DOCSLIB.ORG

Global Concepts in Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Global Concepts in Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan Global Concepts In Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan Prepared by: TriData, a Division of System Planning Corporation 1000 Wilson Boulevard, 30th Floor Arlington, VA 22209 (703) 351-8300 For: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention 4770 Buford Highway, NE Mailstop F-62 Atlanta, GA 30341 And Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program Office of Domestic Preparedness Department of Homeland Security August 2008 Global Concepts In Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan Table of Contents PREFACE ...................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY OF BEST PRACTICES................................................................................ 5 Best Practices from Australia/New Zealand................................................................................5 Best Practices from Japan..........................................................................................................12 I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 17 Study Approach .........................................................................................................................17 Report Organization...................................................................................................................19 Caveats.......................................................................................................................................20 II. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND ......................................................................... 21 Overview of the Australian Fire Service ...................................................................................21 Overview of the New Zealand Fire Service...............................................................................25 Reaching School Children .........................................................................................................27 Reaching Juvenile Fire-Setters ..................................................................................................35 Reaching Elderly and People with Disabilities..........................................................................38 Reaching Immigrants and Ethnic Groups..................................................................................41 Defending Homes from Wildfires .............................................................................................45 Codes and Laws for Home Safety .............................................................................................51 Management of Firefighter Resources for Prevention...............................................................53 National, State, and Regional Campaigns .................................................................................61 Home Visits ...............................................................................................................................68 Consumer Products for Safety ...................................................................................................70 Partnerships................................................................................................................................72 Practices Discontinued...............................................................................................................73 Fire Data ....................................................................................................................................74 III. JAPAN ..................................................................................................................... 77 Overview of the Japanese Fire Service......................................................................................78 Reaching School Children .........................................................................................................81 Reaching Elderly and People with Disabilities..........................................................................83 Reaching Immigrants and Visitors ............................................................................................85 National and Local Campaigns..................................................................................................85 System Planning Corporation August 2008 TriData Division Global Concepts In Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan Life Safety Learning Centers.....................................................................................................93 Home Visits ...............................................................................................................................94 Codes and Laws for Home Safety .............................................................................................95 Consumer Products for Safety ...................................................................................................99 Fire Data ....................................................................................................................................99 IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................... 