DOCSLIB.ORG

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene Modified with Esters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene Modified with Esters J Therm Anal Calorim (2015) 121:235–243 DOI 10.1007/s10973-015-4547-7 Thermal and mechanical properties of polystyrene modified with esters derivatives of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol Marta Worzakowska Received: 14 September 2014 / Accepted: 6 February 2015 / Published online: 3 March 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The thermal and mechanical properties of utilized as plastics, latex paints, coating, synthetic rubbers polystyrene (PS) modified with esters derivatives of and styrene alkyd coatings, for food-contact packing 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol were investigated. The influence of polymers, in electronics and building materials, as material the content of esters on the glass transition temperature, for the formation of toys, cups, office supplies, etc. [1–3]. dynamic mechanical properties, flexural properties, hard- On the contrary, styrene easily copolymerizes with differ- ness and thermal stability of PS has been examined. It was ent monomers such as acrylonitrile, methacrylamide, di- found that the PS/ester compositions were characterized by vinylbenzene, butadiene, maleic anhydride, vinyl chloride, lower stiffness, lower values of Tg, lower hardness, lower esters of organic acids, e.g., acrylates or methacrylates, stress at break, lower thermal stability and higher values of unsaturated polyesters or others creating polymeric mate- tg delta height and strain at break as compared to pure PS. rials with unique properties suitable for many industrial The obtained results proved that esters derivatives of applications [4–14]. 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol can find their place as an envi- In order to improve the processing, performance and ronmentally friendly, external plasticizers of PS. elasticity of plastic materials, the polar and non-polar addi- tives (plasticizers) are added. The interactions of plasticizer Keywords Polystyrene Á Thermal properties Á molecules with polymer chains cause disruption of the sec- Viscoelastic properties Á Flexural properties Á Hardness Á ondary valence bonds or van der Waals force between Plasticizers polymer molecules. As a consequence, a decrease in the intermolecular interactions and thus an increase the mobility of the polymer chains are observed. As a result, the materials Introduction are characterized by lower moduli, stiffness, glass transition temperature and hardness. Meanwhile, the ability of mate- Polystyrene (PS) is considered to be the most durable rials for elongation and polymer chain flexibility sig- thermoplastic polymer. It is used in a wide range of nificantly increase [15–17]. The most, generally applied products due to its versatile properties. Polystyrene is plasticizers are low molecular mass organic compounds, characterized by the resistance to biodegradation, stiffness which are characterized by low volatility in order to prevent or flexibility (with plasticizers), light weight, good optical, their rapid evaporation from manufactured products. Among chemical and insulation properties and facile synthesis. It is commercially applied plasticizers for PS, phthalate esters such as dimethyl, diethyl, dipropyl, dibutyl, diheptyl, dioc- tyl, diisodecyl or benzylbutyl phthalates are the most com- monly used [18–21]. In addition, the application of adipate and glutarate esters as plasticizers for the expanded PS and M. Worzakowska (&) the liquid paraffin and zinc stearate as an internal plasticizers Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria is reported [22, 23]. However, most of phthalates have toxic Curie-Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33 Street, 20-614 Lublin, Poland properties for human. Due to this, the intensive studies on the e-mail: [email protected] new, non-toxic and biodegradable materials that could 123 236 M. Worzakowska replace harmful plasticizers are developed [24, 25]. In recent Experimental years, the utilization of eco-friendly plasticizers such as epoxidized vegetable oils, biodiesel oils, hydrogenated Materials Castrol oil, citrate esters, poly(ethylene glycol) of low molecular weight or core-hydrogenated phthalates has been Esters derivatives of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol were prepared investigated [26–30]. through catalyzed esterification process of 3-phenylprop-2- The main objective of this paper is to study the en-1-ol (98 %, Fluka) and acidic reagents such as succinic thermal and mechanical properties of PS modified with anhydride (99 %, Merck) or