Bsc Chemistry

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Bsc Chemistry Know More Weblinks http://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/C1H/reductionsunsaturatedcompounds.shtm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductions_with_metal_alkoxyaluminium_hydrides https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_borohydride https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diisobutylaluminium_hydride https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenmund_reduction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindlar_catalyst https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%27s_catalyst https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_reduction CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I Suggested readings Organic Chemistry by Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Wothers March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and structure by Michael B. Smith and Jerry March A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Sixth edition by Peter Sykes CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I Glossary A Adams's catalyst: Adams's catalyst, also known as platinum dioxide, is usually represented as platinum(IV) oxide hydrate, PtO2•H2O. It is a catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis in organic synthesis. B Birch reduction: The Birch reduction is an organic reaction where aromatic rings undergo a 1,4-reduction to provide unconjugated cyclohexadienes. The reduction is conducted by sodium or lithium metal in liquid ammonia and in the presence of an alcohol C Conjugate addition: Conjugate addition is the vinylogous counterpart of direct nucleophilic addition. A nucleophile reacts with a α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound in the β position. The negative charge carried by the nucleophile is now delocalized in the alkoxide anion and the α carbon carbanion by resonance. E Electron donating group: In organic chemistry, an electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance or inductive electron withdrawal, thus making the π system more nucleophilic. CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I Electrophile: In chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron lover) is a reagent attracted to electrons. Electrophiles are positively charged or neutral species having vacant orbitals that are attracted to an electron rich centre. H Heteroatom: In organic chemistry, a heteroatom is any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen in a ring structure. Usually, the term is used to indicate that non-carbon atoms have replaced carbon in the backbone of the molecular structure. L Lactone: An organic compound containing an ester group —OCO— as part of a ring. Lindlar catalyst: A Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or sulphur. It is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenea. N Nucleophile: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction. All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases. Nucleophilic addition reaction: In organic chemistry, a nucleophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron-deficient or electrophilic double or triple bond, a π bond, reacts with electron-rich reactant, termed a nucleophile, with disappearance of the double bond and creation of two new single, or σ, bonds. O Oxidation: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Oxidation-reduction reaction: An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation- reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I Oxidation state: An oxidation state is a number that is assigned to an element in a chemical combination. This number represents the number of electrons that an atom can gain, lose, or share when chemically bonding with an atom of another element. Oxidizing agent: An oxidizing agent is a chemical species that removes an electron from another species. R Raney nickel: Raney nickel is a fine-grained solid composed mostly of nickel derived from a nickel-aluminium alloy. Reducing agent: A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction. Since the reducing agent is losing electrons, it is said to have been oxidized. Reduction: Reduction is any chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons. It refers to the side that accepts electrons. When iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical called rust. In that example, the iron is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced. Reduction is the opposite of oxidation. Rosenmund reduction: The Rosenmund reduction is a hydrogenation process in which an acyl chloride is selectively reduced to an aldehyde. S Stereocenter: A stereocenter or stereogenic center is an atom bearing groups such that an interchanging of any two groups leads to a stereoisomer. The most common stereocenters are chiral centers (such as asymmetric carbon atoms) and the double-bonded carbon atoms in cis-trans alkenes. Value addition Raney nickel Safety A square orange sticker with a flame picture. Raney nickel is flammable. A