105 System Planning Corporation August 2008 TriData Division Global Concepts In Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan PREFACE In the United States and in most western industrial nations, the majority of civilian fire deaths and fire injuries occur in the home. As part of its mission to reduce residential casualties, the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control within the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is identifying effective global community fire safety programs—best practices—that could be used in the United States. Proven best practices can be used as examples of successes to stimulate improvements in prevention practices in the United States, though they sometimes require adaptation to our culture. The TriData Division of System Planning Corporation was selected to undertake the study of best global practices for reducing residential fire injuries discussed in this report. TriData has undertaken research on global concepts in fire protection for over 25 years. From 1982–1993 TriData produced a series of reports entitled International Concepts in Fire Protection. The reports were widely disseminated and led to many articles in fire journals and presentations at fire conferences in the United States and internationally.1 In 2003–2004, TriData did a survey for the International Association of Fire Rescue Services (CTIF) of the best programs in community fire safety among its 40 member nations; 20 European nations contributed program descriptions. This report is the second of a new series of three reports to identify best global practices in residential fire prevention. The first study, undertaken in 2007, focused on Europe—the nations of England, Scotland, Sweden, and Norway. This second study, conducted in 2007–2008, focuses on the Pacific Rim nations of Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. A third study in 2008– 2009 is planned to focus on Canada and Latin America. 1 International Conception in Fire Protection: New Ideas from Europe. July 1993. TriData Corporation, Arlington, VA; International Concepts in Fire Protection: Practices from Japan, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. 1985. TriData Corporation, Arlington, VA; and International Concepts in Fire Protection: Ideas from Europe that Could Improve U.S. Fire Safety. 1982. TriData Corporation, Arlington, VA. System Planning Corporation August 2008 TriData Division Global Concepts In Residential Fire Safety Part 2 – Best Practices from Australia, New Zealand and Japan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was performed under a contract from the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Dr. Mick Ballesteros, epidemiologist, was the contract manager and principal investigator for CDC. He also participated in most of the international interviews. The study was funded in large part by an interagency agreement to CDC from the Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program, Office of Domestic Preparedness, Department of Homeland Security. McKing Consulting Corporation, a contractor to CDC, provided support to this project, including many of the complex travel arrangements. Joe Durbin and Elizabeth Haas managed the contract for McKing. Trisha Charles was the principal travel consultant. The authors and sponsors wish to thank all those listed below in the nations visited who either provided information to the project or assisted with meeting arrangements. Australia Queensland Fire and Rescue Service Reg Christiansen, Assistant Commissioner, Community Safety and Training Gary Gilby, Executive Manager, Community Education and Research Unit Judy Newton, Manager, Research New South Wales Fire Brigades Murray Kear, Director, Community Safety Greg Buckley, Assistant Director, Built Environment and Research Steve Pearce, Chief Superintendent; Assistant Director, Corporate and Community Risk Greg Wild, Superintendent, Manager, Community Engagement and Development Unit
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FA-128, a Handbook on Women in Firefighting, January 1993
    FA-128/January 1993 A Handbook on Women in Firefighting The Changing Face of the Fire Service Federal Emergency Management Agency United States Fire Administration This document was scanned from hard copy to portable document format (PDF) and edited to 99.5% accuracy. Some formatting errors not detected during the optical character recognition process may appear. The Changing Face of the Fire Service: A Handbook on Women in Firefighting Prepared by: Women in the Fire Service P.O. Box 5446 Madison, WI 53705 608/233-4768 Researchers/Writers: Dee S. Armstrong Brenda Berkman Terese M. Floren Linda F. Willing Disclaimer This publication was prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s U.S. Fire Administration under contract No. EMW-1-4761. Any points of view or opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Federal Emergency Management Agency or the U.S. Fire Administration. In August of 1979, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) convened a “Women in the Fire Service” seminar in College Park, Maryland. This seminar brought together a group of fire service leaders and others to discuss the relatively new phenomenon of women -- perhaps 300 nationwide -- employed as firefighters. Today, women in firefighting positions have increased to approximately 3,000. As a result of the symposium, the USFA in 1980 published a document called The Role of Women in the Fire Service. The publication summarized the issues discussed at the seminar, presented the participants’ recommendations and personal insights into many aspects of women’s work in the fire service, and described existing initiatives and resources in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Relazione Finale Del Progetto ANSFR : Proposte Per Il Miglioramento Della Valutazione E Della Gestione Del Rischio D'incendio in Europa