sebacic acid (98 %, Merck) esters derivatives of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol. This alcohol according to the method described in Ref. [32]. The occurs in nature in many oils and balsams such as cassia, structure of esters is shown in Scheme 1. The following styrax, hyacinth oils or Peru and Honduras balsams [31]. abbreviations for esters were used as follows: CBE (ester The esters of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol are aromatic- of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol and succinic anhydride) and aliphatic compounds, which differ in their structure and CSE (ester of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol and sebacic acid). thus in their properties. The ester of 3-phenylprop-2-en- Polystyrene was obtained by free-radical polymerization of 1-ol and succinic anhydride (CBE) contains two methy- styrene (POCh, Gliwice, Poland) in the presence of benzoyl lene groups (–CH2–), but the ester of 3-phenylprop-2-en- peroxide (1.0 mass%) as an initiator (POCh Gliwice, 1-ol and sebacic acid (CSE) contains eight methylene Poland). The reaction was carried out at 60 °C. Raw PS groups (–CH2–) in their chain spacer. CBE is a liquid was washed with methanol in order to remove un-reacted with boiling temperature of 210 °C; however, CSE is a monomer and benzoyl peroxide. After filtration, bulk PS solid with melting and boiling temperatures of 92 and was dried to a constant mass. The obtained bulk PS was 260 °C, respectively. It is worth noting that those esters characterized by SEC method. The average molecular mass have high thermal stability and thus low volatility. The and a polydispersity of prepared, bulk PS were 105, 000 thermal decomposition of CBE starts about 220 °C. and 2.7, respectively. However, the beginning of the thermal decomposition of CSE is visible at 270 °C. CBE and CSE are slowly Sample preparation hydrolyzable, well-soluble compounds in organic sol- vents and well miscible with thermoplastic polymers The PS/ester compositions were prepared by solution [32]. Due to their properties, they can find their place as blending. Polystyrene was dissolved in hot chloroform, and potential, eco-friendly plasticizers for specific applica- then suitable amounts of esters were added. The solutions tions, especially in the areas where humans have a direct were precisely mixed. The obtained blends were deposited contact, e.g., for the production of toys, medical products and spread over glass plate. The samples were kept for and food packing. In order to check their action on the 5 days at room temperature and then at 60 °C under thermal and mechanical properties of chosen, commer- vacuum for 2 days in order to evaporate the solvent. The cially used thermoplastic polymer such as bulk PS, the compositions contain from 0.5 to 20 mass% of esters were compositions containing different ester content are pre- prepared. In addition, samples of pure PS were also pared. PS and esters were mixed together making the manufactured to compare the results. compositions containing from 0.5 to 20 mass% of ester. The influence of the content of esters and the structure of esters on the glass transition temperature, storage Methods modulus, Young modulus, stress and strain at break, hardness and thermal stability of prepared materials has Differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) was car- been evaluated and discussed. ried out with a DSC 204 calorimeter, Netzsch (Germany). Scheme 1 Structure of esters, O O where CBE is ester of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol and C CH CH2 OCCH2CH2 C OCH2 C C succinic anhydride, CSE is ester H H H of 3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol and CBE sebacic acid O O C CH CH2 OCCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 C OCH2 C C H H H CSE 123 Thermal and mechanical properties of polystyrene 237 All DSC measurements were carried out in aluminum pans Table 1 DSC data of PS/CBE compositions with pierced lid. As a reference empty aluminum crucible CBE content/% Tg/°C Tmax1/°C Tmax2/°C was applied. The mass of the sample was about 10 mg. The dynamic scans were performed at a heating rate of 0 96 – 425 10 °C min-1 from 20 to 500 °C under argon atmosphere 0.5 96 – 423 (20 mL min-1). 1 96 234 421 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed on 3 92 230 419 a DMA Q 800 TA Instruments (USA). Tests were con- 5 90 242 420 ducted with a double Cantilever device with a support span 10 89 233 417 of 35 mm. Measurements for all samples were made from 20 65 256 416 room temperature up to temperature until the sample be- come too soft to be tested. A constant heating rate of 6 °C min-1 and an oscillation frequency of 10 Hz were applied. The rectangular profiles of 10-mm-wide and Table 2 DSC data of PS/CSE compositions 2-mm-thick samples were used. The storage modulus CSE content/% Tg/°C Tmax1/°C Tmax2/°C 00 (E20 °C, E30 °C), loss modulus (E ), tg delta maximum and tg delta height were evaluated. 