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PERSONAL WEALTH in HUIZSTINGSTONE HUNDRED, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, a STUDY of CONTINUITY in the EARLY TUDOR COUNTRYSIDE Michael Peter O

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PERSONAL WEALTH in HUIZSTINGSTONE HUNDRED, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, a STUDY of CONTINUITY in the EARLY TUDOR COUNTRYSIDE Michael Peter O PERSONAL WEALTH IN HUIZSTINGSTONE HUNDRED, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 1479 - 1558: A STUDY OF CONTINUITY IN THE EARLY TUDOR COUNTRYSIDE Michael Peter Osmann thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto @ Copyright by Michael Peter Osmann National Library Bibfiotheque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prster, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent &treimprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Personal Weal th in Hurs ticgstone Hundred, Hun tingdonshire, 1479 - 1558 : A Study of Continuity in the Early Tudor Countryside Ph- D., 1996; Michael Peter Osmann; Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto The study examines two historiographical issues: personal wealth in the pre-industrial countryside and medieval-modem continuity. A sample area consisting of the villages and small towns of Hurstingstone hundred, Hunts., is examined using a wide range of sources linked by prosopography. Villagers operated with a clear understanding of their economy, were fully and comfortably immersed in the market and showed considerable ingenuity in using human and material resources -- even if contrary to existing legal and political conventions. Yet, the economy was typical of its medieval precursors though modified by historical and geographical contingency. The income accrued exhibited a series of unexpected characteristics: 1) villagers owned an unexpectedly rich array of consumer goods; 2) the social distribution of income was far more egalitarian than suggested by the established focus on land- holding; and 3) settlements revealed considerable functional differentiation in which urban/rural contrasts assumed a secondary rather than a primary role. The rift between medieval and modem history is bridged at the local level through an abundant but unconventional assembly of documents to reveal an economy built upon the autonomous village community of the Middle Ages through continuous adaptation. This direct confrontation of two historiographical periods at their nexus reveals conceptual gaps and fields for further research in both. iii Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................. v List of Appendices ............................................. vi Abbreviations .................................................vii Acknowledgements .............................................viii Introduction ....................................................I I . Villagers and the Market Economy: Thought and Actio n........27 -. I1 . Sources of Wealth: Resources and Occupations ...............55 I11 . Decision-Making: Gender and Human Resources ............... 95 IV . Consumption and Donation: Using Wealth ....................127 The Wealth .................................173 VI . The Spatial Dimension ..................................... 204 Conclusion .................................................... 234 Appendices .................................................... 245 . ography List of Tables 11.1. Frequency of Land Types in Court Roll Conveyances, Ramsey and Bury, 1500-1558 ........,....-.......--................91 11.2. Tenants and Tenements in John Stow's Anniversary Roll, Ramsey and Bury, l5O2/3 .................................... 92 11.3. Frequency of Animal Species in Court Rolls, Ramsey and Bury, 1500-1558 ...........................................92 11.4. Relative Frequency of Livestock in Wills with Animal Bequests, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1479-1558 ..........-.....93 11.5. Designations for Retail Trades in Court Rolls, Ramsey and Bury, lSOO-l558 ...........................................93 11.6. Occupations in the Lay Subsidy Return of 1522, Eastern Hurstingstone Hundred .....................................94 111.1. Gender Distribution in the Lay Subsidies, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1522 - 1547 .....................................126 IV.1. Select Donation Types in a Sample of Wills, Hurstingstone Hundred ..................................................... V.1. Tax Rates in the Lay Subsidies, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1522 - 1547 ............................