    Relazione finale del Progetto ANSFR : proposte per il miglioramento della valutazione e della gestione del rischio d'incendio in Europa Report emesso da Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (Regno Unito) Frederikssund-Halsnæs Fire and Rescue Department (Danimarca) Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco – Nucleo Investigativo Antincendi (Italia) Emergency Services College (Finlandia) Kanta-Häme Emergency Services (Finlandia) South West Finland Emergency Services (Finlandia) Il presente documento presenta le proposte del Progetto ANSFR t. Il Progetto ANSFR è stato cofinanziato dalla Direzione Generale per l'Ambiente della Commissione Europea e dal Civil Protection Financial Instrument 2008 Call for Proposals (numero convenzione finanziamento: 070401/2008/507848/SUB/A3). La Commissione Europea non è responsabile delle informazioni contenute nel presente documento e dell'uso che ne viene fatto. © La presente pubblicazione, a esclusione dei logo, può essere riprodotta gratuitamente in qualsiasi formato o mezzo destinato alla ricerca, analisi privata o per informazione interna tra le organizzazioni, a condizione che le informazioni contenute vengano riprodotte con precisione e non vengano utilizzate in contesti equivoci. Il titolo della pubblicazione deve essere menzionato e il Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service, il Frederikssund-Halsnæs Fire and Rescue Department, il Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco – Nucleo Investigativo Antincendi e l'Emergency Services College Finland devono essere riconosciuti quali proprietari del materiale contenuto
    [Show full text]
  • Private Units Blitzing It 12 CONTENTS 31
    Private units blitzing it 12 CONTENTS 31 Cover story 32 Private units blitzing it COVER PHOTO: SALLY PATTERSON 03 Incidents 06 Statewide news 06 CO’s column 08 CEO’s column 21 Learning from experience 24 25 Health matters 36 31 Brigade news 44 Youth 46 Through the ages 48 Memberlink Sally lets her photos do the talking Excellent photos of roadside planned burns in smoke can be produced by a small fire in safe conditions, south-west Victoria by Sally Patterson have been and then extend their thinking to what this same fire Private units blitzing it appearing on the Lismore and District Group’s could be like in hot and windy conditions. She wants Facebook page. communities to realise that fires can be deadly and early Sally, an operational member with Lismore Fire Brigade preparation is essential. and the secretary/treasurer of Lismore Group, is also a “I hope the locals who see my photos think about keen photographer. how much time and effort the vols put in to keep the “I love to capture a moment in time. Photography has community as safe as possible,” she said. made me look at the world in a different way,” Sally said. STORY SALLY WHITE Much of her photography focuses on planned burning around Lismore, an activity she’s passionate about. The photo on the cover of this issue, the photos of the ultra-heavy tanker on page 7 and two of the shots in the private units feature starting on page 32 are Sally’s. “When I was a very small child, my mother left it too late to leave home in a bushfire and, when the wind changed, three firefighters perished at our front gate,” Sally said.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Fire Behaviour to Fire Danger and Wildfire Threat Modelling in New Zealand
    Application of Fire Behaviour to Fire Danger and Wildfire Threat Modelling in New Zealand H.G. Pearce1, K. Majorhazi2 1 New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand 2 New Zealand Fire Service, Wellington, New Zealand Abstract Information on fire behaviour in different vegetation types is an essential input in wildland fire management system applications. This paper describes how fire behaviour models derived from experimental burning and wildfire documentation have been used as the basis for developing a number of fire management decision support tools in New Zealand. Three separate spatial applications have been produced for modelling current, historical and forecasted fire dangers using the Fire Weather Index and Fire Behaviour Prediction components of the New Zealand Fire Danger Rating System. Historical peak summer fire climate components were defined for use in the New Zealand Wildfire Threat Analysis model within both the Hazard component (Head Fire Intensity) and the Risk component to model the probability of sustained ignition. This information is useful for long-term strategic fire management planning. Current fire weather, fire behaviour and fire danger are updated daily by the National Rural Fire Authority for dissemination via the Internet to fire authorities and the public. The maps are used for short- to medium-term fire management planning applications. The New Zealand Meteorological Service have incorporated the Fire Weather Index System into their forecasting models to produce hourly forecast maps useful for short- term planning and incident management. This is presented to rural fire authorities through their MetConnect web site. These examples are used here to illustrate the essential links between fundamental research on fire behaviour and development of expedient operational fire management solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • ANSFR-Projektets Endelige Rapport: Retningslinjer Til Forbedring Af Brandrisikovurdering Og -Håndtering I Europa
    ANSFR-projektets endelige rapport: Retningslinjer til forbedring af brandrisikovurdering og -håndtering i Europa Rapporten er udarbejdet af: Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service (Storbritannien) Frederikssund-Halsnæs Brand- og Redningsberedskab (Danmark) Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco – Nucleo Investigativo Antincendi (Italien) Emergency Services College (Finland) Kanta-Häme Emergency Services (Finland) South West Finland Emergency Services (Finland) Denne rapport dokumenterer ANSFR-projektets anbefalinger. ANSFR- projektet blev medfinansieret af Den Europæiske Union under civilbeskyttelsesinstrumentets indkaldelse af forslag i 2008 (bevillingsnummer : 070401/2008/507848/SUB/A3). Den Europæiske Kommission er ikke ansvarlig for nogen information indeholdt i dette dokument eller noget formål, denne information anvendes til. © Denne publikation, logoer ekskluderet, kan gratis reproduceres i alle formater eller medier til forskning, private studier eller til internt omløb i organisationer. Dette er under forudsætning af, at informationen i denne håndbog reproduceres nøjagtigt og ikke anvendes i en misvisende kontekst. Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service, Frederikssund-Halsnæs Brand- og Redningsberedskab, Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco - Nucleo Investigativo Antincendi og Emergency Services College Finland skal anerkendes som ejerne af materialet indeholdt i denne håndbog, og publikationens titel skal angives. Kontaktoplysning 1 Kontaktoplysninger for yderligere information Hvis du ønsker yderligere information omkring ANSFR-projektet,