square orange sticker with a black cross on it. Nickel metal is classified as "Harmful". CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I Due to its large surface area and high volume of contained hydrogen gas, dry, activated Raney nickel is a pyrophoric material that should be handled under an inert atmosphere. Raney nickel is typically supplied as a 50% slurry in water. Care should be taken never to expose Raney nickel to air. Even after reaction, Raney nickel contains significant amounts of hydrogen gas, and may spontaneously ignite when exposed to air. Raney nickel will produce hazardous fumes when burning, so the use of a gas mask is recommended when extinguishing fires caused by it. Additionally, acute exposure to Raney nickel may cause irritation of the respiratory tract and nasal cavities, and causes pulmonary fibrosis if inhaled. Ingestion may lead to convulsions and intestinal disorders. It can also cause eye and skin irritation. Chronic exposure may lead to pneumonitis and other signs of sensitization to nickel, such as skin rashes ("nickel itch"). Nickel is also rated as being a possible human carcinogen by the IARC and teratogen, while the inhalation of fine aluminium oxide particles is associated with Shaver's disease. Care should be taken when handling these raw materials during laboratory preparation of Raney nickel. Development Murray Raney graduated as a mechanical engineer from the University of Kentucky in 1909. In 1915 he joined the Lookout Oil and Refining Company in Tennessee and was responsible for the installation of electrolytic cells for the production of hydrogen which was used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. During that time the industry used a nickel catalyst prepared from nickel(II) oxide. Believing that better catalysts could be produced, around 1921 he started to perform independent research while still working for Lookout Oil. In 1924 a 1:1 ratio Ni/Si alloy was produced, which after treatment with sodium hydroxide, was found to be five times more active than the best catalyst used in the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil. A patent for this discovery was issued in December 1925. Subsequently, Raney produced a 1:1 Ni/Al alloy following a procedure similar to the one used for the nickel-silicon catalyst. He found that the resulting catalyst was even more active and filed a patent application in 1926. This is now the preferred alloy composition for Raney nickel catalysts. Following the development of Raney nickel, other alloy systems with aluminium were considered, of which the most notable include copper, ruthenium and cobalt. Further research showed that adding a small amount of a third metal to the binary alloy would promote the activity of the catalyst. Some widely used promoters are zinc, molybdenum and chromium. An alternative way of preparing enantioselective Raney nickel has been devised by surface adsorption of tartaric acid. CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I Adams's catalyst Development Prior to the development of Adams's catalyst, organic reductions were carried out using colloidal platinum or platinum black. The colloidal catalysts were more active but posed difficulties in isolating reaction products. This led to more widespread use of platinum black. In Adams's own words: "...Several of the problems I assigned my students involved catalytic reduction. For this purpose we were using as a catalyst platinum black made by the generally accepted best method known at the time. The students had much trouble with the catalyst they obtained in that frequently it proved to be inactive even though prepared by the same detailed procedure which resulted occasionally in an active product. I therefore initiated a research to find conditions for preparing this catalyst with uniform activity." Safety Little precaution is necessary with the oxide but, after exposure to H2, the resulting platinum black can be pyrophoric. Therefore, it should not be allowed to dry and all exposure to oxygen should be minimized. CHEMISTRY Paper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module 16: Reduction by Metal hydrides – Part-I .
Recommended publications
  • Skeletal Catalysis Mohd Bismillah Ansari
    Last words of Raney before death "I was just lucky...I had an idea for a catalyst and it worked the first time." Skeletal Catalyst Laboratory of Nano Green catalysis Mohd Bismillah Ansari LOGO LOGO A glance on history of skeletal catalyst In 1939, Murray Raney and Adolph Butenandt shared the Nobel prize in chemistry for the discovery. Between 1925 and 1961 he was granted six US and five European patents covering the preparation of his catalyst. Murray Raney responsibility for the production of hydrogen and its use in the catalytic conversion of liquid vegetable oil to solid fats at Lookout Refining Co., led him to his interest in catalysts. Raney’s first patent was for alloy of approximately 50/50 wt % of Nickel and Silicon subsequently leached in concentrated hydroxide solution Laboratory of Nano green catalysis Skeletal catalyst