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Creating Modern British Columbia Through Celebration

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Creating Modern British Columbia Through Celebration “BC at its Most Sparkling, Colourful Best”: Post-war Province Building through Centennial Celebrations by Mia Reimers B.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 1996 M.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 1999 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History © Mia Reimers University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author. ii “BC at its Most Sparkling, Colourful Best”: Post-war Province Building through Centennial Celebrations by Mia Reimers B.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 1996 M.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 1999 Supervisory Committee Dr. Patricia E. Roy, Supervisor (Department of History) Dr. Elizabeth Vibert, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Eric W. Sager, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Norman J. Ruff, Outside Member (Department of Political Science) Dr. Jean Barman, External Examiner (University of British Columbia) iii Supervisory Committee Dr. Patricia E. Roy, Supervisor (Department of History) Dr. Elizabeth Vibert, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Eric W. Sager, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Norman J. Ruff, Outside Member (Department of Political Science) Dr. Jean Barman, External Examiner (University of British Columbia) ABSTRACT The three centennial celebrations sponsored by the W.A.C. Bennett Social Credit government in 1958, 1966/67 and 1971 were part of a process of self-definition and province building. Post-war state development in British Columbia certainly included expanding and nationalizing transportation, building ambitious mega projects, and encouraging resource extraction in the hinterlands. The previously unstudied centennials were no less important to defining post-war British Columbia by creating the infrastructure on which cultural and hegemonic province building could take place. Using the methodologies and theories of Cultural Studies this study attends to both the discursive and material elements of these occasions. It uses the voluminous records of the three Centennial Committees, newspaper articles, government reports, and documents from community archives to reveal that that these elaborate and costly centenaries served the government’s desire to build an industry-oriented consensus in BC’s populace. The government - and its Centennial Committees - sought to overcome regional disparities and invite mass participation by making the celebrations truly provincial in nature. Each community, no matter its size, had a local centennial committee, was funded for local commemorative projects, was encouraged to write its history, and enjoyed traveling centenary entertainments. All communities benefited from cultural amenities, the province’s capital assets grew, the province started to undertake heritage iv conservation and residents gained a new appreciation for their history. Invented traditions - limited and constructed historical re-creations and motifs – helped overcome regional differences. British Columbians were presented with images and narratives of explorers, gold-seekers, and pioneer-entrepreneurs who opened up the interior with ingenuity and bravery, as well as a mythic, popular “old west” narrative that all citizens, no matter region, could rally around. A trade fair and tourism promotion reinforced the tradition of industry especially for manufacturers and small business. By and large, British Columbians in 1958 – particularly white males who found an anti-modern release in centennial events – accepted and legitimized this industry-oriented consensus. In the two later centennials new counter-hegemonies challenged this consensus. First Nations had opposed the colonial narrative in 1958, but by 1966/67 and 1971 they were more vocal and politically active. Other British Columbians opposed the development agenda of the centenaries; youth, environmentalists and labour argued that the celebrations were a waste of time, money, and energy when more pressing issues of environmental degradation and unemployment were present. The government’s static Centennial Committee was ill equipped to address these challenges. It offered superficial amends, such as creating Indian Participation and Youth Subcommittees, but ultimately could not repudiate the hegemony on which it, and Social Credit, was based. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………………………………... i Supervisory Committee……………………………………………………………. ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………... v List of Illustrations….……………………………………………………………... vi Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter One: Perennial Centennial: The Origins and Politics of Centenary Celebrations in British Columbia………………………………………………….. 32 Chapter Two: New “Gold Rushes”: The Promotion of Industry and Tourism in BC’s Centennial Celebrations……………………………………………………… 68 Chapter Three: “Running on the Same Ticket”: Fostering a Provincial Identity Through Democratic Participation…………………………………………………. 101 Chapter Four: “Hundred Years of Progress”: Constructing a Daring Past to an Expansive Future…………………………………………………………………… 139 Chapter Five: “Indians on Warpath over Centennial”: First Nations Representation, Participation and Resistance……………………………………… 182 Chapter Six: “Common Citizen’s Cuckolded”: The End of the Centennial Era……………………………………………………………….…………………. 222 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 255 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………... 268 Appendix A: Centennial Act……………………………………………………... 290 Appendix B: Centennial Structure………………………………………………… 294 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Cockfield Brown Advertisement ………………………………………... 98 Figure 2: Raising Centennial Flag at Prince Rupert Courthouse ………………….. 116 Figure 3: Potlatch Week Program………………………………………………….. 125 Figure 4: Prince Rupert Parade, 1958……………………………………………… 166 Figure 5: Beard Growing Vanity…………………………………………………... 169 Figure 6: Space-Age Century Sam and Centennial Sue…………………………… 232 Figure 7: Centennial Generation Clash…………………………………………….. 239 Figure 8: Empty Centennial Promises……………………………………………... 249 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this study, while at times difficult, has been very satisfying – and dare I say – enjoyable due in large part to the help, advice, suggestions, and support of many wonderful, intelligent, and caring people. The exhilaration of graduate work often comes at times of quiet and deep contemplation, but in my experience it comes more from personal connections: anecdotes from friends and colleagues that confirm lonely late- night hypotheses, casually-mentioned resources from librarians, archivists, and professors that clarify muddy arguments, and well-deserved breaks provided by friends, family and peers. My greatest support in this endeavor was my husband, Greg Barton. I owe him many thanks for seeing me through this entire process with unconditional emotional support, research and computer help, and many cups of tea brought to my work desk! I also commiserated and collaborated with many of my fellow graduate students, particularly Kathleen Trayner, Jenny Clayton, and Tina Block. These are life-long friends. In my new home of Terrace and Northwest Community College, I found other pillars of support. I thank Shelby Raymond for technical help in the production of this study, Penny Llewellyn for cheerfully ordering numerous interlibrary loans, and Sheree Ronaasen for theory discussions. Sympathetic ears and words of encouragement also came from Patti Barnes, Dina Von Hahn, Maureen Atkinson, and Brenda Guernsey, among many others. I also extend thanks to staff at the archives and libraries I used including the Prince Rupert City and Regional Archives, Nanaimo Community Archives, City of Vancouver Archives, British Columbia Archives, Simon Fraser University Archives, University of Victoria Library and Archives and the Legislative Library. John Belshaw thoughtfully and insightfully commented on an earlier version of Chapter 4 for which I am grateful. Thanks are also extended to Heather Waterlander and Karen Hickton in the Department of History office at the University of Victoria for doing their jobs so well. This research was also made possible by financial support through University of Victoria Fellowships, the BC Heritage Trust, and the Victoria Historical Society. viii Finally, I owe great thanks to my supervisory committee. The positive attitude of my supervisor, Patricia Roy, and her willingness to share her knowledge of BC History and BC sources were invaluable. Her keen eye for editing made me a better writer. Elizabeth Vibert challenged me to more clearly define my use of theory, Norman Ruff suggested good directions to strengthen my core arguments, Eric Sager’s comments helped me find a stronger organizational principle for the study, and Jean Barman’s careful questioning opened avenues for further research. Collectively, the committee helped clarify my thinking about the study, and encouraged me to write with confidence. Introduction: Much current political discourse in British Columbia eventually refers back to the legacy of Premier William Andrew Cecil Bennett and his unmatched twenty-year reign as Social Credit premier between 1952 and 1972. Changes to government policy in such areas as hydro-electricity, highways or ferries usually summon some reference to Bennett and
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