0 96 – 425 Tensile properties were determined using a Zwick Roell 0.5 95 – 420 Z010 testing machine (Germany). The specimen dimen- 1 94 230 418 sions were 10 mm wide and 2 mm thick. The measure- 3 90 231 415 ments were carried out at room temperature with the 5 92 234 414 crosshead speed of 2 mm min-1. Young modulus, stress at 10 87 238 413 break and strain at break were determined. 20 60 240 410 Hardness according to Brinell (HK) was evaluated by means of a hardness tester HPK and calculated based on following equation: HK [MPa] = F1 * 0.098066, where F1 is a strength of pressure under definite load.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Progress and Opportunities for Self-Immolative Polymers" (2019)
    Western University Scholarship@Western Chemistry Publications Chemistry Department 2019 Triggering depolymerization: Progress and opportunities for self- immolative polymers Rebecca Yardley Western University Amir Rabiee Kenaree Western University Elizabeth Gillies Western University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/chempub Part of the Chemistry Commons Citation of this paper: Yardley, Rebecca; Rabiee Kenaree, Amir; and Gillies, Elizabeth, "Triggering depolymerization: Progress and opportunities for self-immolative polymers" (2019). Chemistry Publications. 127. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/chempub/127 Triggering depolymerization: Progress and opportunities for self- immolative polymers Rebecca E. Yardley,† Amir Rabiee Kenaree,† and Elizabeth R. Gillies*†‡ † Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7. ‡ Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9. *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] Table of contents graphic Abstract Polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage of their backbones or end-caps, often referred to as “self-immolative” polymers (SIPs), have garnered significant interest in recent years. 1 They can be distinguished from other degradable and stimuli-responsive polymers by their ability to provide amplified responses to stimuli, as a single bond cleavage event is translated into the release of many small molecules through a cascade of reactions. Here, the synthesis and properties of the major classes of SIPs including poly(benzyl carbamate)s, poly(benzyl carbonate)s, polyphthalaldehydes, polyglyoxylates, polyglyoxylamides, poly(olefin sulfone)s, and poly(benzyl ether)s are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments on the Depolymerization of Polycarbonates Derived from Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide: a Mini Review
    3RO\PHU'HJUDGDWLRQDQG6WDELOLW\ ² Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Polymer Degradation and Stability journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/polydegstab Comments on the depolymerization of polycarbonates derived from epoxides and carbon dioxide: A mini review ∗ Donald J. Darensbourg Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: There are in general few examples where polymers can be effectively recycled to their monomers. If this si- Depolymerization tuation exists, the recycling of these monomers to polymeric materials which possess identical properties and Carbon dioxide applications of their virgin monomer derived counterparts is possible. In this brief review we have examined the Epoxides degradation of polycarbonates derived from carbon dioxide and epoxides to provide either their thermo- Degradation dynamically more stable product, the corresponding cyclic five-membered carbonate, or in special instances Recyclable their return to starting monomers. A mechanistic understanding of these pathways allows for the synthesis of polymers that will favor the latter pathway. 1. Introduction polymer carbonate chain end by epoxide and subsequent ring-opening by anionic carbonate [17]. The living polymerization process is gen- The depolymerization of polymeric materials to selectively produce erally quenched by the addition of acidic methanol resulting in a hy- their corresponding monomers is highly desirable, nevertheless gen- droxyl end group. The chain growth process is explicitly described in erally not likely. Recently, it has been demonstrated for various poly- Scheme 3, where the free polymer chain has been shown to rapidly carbonates produced via the coupling of CO2 and epoxides that this is undergo depolymerization via a backbiting process.