Preparation LOGO Leaching Crushing quenching Skeletal catalyst preparation catalyst Skeletal Preparing Alloy Company Name LOGO Preparation of skeletal catalyst Step 1 Formation of alloy. Based on the utility Metal is chosen for preparation of alloy and mixed with either silicon or aluminum ; how ever aluminum gives higher activity Silicon The exact composition of the precursor alloy depend on which Alloy metals are being alloyed Nickel Different intermetallic phases provide different characteristics to the final catalyst The activity and stability of catalyst can be improved with the use of additives often referred as promoters Laboratory of Nano green catalysis LOGO Preparation of skeletal catalyst Step 2 Alloy quenching and crushing Crushing Alloy Quenched Alloy quenching Quenching refers to phenomenon in which molecule is heated to high temperature The quenched alloy is crushed or ground and screened to a specific particle size range Ostgard et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report for 2020 (Pdf)
    CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY BENEFICIAL CATALYSIS The University of Kansas Sustaining Catalysis . Update 2020 Annual Report Sustain It’s on everyone’s mind today. How can each coun- try, each company, each individual contribute to Ability sustaining the Earth? At the Center for Environ- mentally Beneficial Catalysis, that question is the core of our existence. Thanking R.V. Chaudhari From 2003, our founders knew that it would take for 13 years of Innovation more than a single discipline or a lone investigator Deane E. Ackers Distinguished to solve today’s most pressing concerns, including Professor of Chemical Engineering clean energy and sustainable manufacturing. Emeritus R.V. has retired from KU and stepped down as For nearly two decades, the CEBC has sustained deputy director of the CEBC. His 45-year aca- our purpose. We have sustained our leadership, demic and research career has been prolific. A few of his contributions while at CEBC include: and we have sustained a contingent of KU fac- . A greener route to propylene glycol from ulty dedicated to the premise that innovations in vegetable oil-derived glycerol . “Ossification” — technique to immobilize chemistry and chemical engineering are vital to homogeneous metal catalysts effecting change across a broad spectrum of eco- . One-pot, lower temperature catalytic route logical, economical and energy grand challenges. to convert glycerol to lactic acid . Low-waste, low-cost BDO from plants With a culture of collaboration, the CEBC pushes . Tandem dehydrogenation/hydrogenolysis . Eco-friendly route from sugar to glucaric acid for change in education and research. We bridge He holds more than 60 patents in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Working with Hazardous Chemicals
    A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices. In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red “Caution Notes” within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices. The procedures described in Organic Syntheses are provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein.
    [Show full text]
  • General Preparation for Pt-Based Alloy Nanoporous Nanoparticles As Potential Nanocatalysts
    General preparation for Pt-based alloy nanoporous nanoparticles as potential SUBJECT AREAS: CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS nanocatalysts METHODS Dingsheng Wang, Peng Zhao & Yadong Li NANOPARTICLES NANOTECHNOLOGY Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China. Received 3 May 2011 Although Raney nickel made by dealloying has been used as a heterogeneous catalyst in a variety of organic syntheses for more than 80 years, only recently scientists have begun to realize that dealloying can generate Accepted nanoporous alloys with extraordinary structural characteristics. Herein, we achieved successful synthesis of 30 June 2011 a variety of monodisperse alloy nanoporous nanoparticles via a facile chemical dealloying process using nanocrystalline alloys as precursors. The as-prepared alloy nanoporous nanoparticles with large surface area Published and small pores show superior catalytic properties compared with alloyed nanoparticles. It is believed that 14 July 2011 these novel alloy nanoporous nanoparticles would open up new opportunities for catalytic applications. s early as 1926, American engineer Murray Raney developed an alternative catalyst for the hydrogenation Correspondence and of vegetable oils in industrial processes: Raney nickel.1 It was produced via selective leaching of a block of requests for materials nickel-aluminium alloy (NiAl3 and Ni2Al3) with concentrated sodium hydroxide. This treatment dis- should be addressed to A solved most of the aluminium out of the alloy, leading to the formation of porous nickel-aluminium alloy (NiAl) Y.L. (ydli@mail. with large surface area. These porous alloys made by dealloying were found to show high catalytic activity and tsinghua.edu.cn) have been used as a heterogeneous catalyst in a variety of organic syntheses for more than 80 years.