--.....................lgg V.2. Subsidy Assessments in Plural Categories, 1523 ...........199 V.3. Distribution of Taxpayers by Category in the Subsidies, Husrstingstone Hundred, 1522 - 1547 ...........*..........200 V.4. Distribution of Income by Category in the Subsidies, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1522 - 1547 .......................200 V.5 Income Distribution in Lorenz Values and in Deciles, Hurstingsone Hundred Lay Subsidies, 1522 - 1547 ..........201 V-6. Income Distribution in Lorenz Values & Deciles over £5, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1522 - 1547 .......................202 V.7. Numbers of Taxpayers in Income Brackets, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1522 - 1547 .....................................203 V.8. Sums of Hurstingstone Probate Inventories in Actbooks, Hurstingstone Hundred, 1543 - 1558 .......................203 VI.1. Taxpayers in 1523 and Households in 1563, Hursingstone Hundred ..................................................225 Abbreviations AHEW Agrarian History of England and Wales AHR Agricultural History Review BAR Bri tish Archaeological Reports CWA Churchwardens Accounts EcHR Economic His tory Review EHR English Historical Review ETG J. A. Raftis, Early Tudor Godmanchester: Survivals and New Arrivals. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies: Toronto, 1990. HRO Cambridge Record Office, Huntingdon Branch JEH Journal of Economic His tory JHG Journal of Historical Geography JIH Journal of Interdisciplinary His tory JPS Journal of Peasant Studies PR Parish Register PRO Public Record Off ice Trans. Inst. Brit - Geogr. Transactions. Ins ti tute of Bri tish Geographers VCH Victoria County History vii Acknowledgements A special debt is owed to Father J. Ambrose Raftis and the members of my supervisory committee, Dr. John Munro, Dr. Bert Hall and Dr. Joe Goering, for their help and advice in preparing this study; to Professor Mary Rogers for introducing me to both the Middle Ages and the history of women; and to Audrey Deyman for her numerous commentaries. As with all work of this nature, many others far too numerous to be listed here have made a contribution. I am also grateful to the School of Graduate Studies at the University of Toronto for its financial support. viii Introduction Two statements from the sixteenth century illustrate the problem of personal wealth at the village level and the place of the early Tudor period in the shifting historiography of England's rural economy. The chronicler Polydore Vergil summarised the result of the Muster Survey of 1522 with the following words: 'when he [the king] had the estimate, he readily knew that his people was not poor and he was glad." The Survey, sprung upon an unsuspecting populace as an inquiry into the realm's defence capabilities, was in fact a thinly disguised tax assessment designed to make up for failures of earlier, more open attempts to impose direct taxation.' The ploy succeeded completely for another chronicler, Edward Hall, reported that some 'avaunsed themselfes more than they were worth of pride ...'I Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey were not slow to take a share of '...qua aestimatione habita, iLle facile nocuit populum non egentem esse, et gauisus est.' D. Hay, ed., "The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil, 1485 - 1537, Camden 3rd ser. 74 (1950): 300. See also J. Cornwall, ed . , The County Communi ty under Henry VIII: The Military Survey, 1522, and Lay Subsidy, 1524-5, for Rutland, Rutland Record Society 1 (1980): 1-3. The context of this survey and the ensuing taxation is discussed in detail in R. Schofield, "Taxation and the political limits of the Tudor state," eds. C. Cross. D. Loades and J. J. Scarisbrick, Law and Government under the Tudors (Cambridge, 1988) : 227-55, F. C. Dietz, English Government Finance, 1485 - 1558 (1921; London, 1964) : 88-102, and Cornwall, County Community: 1-12. See also Appendix 11. E. Hall, Chronicle: Henry VIII, v. I, ed. C. Whibley (London, 1904): 274. See also Cornwall, County Community: 1-3. the fiscal potential uncovered by reviving direct taxation of personal wealth 'for what belongs to the people, is also the prince's when it is expedient to use its goods for the benefit of the entire realma4' Yet, when William Harrison, priest of Radwinter, Essex, wrote his ~escriptionof England fifty years later he was certain that general poverty had existed within living memory and that the material wealth of his countrymen had only increased substantially within the last one or two generations. To support his claim he relied extensively on his
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