DOCSLIB.ORG

Spirit Phd Series 8

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spirit Phd Series 8 Aalborg Universitet Restructuring State and Society Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia Balcha, Berhanu Publication date: 2007 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Balcha, B. (2007). Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia. SPIRIT. Spirit PhD Series No. 8 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: September 29, 2021 SPIRIT Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Kroghstraede 3-3.237 DK-9220 Aalborg East Phone: +45 9940 9810 Mail: [email protected] Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia Berhanu Gutema Balcha SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 8 ISSN: 1903-7783 © 2007 Berhanu Gutema Balcha Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia SPIRIT – Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Denmark SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 8 ISSN 1903-7783 Published by SPIRIT & Department of Culture and Global Studies Aalborg University Distribution Download as PDF on http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Front page lay-out Cirkeline Kappel The Secretariat SPIRIT Kroghstraede 3, room 3.237 Aalborg University DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark Tel. + 45 9940 9810 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia PhD dissertation Berhanu Gutema Balcha Institute of History, International and Social Studies Aalborg University September 2006 Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia Berhanu Gutema Balcha Supervisors: Professor Jacques Hersh Professor Mammo Muchie Uni Print, Aalborg University September 2006 Aalborg, Denmark Abstract This dissertation explores and examines the process and structure of ethnic federal arrangement in Ethiopia. Ethiopia contains about 70 million people and approximately about 80 ethnic and linguistic groups. The “ethnic- federal” experiment of devolving public sector powers to ethnic groups goes against the centralized nation-building project of the previous regimes. The previous regimes used a different model; they gave much emphasis to ‘Ethiopian nationalism’ as a unifying concept and promoted centralization rather than regional or ethnic autonomy. However, in 1991, the new ruling group in power, who had started their movement for the liberation of their ethnic region from the central Ethiopian administration, has advocated ethnic- federalism by stressing that it could empower and equalize the diverse ethnic communities and reduce conflict. As a result, the overall centralized structure of the previous regime has been replaced by a “federal” system’ consists of nine ethnically and regionally delimited states with various ethnic self-administrative constituencies that could exercise their own political power and legal personalities. Thus, ethnicity and federalism have become the major factors in organizing the political and territorial space in the country. Since the introduction of the ethnic federal project in 1991, there have been wide-ranging claims especially by many Ethiopian intellectuals that the ethnic federal structure would collapse in a short time and the country could immerse into ethnic conflict. Despite these claims, however, the ethnic federal arrangement has survived for more than a decade. This short period of survival may not be enough to assure the continuation or sustainability of the system; nevertheless it triggers an interest to understand how it has able to survive and also to engage in finding the possible explanations regarding the pattern and trend of the restructuring process. Thus, this study made a close exploration and examination of the process in order to determine whether ethnic federal formula in Ethiopia is an appropriate model to empower and equalize the diverse and disparate ethnic groups in the context of united and workable Ethiopia state. Acknowledgement Many individuals have been helpful and supportive in the process and completion of this dissertation. My first gratitude goes to my supervisors Professor Jacques Hersh and Professor Mammo Muchie for their moral, intellectual and material support. Particularly, I express special thanks to Professor Jacques Hersh who has continued the supervision in is retirement age. I am also grateful to the Research Center for Development and International Relations (DIR), where I feel at home and enjoy the cherished friendship and warmth of the staff. During my fieldwork in Ethiopia, I greatly benefited from the cooperation and participation of many ordinary individuals and officials at federal, regional and local levels and, thus I wish to express my appreciation for their indispensable contribution. Special thanks are due to my field assistances who contributed a great deal in facilitating the field research. Finally, I wish to extend my gratitude to my father, Gutema Balcha, and my mother, Tadelech Godana who have devoted a lot for the progress of my education. I would like also to express my appreciation to my wife, Misrak Berhanu, for her demonstrative support. However, all errors and omissions of the findings and analyses rest solely on me. Berhanu Gutema Balcha Aalborg University, 2006 Abstract...................