    [Show full text]
  • RANEY Brochure
    RANEY® Catalysts The Standard of Excellence in Hydrogenation RANEY® Catalyst Leader in Hydrogenation RANEY® catalysts from Grace are integral in the processing of Grace has over 60 years of experience innovating with superior petroleum and food products and the production of an extensive RANEY® catalysts. In 1963, Grace acquired the manufacturing site, array of pharmaceuticals, fibers, fragrances, and personal care. technology, and registered trademark of RANEY® catalysts from the original inventor. In these fast-paced industries, you need efficiency and speed to adapt to the demands of the ever-changing consumer demands and regulatory standards. Grace is a global catalysts leader and a major supplier of RANEY® hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysts. Our base metal RANEY® products provide unmatched performance in the synthesis of organic compounds. When you partner with Grace, you get longer lasting, more efficient, and more reliable catalysts. Grace RANEY® catalysts are the most efficient class of catalysts available for many hydrogenation processes. With distinctively high activity, selectivity, and handling characteristics, RANEY® catalysts significantly increase throughput while decreasing the formation of undesirable by-products. Through advances in surface chemistry and by specifically tailoring catalysts to meet a demanding and In 1926, Murray RANEY developed RANEY® catalysts for the unique range of industrial requirements, Grace consistently hydrogenation of vegetable oils. They were found to be 5x more provides solutions
    [Show full text]
  • BUI...Tletin for the HISTORY of CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
    BUI...tLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society [- . ----..-- .. --.-- -l NUMBER 19 1996 i C.K. INGOLD: MASTER AND MANDARIN OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BULLETIN ~FORTHE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY, NO. 19, 1996" ,.... CONTENTS Editor: Paul R. Jones Introduction 1 Department of Chemistry .' Uni'OfMichigan . by K. U. Ingold Ann ' r,M{ 48109-1055 C'. K. Ingold at University College London: Educator and Department Head 2 EDITORIAL BOARD: by Gerrylynn K. Roberts Herbert T. Pratt .~r 23 Colesbery Drive The Progress of Physical Organic Chemistry >~'~j~[~;Penn Acres as Mirrored in the Faraday Society ..~j;~fNew Castle DE 19720-3201 Discussions of 1923, 1937, and 1941 13 '«", l' « <, :,:: '~J~ :<;;:~:< 1 <: .~ by Derek a. Davenport Dr. Pe.ter Ramberg Department of Chemistry Teaching Chemistry Embedded in Ohio University . History: Reflections on C. K. Ingold's Athens,OH 45701 .Influence as Historian and Educator 19 . by Theodor Benfey CORRESPONDING EDITORS: Peter J. T. Morris , C. K. Ingold's Development of the The Science Museum, London, England . Concept of Mesomerism 25 Yasu Furukawa .by Martin D. Saltzman Tokyo'Denki University, Tokyo, Japan Physical Organic Terminology, /;<d<.<~)j <The BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF .' .After Ingold 33 , r \ r ' CHEMISTRY (ISSN 10534385) is published by Joseph F. Bunnet . 'j:; by the History of Chemistry Division of the , ',r~Ameridii Chemical Society. All matters relat':' Ingold, Robinson, Winstein, ing to manuscriptS, book reviews, and letters Woodward, ~d I 43 . should be sent to Dr. Paul R. Jones, Editor. Sub­ '.' by Derek H. R. Batton .' scription chIDtges, changes of address, and claims for missing issues, as well as new memberships, The Beginnings of Physical Organic are handled by the SecJfreas.