    [Show full text]
  • Fire and Emergency Services Training Infrastructure in the Country
    Directorate General NDRF & Civil Defence (Fire) Ministry of Home Affairs East Block 7, Level 7, NEW DELHI, 110066, Fire Hazard and Risk Analysis in the Country for Revamping the Fire Services in the Country Final Report – Fire and Emergency Services Training Infrastructure in the Country November 2012 Submitted by RMSI A-8, Sector 16 Noida 201301, INDIA Tel: +91-120-251-1102, 2101 Fax: +91-120-251-1109, 0963 www.rmsi.com Contact: Sushil Gupta General Manager, Risk Modeling and Insurance Email:[email protected] Fire-Risk and Hazard Analysis in the Country Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 7 1 Fire and Emergency Trainings ....................................................................................... 9 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Aim of Training .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust of Australia
    THE WINSTON CHURCHILL MEMORIAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA 2015 Churchill Fellowship Report by Ms Bronnie Mackintosh PROJECT: This Churchill Fellowship was to research the recruitment strategies used by overseas fire agencies to increase their numbers of female and ethnically diverse firefighters. The study focuses on the three most widely adopted recruitment strategies: quotas, targeted recruitment and social change programs. DISCLAIMER I understand that the Churchill Trust may publish this report, either in hard copy or on the internet, or both, and consent to such publication. I indemnify the Churchill Trust against loss, costs or damages it may suffer arising out of any claim or proceedings made against the Trust in respect for arising out of the publication of any report submitted to the Trust and which the Trust places on a website for access over the internet. I also warrant that my Final Report is original and does not infringe on copyright of any person, or contain anything which is, or the incorporation of which into the Final Report is, actionable for defamation, a breach of any privacy law or obligation, breach of confidence, contempt of court, passing-off or contravention of any other private right or of any law. Date: 16th April 2017 1 | P a g e Winston Churchill Fellowship Report 2015. Bronnie Mackintosh. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 PROGRAMME 6 JAPAN 9 HONG KONG 17 INDIA 21 UNITED KINGDOM 30 STAFFORDSHIRE 40 CAMBRIDGE 43 FRANCE 44 SWEDEN 46 CANADA 47 LONDON, ONTARIO 47 MONTREAL, QUEBEC 50 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 52 NEW YORK CITY 52 GIRLS FIRE CAMPS 62 LOS ANGELES 66 SAN FRANCISCO 69 ATLANTA 71 CONCLUSIONS 72 RECOMMENDATIONS 73 IMPLEMENTATION AND DISSEMINATION 74 2 | P a g e Winston Churchill Fellowship Report 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire/Rescue Print Date: 3/5/2013
    Fire/Rescue Print Date: 3/5/2013 Fire/Rescue Fire/Rescue Print Date: 3/5/2013 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 - MISSION STATEMENT 1.1 - Mission Statement............1 CHAPTER 2 - ORGANIZATION CHART 2.1 - Organization Chart............2 2.2 - Combat Chain of Command............3 2.6 - Job Descriptions............4 2.7 - Personnel Radio Identification Numbers............5 CHAPTER 3 - TRAINING 3.1 - Department Training -Target Solutions............6 3.2 - Controlled Substance............8 3.3 - Field Training and Environmental Conditions............10 3.4 - Training Center Facility PAM............12 3.5 - Live Fire Training-Conex Training Prop............14 CHAPTER 4 - INCIDENT COMMAND 4.2 - Incident Safety Officer............18 CHAPTER 5 - HEALTH & SAFETY 5.1 - Wellness & Fitness Program............19 5.2 - Infectious Disease/Decontamination............20 5.3 - Tuberculosis Exposure Control Plan............26 5.4 - Safety............29 5.5 - Injury Reporting/Alternate Duty............40 5.6 - Biomedical Waste Plan............42 5.8 - Influenza Pandemic Personal Protective Guidelines 2009............45 CHAPTER 6 - OPERATIONS 6.1 - Emergency Response Plan............48 CHAPTER 7 - GENERAL RULES & REGULATIONS 7.1 - Station Duties............56 7.2 - Dress Code............58 7.3 - Uniforms............60 7.4 - Grooming............65 7.5 - Station Maintenance Program............67 7.6 - General Rules & Regulations............69 7.7 - Bunker Gear Inspection & Cleaning Program............73 7.8 - Apparatus Inspection/Maintenance/Response............75
    [Show full text]
  • The Publication of the Report Was Sponsored by the State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia
    The publication of the Report was sponsored by the State Fire Academy of Emercom of Russia Отчет издан при содействии и поддержке Академии Государственной противопожарной службы МЧС России Der Bericht wurde unter Mithilfe und Unterstützung der Akademie für Brandschutz des Ministeriums für Notfallsituationen der Russischen Föderation veröffentlicht www.academygps.ru _____________________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright by Center for Fire Statistics of CTIF 2020 International Association of Fire and Rescue Services МеждународнаяАссоциацияПожарно-спасательныхСлужб Internationale Vereinigung des Feuerwehr- und Rettungswesens CTIF WWW.CTIF.ORG Center for Fire Statistics World Fire Statistics Мировая пожарная статистика Die Feuerwehrstatistik der Welt Report / Отчет / Bericht № 25 National committees CTIF of Russia, Germany, USA Prof. Dr. Nikolai Brushlinsky (Chief) (Academy of State Fire Service, Russia) Marty Ahrens (Vice Chief) (National Fire Protection Association, USA) Prof. Dr. Sergei Sokolov (Vice Chief) (Academy of State Fire Service, Russia) Dr. Ing. Peter Wagner (Vice Chief) (Berlin Fire and Rescue Academy, GFPA, Germany) _____________________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright by Center for Fire Statistics of CTIF 2020 All statistical data presented in the report were obtained from responses to the requests of the Fire Statistics Center and published previously in official statistical reports of various countries. The data of past
