care workers who lations that demonstrate the effect ‘reproductive compen- inform such communities. sation’ has on the maintenance of recessive alleles. The Heredity (2002) 88, 474–479. DOI: 10.1038/sj/hdy/6800090 Keywords: marriage; inbreeding; mortality; morbidity; genetic counselling Introduction whether reproductive compensation, at the level ident- ified by Koeslag and Schach (1984), can effectively The majority of the UK Asian population can trace their counteract the purging of deleterious alleles within con- origins to the Punjab region of India and Pakistan within sanguineous populations. -
GENOME GENERATION Glossary
GENOME GENERATION Glossary Chromosome An organism’s DNA is packaged into chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomesincluding one pair of sex chromosomes. Women have two X chromosomes and men have one X and one Y chromosome. Dominant (see also recessive) Genes come in pairs. A dominant form of a gene is the “stronger” version that will be expressed. Therefore if someone has one dominant and one recessive form of a gene, only the characteristics of the dominant form will appear. DNA DNA is the long molecule that contains the genetic instructions for nearly all living things. Two strands of DNA are twisted together into a double helix. The DNA code is made up of four chemical letters (A, C, G and T) which are commonly referred to as bases or nucleotides. Gene A gene is a section of DNA that is the code for a specific biological component, usually a protein. Each gene may have several alternative forms. Each of us has two copies of most of our genes, one copy inherited from each parent. Most of our traits are the result of the combined effects of a number of different genes. Very few traits are the result of just one gene. Genetic sequence The precise order of letters (bases) in a section of DNA. Genome A genome is the complete DNA instructions for an organism. The human genome contains 3 billion DNA letters and approximately 23,000 genes. Genomics Genomics is the study of genomes. This includes not only the DNA sequence itself, but also an understanding of the function and regulation of genes both individually and in combination. -
(1908): Recent Studies in Human Heredity
NOTES AND LITERATURE HEREDITY Recent Studies in Human Heredity.-j\Iustthe fallacy always persist that all ancient and powerful families are necessarily degenerate? As long ago as 1881, Paul Jacoby wrote a book1 to prove that the assumptionof rank and power has always been followedby mentaland physicaldeteriorations ending in sterility and the extinctionof the race. By collectingtogether all evi- dence supportinghis preconceivedtheory, by tracing only the well-knownfamilies in whichpathological conditions were heredi- tary,by failing to treat of dozens of otherswhose recordswould not have supportedhis thesis,by saying everythinghe possibly could that was bad about everyone (followingalways the hostile historians), by ignoring everywherethe normal and virtuous members,he was able to presentwhat was to the uninformedan apparently overwhelmingarray of proof. In regard to the injustice of this one-sided picture I have already had some- thingto say in "M'Nlentaland M\IoralHeredity in Royalty, first publishedsome six years ago. A furtherstudy based upon Jacoby's unsound foundations has recentlycome to my notice,3and althougha well-miadebook containingan interestingseries of 278 portrait illustrations,is necessarilyquite as misleadingas the older structureon which it rests. The main idea of Dr. Galippe is to show that the great swollen protrudingunderlip which descended amionogthe Hiaps- burgs of Austria, Spain and allied houses,and also the protrud- ing underjaw (progil)athismine in e'rieuitr), are stigmata of de- generacy,and to demonstratethis he places beside his portraits, quotationsfrom the writingsof Jacoby. Galippe uses no statistical methods, not even arithmetical counting,and appears to be totally ignorant of English bio- metric writings. His general conclusionsabout the causes of degeneracy (aristocratic environment,etc.) are quite as mis- Etudes sur la selection chez I homem. -
Genetics and Genomics of Human Population Structure 20
Genetics and Genomics of Human Population Structure 20 Sohini Ramachandran , Hua Tang , Ryan N. Gutenkunst , and Carlos D. Bustamante Abstract Recent developments in sequencing technology have created a fl ood of new data on human genetic variation, and this data has yielded new insights into human popu- lation structure. Here we review what both early and more recent studies have taught us about human population structure and history. Early studies showed that most human genetic variation occurs within populations rather than between them, and that genetically related populations often cluster geographically. Recent studies based on much larger data sets have recapitulated these observations, but have also demonstrated that high-density genotyping allows individuals to be reliably assigned to their population of origin. In fact, for admixed individuals, even the ancestry of particular genomic regions can often be reli- ably inferred. Recent studies have also offered detailed information about the composition of specifi c populations from around the world, revealing how history has shaped their genetic makeup. We also briefl y review quantitative models of human genetic history, including the role natural selection has played in shaping human genetic variation. Contents 20.2.3 Characterizing Locus-Specifi c Ancestry ...................................................... 594 20.1 Introduction ............................................................... 590 20.3 Global Patterns of Human Population Structure ....... 595 20.1.1 Evolutionary Forces Shaping 20.3.1 The Apportionment of Human Human Genetic Variation ........................... 590 Diversity ..................................................... 595 20.2 Quantifying Population Structure ............................. 592 20.3.2 The History and Geography of Human Genes ......................................... 596 20.2.1 FST and Genetic Distance ............................ 592 20.2.2 Model-Based Clustering 20.3.3 Genetic Structure of Human Populations .. -
A Brief History of Human Disease Genetics
Review A brief history of human disease genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1879-7 Melina Claussnitzer1,2,3, Judy H. Cho4,5,6, Rory Collins7,8, Nancy J. Cox9, Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis10,11, Matthew E. Hurles12, Sekar Kathiresan2,13,14, Eimear E. Kenny4,6,15, Received: 16 July 2019 Cecilia M. Lindgren2,16,17, Daniel G. MacArthur2,13,18, Kathryn N. North19,20, Sharon E. Plon21,22, Accepted: 13 November 2019 Heidi L. Rehm2,13,18,23, Neil Risch24, Charles N. Rotimi25, Jay Shendure26,27,28, Nicole Soranzo12,29 & Mark I. McCarthy17,30,31,32* Published online: 8 January 2020 A primary goal of human genetics is to identify DNA sequence variants that infuence biomedical traits, particularly those related to the onset and progression of human disease. Over the past 25 years, progress in realizing this objective has been transformed by advances in technology, foundational genomic resources and analytical tools, and by access to vast amounts of genotype and phenotype data. Genetic discoveries have substantially improved our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for many rare and common diseases and driven development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. Medical innovation will increasingly focus on delivering care tailored to individual patterns of genetic predisposition. medicine, which was previously restricted to a few specific clinical Anniversary indications, is poised to go mainstream. collection: This Review charts recent milestones in the history of human disease go.nature.com/ genetics and provides an opportunity to reflect on lessons learned by nature150 the human genetics community. We focus first on the long-standing division between genetic discovery efforts targeting rare variants with large effects and those seeking alleles that influence predispo- sition to common diseases.