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgement................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables.............................................................................................................................................. i Acronyms and Glossary.......................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter One: Introduction, the Problem and Methodology............................................................... 5 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................5 1.2 The Research Problem......................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Methodology........................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Challenges and limitations in collecting and analysing the empirical information ....................................................................................................................................... 21 1.5 The structure of the dissertation..................................................................................... 22 Chapter Two Theoretical Consideration on Federalism and Ethnicity .......................................... 25 2.1 Understanding Federalism................................................................................................ 25 2.2 Federalism as a continuing political bargain ............................................................. 31 2.3 Federalism in Multiethnic Societies............................................................................... 33 2.3.1 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................................. 34 2.3.1.1 Defining Ethnicity................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1.2 The Primordialism Argument............................................................................ 36 2.3.1.3 The Instrumentalist Argument.......................................................................... 40 2.3.1.4 Summary and relevance to Ethiopia............................................................. 45 2.3.2 Ethnic Federalism................................................................................................................. 49 2.4 Summary................................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter Three: Factors behind the emergence of ethnic federalism in Ethiopia......................... 61 3.1 The Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF): Origin and Objectives............................... 62 3.2 The creation of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).......... 70 3.3 The July Conference, the Charter and the transitional government.................................... 74 3.3.1 The July 1991 ‘Peace and Reconciliation’ Conference: was it a representative and legitimate convention?................................................................................................................... 76 3.3.2 The Charter: was it a genuine covenant? .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ijah 5(1), S/No 16, January, 2016 86
    IJAH 5(1), S/NO 16, JANUARY, 2016 86 International Journal of Arts and Humanities (IJAH) Bahir Dar- Ethiopia Vol. 5(1), S/No 16, January, 2016:86-99 ISSN: 2225-8590 (Print) ISSN 2227-5452 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v5i1.7 Federalism, State Creation and the Minority Ethnic Groups in Nigeria’s National Integration Project Imuetinyan, Festus, Ph.D. Department of Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] +2348023248857 & Uyi-Ekpen, Ogbeide, Ph.D. Department of Political Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. E-mail:[email protected] +2348037705721 Abstract Nigeria gained independence in 1960 as a tripartite regional federal system which promoted the hegemony of three major ethnic groups (the Yorubas in the west, the Ibos in the east and the Hausa-Fulanis in the north). The regions unfortunately did not form homogeneous ethnic entities as they were made up of myriads of ethnic minorities who were subject of internal colonialism. Consequently, ethnic minority groups in Nigeria have been engaged not just in different efforts to reduce the dominance of the major ethnic groups but also on how best to live side by side with them. Federalism and states creation exercises are two major solutions that have been tried over time in the quest Copyright © IAARR 2016: www.afrrevjo.net/ijah Indexed African Journals Online (AJOL) www.ajol.info IJAH 5(1), S/NO 16, JANUARY, 2016 87 for national integration in Nigeria and they are the major focus of the paper. Both measures have helped to multiply the arenas of politics as well as rewards.