    [Show full text]
  • Regeneration of Raney®-Nickel Catalyst for the Synthesis of High-Value Amino-Ester Renewable Monomers
    catalysts Article Regeneration of Raney®-Nickel Catalyst for the Synthesis of High-Value Amino-Ester Renewable Monomers Ana Soutelo-Maria 1,2,* , Jean-Luc Dubois 3,* , Jean-Luc Couturier 1, Magali Brebion 1 and Giancarlo Cravotto 2 1 Arkema France, Centre de Recherche Rhône-Alpes, Rue Henri Moissan, F-69493 Pierre Bénite, France; [email protected] (J.-L.C.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, I-10125 Turin, Italy; [email protected] 3 Arkema France, Rue d’Estienne d’Orves, F-92705 Colombes, France * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.S.-M.); [email protected] (J.-L.D.) Received: 11 December 2019; Accepted: 11 February 2020; Published: 14 February 2020 Abstract: Aiming to synthesize high-value renewable monomers for the preparation of renewable specialty polyamides, we designed a new protocol. Amino-esters, produced via the hydrogenation of unsaturated nitrile-esters, are alternative monomers for the production of these polymers. A high monomer yield can be obtained using a Raney®-nickel catalyst despite the drawback of fast deactivation. The hydrogenation of 10-cyano-9-decenoate (UNE11) was tentatively reactivated by three different regeneration procedures: solvent wash, regeneration under hydrogen, and regeneration under sonication. Among these procedures, the in-pot catalyst regeneration (H2 30 bar, 150 ◦C) demonstrated complete activity recovery and full recycling. Keywords: bio-based monomers; amino-esters; hydrogenation; Raney®-nickel regeneration 1. Introduction The impressive growth in demand for biodegradable or renewable polymers from several industrial fields is a dramatic driving force for new investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Cooling Rate and Chromium Doping on the Microstructure of Al-25 At.% Ni Raney Type Alloy
    This is a repository copy of Effect of cooling rate and chromium doping on the microstructure of Al-25 at.% Ni Raney type alloy. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128314/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Hussain, N, Mullis, AM and Forrester, JS (2018) Effect of cooling rate and chromium doping on the microstructure of Al-25 at.% Ni Raney type alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 744. pp. 801-808. ISSN 0925-8388 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.123 © 2018 Elsevier B.V. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Effect of Cooling Rate and Chromium Doping on the Microstructure of Al-25 at.% Ni Raney Type Alloy Naveed Hussain, Andrew M Mullis, Jennifer S Forrester School of Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Weighing of Catalyst L • Hydrogen Absorption Test
    “INSPIRATION ACTS AS A CATALYST FOR SUCCESS.” - Sam Veda Monarch Catalyst Private Limited K A L An Overview on C Activated Alloy Catalyst KALCAT® A T Activated Alloy Catalyst K • Raney Nickel catalyst was discovered in 1924 by Dr.Murray Raney (1885-1966) A • Activated Alloy Catalyst are fine particles of Nickel seated on Aluminum, suspended in water. L • This catalyst is porous with occluded hydrogen in its pores, which imparts activity. C A T Manufacturing Process K Ni Al A Furnace Alloy Crusher Pulverizer L Alloy Powder C NaOH Washing Activation Catalyst Suspension A Vessel Vessel T Catalyst Ready for QCQC Dispatch Activation & Structure K Activation Reaction A 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O → 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 Leaching of Aluminium by Alkali, makes alloy particles porous and imparts activity to the catalyst. L Structure of the Catalyst C Catalyst particle consists of Ni seated on Al. Al works as support & preserves pore structure of the A catalyst. T Particle is porous & H2 is occluded in it. Average particle size is 20 - 25 microns. Mechanism of reaction K • Replacement of occluded H 2 by External H 2 (this is very important to keep the catalyst active). A • Diffusion of reactants to the Catalyst Surface. • Adsorption, reaction with elemental H & de-sorption of L product. C Mechanism A External H2 Nascent [H] T Essential Catalyst Properties K • Activity: Rate at which the catalyst hydrogenates the feedstock to product. E.g Percentage change in A reactant (conversion) L • Selectivity: Ability of the catalyst to give the desired product, out of all possible products, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Catalysis
    catalysts Plasma Catalysis Edited by Annemie Bogaerts Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Catalysts www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts Plasma Catalysis Plasma Catalysis Special Issue Editor Annemie Bogaerts MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Annemie Bogaerts Universiteit Antwerpen Belgium Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts/special issues/plasma catalysis) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-750-6 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-751-3 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Annemie Bogaerts Editorial Catalysts: Special Issue on Plasma Catalysis Reprinted from: Catalysts 2019, 9, 196, doi:10.3390/catal9020196 ................... 1 Savita K. P. Veerapandian, Nathalie De Geyter, Jean-Marc Giraudon, Jean-Fran¸cois Lamonier and Rino Morent The Use of Zeolites for VOCs Abatement by Combining Non-Thermal Plasma, Adsorption, and/or Catalysis: A Review Reprinted from: Catalysts 2019, 9, 98, doi:10.3390/catal9010098 ...................