    [Show full text]
  • Peta Doyle Profile 1 Copy
    When most people think of firefighters they think WOMEN IN of sirens, smoke and pulling people from a burning building, but being a firefighter involves FIREFIGHTING so much more than this. Our firefighters not only manage major emergencies, but they often work Working as a firefighter can be a in specialist fields and have a strong presence in challenging journey, but if you ask the community, talking to residents about fire Peta Doyle, one of the NSW Fire prevention and making communities safer. Brigades up-and-coming firefighters, With more than 92 full-time female firefighters plenty of women have what it takes and 168 part time female firefighters in its ranks, to have long and rewarding careers the NSW Fire Brigades strongly encourages with the NSWFB. women to consider a career with the NSWFB. Three years ago, Firefighter Peta Doyle, who iiss currently stationed at the busiest firefire station in Australia,Australia, City of Sydney Fire Station, steeredsteered hherer life in a new direction, when she successfulsuccessfullyly appliedapplied for a role as a full-time firefighter afterafter years ofof training as a professionalprofessional athlete. Peta competed at state, national and OlympicOlympic trials over the papastst 12 yeyears,ars, and rrepresentedepresented AAustraliaustralia at various World CCupup SSwimmingwimming CChampionshipshampionships during her swim career. Peta aappliedpplied forfor a firefightingfirefighting role with the NNSWFBSWFB because she was attracted to the challenge ooff workinworkingg as ppartart ooff one ooff the leadinleadingg ffireire and rescue organisations in Australia. ““II needed a new challenge in my lifelife and I was craving job satissatisfaction.faction. Many people told me it was really didifficultfficult to gegett a popositionsition with the NNSWSW Fire Brigades, so I saw this as anotheanotherr challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blitz at South Wharf: Heroic Rescues and Amazing Escapes
    Surrey Docks Farm History The Blitz at South Wharf: heroic rescues and amazing escapes On Saturday September 7, 1940, hundreds of German planes droned overhead, dropping thousands of bombs on East London. The risky rescue by towrope Richard Henry Ashton (left) was in charge of the fireboat, A prime target was Surrey Docks, which became a devastating inferno as fires spread through the vast timber yards. The Farm’s site, With fire engulfing the area and cutting off and was awarded the British Empire Medal, photos of which which was then South Wharf Smallpox Receiving Station, was caught in the middle of this. are above. At 47, he was a professional fireman; this photo the roads, more local residents had come shows him a few years later as Station Officer at Dockhead The full dramatic details of what happened here on that first night of the Blitz have recently been rediscovered. It’s a remarkable story, down to South Wharf seeking to escape by Fire Station. Before becoming a fireman, he had served in river. They and some auxiliaries took shelter for not a single life was lost, and barely an injury sustained, despite the raging fires on all sides, the constant bombardment and the par- the Navy until 1923. After the war, he worked as a fireman tial destruction of the buildings and pier. All the staff, and dozens of local people, were rescued from here, thanks to the heroic actions from the flames in an empty barge moored at The News of the World. of firemen and staff.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into the Work Values of New Zealand Volunteer Firefighters
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Work values and volunteers: an investigation into the work values of New Zealand volunteer firefighters. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Psychology at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand Caroline Maree Stark 2017 i Abstract Declining populations in smaller rural areas in New Zealand over the past 30 years have resulted in significant reductions in many services and an increased reliance on volunteer labour to provide these services. New Zealand firefighters are predominately volunteers, with approximately 85% belonging to volunteer brigades. The cost of training these volunteers is significant and retention of volunteers is an issue for many brigades. By measuring the importance of work values of firefighters and the level that these values being are met by the firefighting organisations they belong to, this research is endeavouring to investigate person-organisation (P-O) fit via the needs-supplies framework. The Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA) looks at P-O fit and how higher levels of fit result in increased satisfaction with ones' work environment. Satisfaction is theorised to lead to longer tenure. This research measured the work values of 178 volunteer firefighters throughout New Zealand. Results indicated that overall there was good P-O fit between individual and organisational values. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out on individual and organisational value items in an effort to compare these to the six-factor structure of Elizur's (1984) work.
    [Show full text]