    [Show full text]
  • Federalism, the Subnational Constitutional Framework and Local Government: Accommodating Minorities Within Minorities by Yonatan Tesfaye Fessha
    ISSN: 2036-5438 Federalism, the subnational constitutional framework and local government: Accommodating minorities within minorities by Yonatan Tesfaye Fessha Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 4, issue 2, 2012 Except where otherwise noted content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.5 Italy License E - 77 Abstract Not a single federation has been successful in demarcating the territorial matrix of the federation into ethnically pure subnational units. This includes federations that are primarily designed to accommodate ethnic diversity. There are usually ethnic minorities scattered in the midst of subnational majorities. The focus of this contribution is on how the institutional design of states can be used to respond to the challenges of minorities within minorities. This article proposes the adoption of constitutional principles that would guide ethnically plural subnational units in their dealing with internal minorities. A subnational constitutional framework that is based on the constitutional principles of self- rule (and possibly shared rule), this article argues, represents the best hope in addressing the majority-minority tension that characterizes subnational units in multinational federations Key-words Minorities, federalism, subnational constitution, local government Except where otherwise noted content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.5 Italy License E - 78 1. Introduction The translation of the self rule and shared rule elements of federalism into tangible institutional arrangements goes a long way in terms of accommodating ethnic diversity within the context of geographically concentrated ethnic groups. This is particularly true in multi-national federations where some or all of the subnational units are roughly congruent with ethnic boundaries, thereby, enabling ethnic communities to manage their own affairs.I It is, however, widely accepted that it is impossible to create an ethnically homogenous subnational unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Its Discontents
    ETHIOPIA: ETHNIC FEDERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS Africa Report N°153 – 4 September 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. FEDERALISING THE POLITY..................................................................................... 2 A. THE IMPERIAL PERIOD (-1974) ....................................................................................................2 B. THE DERG (1974-1991)...............................................................................................................3 C. FROM THE TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT TO THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (1991-1994)...............................................................................................................4 III. STATE-LED DEMOCRATISATION............................................................................. 5 A. AUTHORITARIAN LEGACIES .........................................................................................................6 B. EVOLUTION OF MULTIPARTY POLITICS ........................................................................................7 1. Elections without competition .....................................................................................................7 2. The 2005 elections .......................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia COI Compilation
    BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Ethiopia: COI Compilation November 2019 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared within a specified time frame on the basis of publicly available documents as well as information provided by experts. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord This report was commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 4 1 Background information ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Geographical information .................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 Map of Ethiopia ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oromia Region Administrative Map(As of 27 March 2013)