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office 2,810,666 Patented Oct
    United States Patent Office 2,810,666 Patented Oct. 22, 1957 same conditions are usable with both nitrates and nitrites. Passivation effects on pyrophoric catalysts can be ob 2,810,666 served at almost any concentration of sodium nitrate or nitrite. Thus an aqueous solution of 1-10% strength DEACTIVATION OF CATALYSTS 5 can be employed. Higher concentrations are, of course, Willard S. Gleason, Lewiston, N. Y., assignor to E. I. effective but unnecessary and hence waste the nitrate. A du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., solution containing between about 3 and 5% by weight a corporation of Delaware is preferred. The passivating effect decreases with de No Drawing. Application December 29, 1955, creasing concentration and at a concentration below about ' Serial No. 556,052 O 1% becomes undesirably slow. The concentration of the solution must be adjusted 12 Claims. (C. 148-6.14) if some compound other than that of sodium is employed. The adjustment is easily carried out following known gravimetric principles, i. e., substituting stoichiometric This invention relates to the deactivation of catalysts equivalents. For convenience, the concentration of the of the foraminous or "Raney' nickel type. ion utilized may be referred to as "an effective passivating In a series of patents, of which U. S. Patent 1,915,473 amount.” - may be considered representative, Murray Raney has The concentration is not affected by impurities in the disclosed catalysts of the foraminous type. These solution. These impurities, both inorganic and organic, catalysts are formed by sequentially alloying nickel or can themselves be tolerated in about any quantity so other hydrogenation catalyst with aluminum and then long as they do not interfere with the passivating action dissolving away portions of the aluminum as increased or react with the selected agent or alloy.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Hydrogenation of Butyronitrile Over Raney-Metals
    Institut für Technische Chemie, Lehrstuhl II Selective Hydrogenation of Butyronitrile over Raney-Metals Adam Chojecki Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Chemie der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ-Prof. Dr. K. Köhler Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ. Prof. Dr. J. A. Lercher 2. Univ. Prof. Dr. Th. Bach Die Dissertation wurde am 25.02.04 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Chemie am 17.03.04 angenommen. Acknowledgment The scientific work presented in the thesis is a result of the collaboration among a good few people. First of all, I do thank Prof. Dr. Johannes A. Lercher for inviting me to the fellowship of Technische Chemie 2 and for his scientific guidance. I am also much obliged to my mentor PD. Thomas E. Müller, PhD for taking care on daily bases of this work and for helping in correcting the thesis. The scientific help of PD. Andreas Jentys, PhD (DFT calculations), Dr. Hervé Jobic (Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse, France; INS spectroscopy) and Prof. Dr. Stan Veprek (Institut für Chemie Anorganischer Materialien, TUM; XPS spectroscopy) is gratefully acknowledged. Over those years I have met many people that in one or the other way have supported me, especially the fellows of the TC2 group. I would like to let you know at this place that I really appreciate the help I received from you. Last but not least Air Products & Chemicals Inc. is gratefully thanked for the financial support; Institut Laue-Langevin is thanked for access to the IN1-BeF spectrometer.
    [Show full text]