    ETHIOPIA: Oromia Region Administrative Map (as of 27 March 2013) Amhara Gundo Meskel ! Amuru Dera Kelo ! Agemsa BENISHANGUL ! Jangir Ibantu ! ! Filikilik Hidabu GUMUZ Kiremu ! ! Wara AMHARA Haro ! Obera Jarte Gosha Dire ! ! Abote ! Tsiyon Jars!o ! Ejere Limu Ayana ! Kiremu Alibo ! Jardega Hose Tulu Miki Haro ! ! Kokofe Ababo Mana Mendi ! Gebre ! Gida ! Guracha ! ! Degem AFAR ! Gelila SomHbo oro Abay ! ! Sibu Kiltu Kewo Kere ! Biriti Degem DIRE DAWA Ayana ! ! Fiche Benguwa Chomen Dobi Abuna Ali ! K! ara ! Kuyu Debre Tsige ! Toba Guduru Dedu ! Doro ! ! Achane G/Be!ret Minare Debre ! Mendida Shambu Daleti ! Libanos Weberi Abe Chulute! Jemo ! Abichuna Kombolcha West Limu Hor!o ! Meta Yaya Gota Dongoro Kombolcha Ginde Kachisi Lefo ! Muke Turi Melka Chinaksen ! Gne'a ! N!ejo Fincha!-a Kembolcha R!obi ! Adda Gulele Rafu Jarso ! ! ! Wuchale ! Nopa ! Beret Mekoda Muger ! ! Wellega Nejo ! Goro Kulubi ! ! Funyan Debeka Boji Shikute Berga Jida ! Kombolcha Kober Guto Guduru ! !Duber Water Kersa Haro Jarso ! ! Debra ! ! Bira Gudetu ! Bila Seyo Chobi Kembibit Gutu Che!lenko ! ! Welenkombi Gorfo ! ! Begi Jarso Dirmeji Gida Bila Jimma ! Ketket Mulo ! Kersa Maya Bila Gola ! ! ! Sheno ! Kobo Alem Kondole ! ! Bicho ! Deder Gursum Muklemi Hena Sibu ! Chancho Wenoda ! Mieso Doba Kurfa Maya Beg!i Deboko ! Rare Mida ! Goja Shino Inchini Sululta Aleltu Babile Jimma Mulo ! Meta Guliso Golo Sire Hunde! Deder Chele ! Tobi Lalo ! Mekenejo Bitile ! Kegn Aleltu ! Tulo ! Harawacha ! ! ! ! Rob G! obu Genete ! Ifata Jeldu Lafto Girawa ! Gawo Inango ! Sendafa Mieso Hirna
    [Show full text]
  • ETHIOPIA - National Hot Spot Map 31 May 2010
    ETHIOPIA - National Hot Spot Map 31 May 2010 R Legend Eritrea E Tigray R egion !ª D 450 ho uses burned do wn d ue to th e re ce nt International Boundary !ª !ª Ahferom Sudan Tahtay Erob fire incid ent in Keft a hum era woreda. I nhabitan ts Laelay Ahferom !ª Regional Boundary > Mereb Leke " !ª S are repo rted to be lef t out o f sh elter; UNI CEF !ª Adiyabo Adiyabo Gulomekeda W W W 7 Dalul E !Ò Laelay togethe r w ith the regiona l g ove rnm ent is Zonal Boundary North Western A Kafta Humera Maychew Eastern !ª sup portin g the victim s with provision o f wate r Measle Cas es Woreda Boundary Central and oth er imm ediate n eeds Measles co ntinues to b e re ported > Western Berahle with new four cases in Arada Zone 2 Lakes WBN BN Tsel emt !A !ª A! Sub-city,Ad dis Ababa ; and one Addi Arekay> W b Afa r Region N b Afdera Military Operation BeyedaB Ab Ala ! case in Ahfe rom woreda, Tig ray > > bb The re a re d isplaced pe ople from fo ur A Debark > > b o N W b B N Abergele Erebtoi B N W Southern keb eles of Mille and also five kebeles B N Janam ora Moegale Bidu Dabat Wag HiomraW B of Da llol woreda s (400 0 persons) a ff ected Hot Spot Areas AWD C ases N N N > N > B B W Sahl a B W > B N W Raya A zebo due to flo oding from Awash rive r an d ru n Since t he beg in nin g of th e year, Wegera B N No Data/No Humanitarian Concern > Ziquala Sekota B a total of 967 cases of AWD w ith East bb BN > Teru > off fro m Tigray highlands, respective ly.
    [Show full text]
  • Administrative Region, Zone and Woreda Map of Oromia a M Tigray a Afar M H U Amhara a Uz N M
    35°0'0"E 40°0'0"E Administrative Region, Zone and Woreda Map of Oromia A m Tigray A Afar m h u Amhara a uz N m Dera u N u u G " / m r B u l t Dire Dawa " r a e 0 g G n Hareri 0 ' r u u Addis Ababa ' n i H a 0 Gambela m s Somali 0 ° b a K Oromia Ü a I ° o A Hidabu 0 u Wara o r a n SNNPR 0 h a b s o a 1 u r Abote r z 1 d Jarte a Jarso a b s a b i m J i i L i b K Jardega e r L S u G i g n o G A a e m e r b r a u / K e t m uyu D b e n i u l u o Abay B M G i Ginde e a r n L e o e D l o Chomen e M K Beret a a Abe r s Chinaksen B H e t h Yaya Abichuna Gne'a r a c Nejo Dongoro t u Kombolcha a o Gulele R W Gudetu Kondole b Jimma Genete ru J u Adda a a Boji Dirmeji a d o Jida Goro Gutu i Jarso t Gu J o Kembibit b a g B d e Berga l Kersa Bila Seyo e i l t S d D e a i l u u r b Gursum G i e M Haro Maya B b u B o Boji Chekorsa a l d Lalo Asabi g Jimma Rare Mida M Aleltu a D G e e i o u e u Kurfa Chele t r i r Mieso m s Kegn r Gobu Seyo Ifata A f o F a S Ayira Guliso e Tulo b u S e G j a e i S n Gawo Kebe h i a r a Bako F o d G a l e i r y E l i Ambo i Chiro Zuria r Wayu e e e i l d Gaji Tibe d lm a a s Diga e Toke n Jimma Horo Zuria s e Dale Wabera n a w Tuka B Haru h e N Gimbichu t Kutaye e Yubdo W B Chwaka C a Goba Koricha a Leka a Gidami Boneya Boshe D M A Dale Sadi l Gemechis J I e Sayo Nole Dulecha lu k Nole Kaba i Tikur Alem o l D Lalo Kile Wama Hagalo o b r Yama Logi Welel Akaki a a a Enchini i Dawo ' b Meko n Gena e U Anchar a Midega Tola h a G Dabo a t t M Babile o Jimma Nunu c W e H l d m i K S i s a Kersana o f Hana Arjo D n Becho A o t
    [Show full text]
  • The Quest for Resolution of Guji-Gedeo Conflicts in Southern Ethiopia: a Review of Mechanisms Employed, Actors and Their Effectiveness
    The Quest for Resolution of Guji-Gedeo Conflicts in Southern Ethiopia: A Review of Mechanisms Employed, Actors and Their Effectiveness Girum Kinfemichael1 Abstract This article assesses the quest for resolution of Guji-Gedeo conflicts, the federal device as a means of managing conflict employed and their effectiveness. Methodologically, the study is mainly based on qualitative approach with an opinion and descriptive surveys to reveal the existing problems. It emerges from the study that the different structures, processes and mechanisms, which are employed at various levels of administrative hierarchies of governments for managing the conflicts, remain ad-hoc, not well-coordinated and, above all, their actions are mainly reactive. The study draws an argumentative conclusion that the Federal Government and authorities of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) and Oromiya Regional State need to boost their close cooperation, engagement in early warning and conflict management endeavors in addressing the conflict as the two communities are still at loggerheads over the issue of defining the contested boundary claims. It is also useful to extend the scope of such cooperation and engagement to the level of local governments in both Regional States. Along with these efforts, it would be better if authorities at various levels revitalize and empower traditional conflict resolution institutions to run parallel with ‘modern’ government structures to respond to the conflicts promptly. It is thus prudent to use the advantage of federalism as flexible and innovative system of governance to manage the conflict constructively. Keywords: Boundary conflicts, ethnicity, ethnic federation, federal restructuring, Guji-Gedeo conflicts, indigenous institutions. 1 Lecturer, Department of Federalism and Local Government Studies, Institute of Federalism and Legal Studies, Ethiopian Civil Service University.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Secession and Federalism: the Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria Obehi S
    Global Business & Development Law Journal Volume 26 | Issue 2 Article 2 1-1-2013 Between Secession and Federalism: The Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria Obehi S. Okojie Adeleke Adeyemo & Co., Lagos, Nigeria Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Obehi S. Okojie, Between Secession and Federalism: The Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria, 26 Pac. McGeorge Global Bus. & Dev. L.J. 415 (2013). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol26/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Law Reviews at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Global Business & Development Law Journal by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. [2] OBEHI.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 5/10/2013 11:16 AM Between Secession and Federalism: The Independence of South Sudan and the Need for a Reconsidered Nigeria Obehi S. Okojie* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 416 II. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 420 A. Nigeria and Sudan at a Glance ............................................................. 420 B. Similar Features
    [Show full text]
  • Adola Woreda of Guji Zone Who Visited Treatment Centre in Adjacent Woreda (Arbegona) of South Regional State on 20Th of July
    Ethiopia Technical support feedback report on acute watery diarrhea outbreak Reporting period: 06-16/08/2006 Area: Guji zone, Oromia regional state Prepared by: Dr Desta Abunu Private consultant 0 1 Table of contents Introduction ___________________________________________________________3 Background situation of Guji zone _________________________________________4 Water and sanitation ________________________________________________________ 0 Gaps identified and technical support provided________________________________0 Stakeholders involved in the epidemic prevention and control interventions __________ 1 Challenges encountered __________________________________________________1 Cross cutting issues that needs consideration in subsequent assignment____________2 Opportunities __________________________________________________________2 Conclusion ____________________________________________________________2 Recommendations and next steps___________________________________________3 Appendix ______________________________________________________________4 2 Introduction Outbreak of acute watery diarrhea established itself in West Arusi zone of Oromia regional state around the middle of June. Soon it affected south regional state and showed itself up in Guji zone of Oromia regional state in space of less than one month. The first index case of Guji zone was from Adola woreda of Guji zone who visited treatment centre in adjacent woreda (Arbegona) of south regional state on 20th of July. Immediately south regional state health bureau communicated
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Driving Ethiopia's Ethnic Conflicts?
    What is driving Ethiopia’s ethnic conflicts? Semir Yusuf The rise in violent ethnic conflict in Ethiopia in recent years can largely be linked to the sharp increase in militant ethnic nationalism against a backdrop of state and party fragility. Decades of exclusivist political arrangements have contributed to a steady rise in ethnic consciousness, with the state and ruling party becoming increasingly incoherent. This has increased ethnic disagreement. High-level negotiations aided by nationwide and inclusive dialogue could help stabilise the country. EAST AFRICA REPORT 28 | NOVEMBER 2019 Key findings Contending ethnic mobilisation and the The state has suffered in three ways as a result incoherence of the state and ruling party have of protest movements. Its institutions have contributed to the rise in ethnic-based violence been weakened by protesting mobs, fracturing in Ethiopia, especially since 2018. command and control within key sectors. Rules governing the relationship between federal Ethnic mobilisation has persisted in the country and regional states have become open to for at least five decades, either excluded or renegotiation. Finally, the line between upholding nurtured by successive political systems. rule of law and order, and sliding back to Especially since 1991, the empowering and authoritarianism, has not been clearly defined. disempowering effects of, and the simmering tensions within, the centralised ethno federal The ruling party in turn became divided system continued unabated until unbridled along its ethnic components. Ideological and ethnic movements finally engulfed state and methodological differences, as well as those party institutions, rendering them weak and stemming from contrasting constituencies, have incoherent. Fragile institutions facilitated the made collaborative efforts to restore peace in the rise of violent communal contentions.
    [Show full text]
  • RESILIENCE in ACTION Drylands CONTENTS
    Changing RESILIENCE Horizons in Ethiopia’s IN ACTION Drylands PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES 3 Changing RESILIENCE Horizons in Ethiopia’s IN ACTION Drylands Changing Horizons in Ethiopia’s RESILIENCE IN ACTION Drylands CONTENTS 4 FOREWORD 6 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES 34 LIVESTOCK AND MARKETS 56 PASTURE AND WATER 82 CHANGING HORIZONS 108 USAID’S PARTNERS 112 ABOUT USAID 2 RESILIENCE IN ACTION PASTURE AND WATER 3 FOREWORD MAP OF ETHIOPIA’S DRYLANDS ERITREA National Capital TIGRAY YEMEN Regional Capitals Dry Lands Regional Boundaries SUDAN National Boundary AFAR DJIBOUTI AMHARA BINSHANGUL- GAMUZ SOMALIA OROMIYA GAMBELLA ETHIOPIA SOMALI OROMIYA SOUTH SNNP SUDAN SOMALIA UGANDA KENYA re·sil·ience /ri-zíl-yuh ns/ noun The ability of people, households, communities, countries, and systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth. ETHIOPIA’S enormous pastoral pop- minimized thanks to USAID’s support for commercial Our approach in Ethiopia recognizes these dynamics, giving them better access to more reliable water resources ulation is estimated at 12 to 15 million destocking and supplementary livestock feeding, which working closely with communities while developing and reducing the need to truck in water, a very expensive people, the majority of whom live in supplied fodder to more than 32,000 cattle, sheep, and relationships with new stakeholders, such as small proposition, in future droughts which are occurring at a the arid or semi-arid drylands that goats. In addition, households were able to slaughter the businesses in the private sector (for instance, slaughter- higher frequency than in past decades.
    [Show full text]