    [Show full text]
  • Depolymerization of Waste Plastics to Monomers and Chemicals Using A
    Depolymerization of Waste Plastics to Monomers and Chemicals Using a Hydrosilylation Strategy Facilitated by Brookhart’s Iridium(III) Catalyst Louis Monsigny, Jean-Claude Berthet, Thibault Cantat To cite this version: Louis Monsigny, Jean-Claude Berthet, Thibault Cantat. Depolymerization of Waste Plastics to Monomers and Chemicals Using a Hydrosilylation Strategy Facilitated by Brookhart’s Iridium(III) Catalyst. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, American Chemical Society, 2018, 6, pp.10481- 10488. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01842. cea-01826077 HAL Id: cea-01826077 https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01826077 Submitted on 30 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Depolymerization of Waste Plastics to Monomers and Chemicals Using a Hydrosilylation Strategy Facilitated by Brookhart’s Iridium(III) Catalyst Louis Monsigny, † Jean-Claude Berthet, † and Thibault Cantat*† NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Corresponding author: [email protected] KEYWORDS: Hydrosilylation, Depolymerization, Polyesters, Polycarbonates, Plastic waste, Iridium, Catalysis. ABSTRACT: Plastic waste management is a major concern. While the societal demand for sustainability is growing, landfilling and incineration of waste plastics remain the norm and methods able to efficiently recycle these materials are desirable.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Depolymerization of Waste Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) by Neutral Hydrolysis in Marine Water Dorin Stanica‑Ezeanu* & Danuta Matei
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Natural depolymerization of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) by neutral hydrolysis in marine water Dorin Stanica‑Ezeanu* & Danuta Matei Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used materials for food packaging and fshing nets. After use it become waste and, due to poor collection, most will be found foating in marine waters. This paper presents the results of a study of PET depolymerization by hydrolysis. We observed that marine water is a perfect reactant because it contains a multitude of metal ions that act as catalysts. A frst‑order kinetic model was developed and experimental data ftted to it. An activation energy of 73.5 kJ/mole and a pre‑exponential factor of 5.33 × 107 h–1 were obtained. Considering that the global ocean is a huge batch reactor operating under isothermal conditions, the solution of the mathematical model shows that in tropical regions only 72 years is needed for total and only 4.5 years for 50% PET conversion. Global food consumption increases day by day and, in the same manner, greater amounts of plastic packaging are released in the environment with a massive impact on the living world, especially on marine life. Te impact of waste plastic on the marine environment, taking into consideration the efects on marine life and the fnancial losses in tourism and the fshing industry represents over $13 billion per year1. Industrial development has produced an exponential increase in plastic production reaching 311 million metric tons (MT) in 2014, and the forecast is that this will be doubled by 2035 and almost increased fourfold by 20502.
    [Show full text]
  • Modifying the Depolymerization of Sacrifical Polymers for Electronic Devices
    MODIFYING THE DEPOLYMERIZATION OF SACRIFICAL POLYMERS FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Oluwadamilola Phillips In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Philosophy in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology December 2018 COPYRIGHT © 2018 BY OLUWADAMILOLA PHILLIPS MODIFYING THE DEPOLYMERIZATION OF SACRIFICIAL POLYMERS FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES Approved by: Dr. Paul A. Kohl, Advisor Dr. Elsa Reichmanis School of Chemical and Biomolecular School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Ryan Lively Dr. Karl I. Jacob School of Chemical and Biomolecular School of Materials Science and Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Martin Maldovan School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: July 3, 2018 This PhD dissertation is dedicated to my hero and father, Kola Sanyaolu Phillips ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who I need to thank for allowing me to fulfill one of my dreams of pursuing a PhD in chemical engineering. First, I’d like to thank my advisor Dr. Paul Kohl for accepting me as graduate student in his group. I have a great deal of respect and admiration for the depth of knowledge and creativity in your approach to research. I have learned a tremendous amount from you, and I thank you for having a great sense of humor. My graduate study experience has been truly enjoyable and it is thanks to you. Hopefully I have expanded your horizon on all the types of delicious jello that one could make.
    [Show full text]
  • Polytetrafluoroethylene: Synthesis and Characterization of the Original Extreme Polymer
    Polytetrafluoroethylene: Synthesis and Characterization of the Original Extreme Polymer Gerard J. Putsa, Philip Crousea and Bruno M. Amedurib* aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. b Ingenierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Correspondence to: Bruno Ameduri (E-mail: [email protected]) 1 ABSTRACT This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, and critical review of general interest to the chemistry community (both academia and industry) as it contains an extensive overview of all published data on the homopolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), detailing the TFE homopolymerization process and the resulting chemical and physical properties. Several reviews and encyclopedia chapters on the properties and applications of fluoropolymers in general have been published, including various reviews that extensively report copolymers of TFE (listed below). Despite this, a thorough review of the specific methods of synthesis of the homopolymer, and the relationships between synthesis conditions and the physico-chemical properties of the material prepared, has not been available. This review intends to fill that gap. As known, PTFE and its marginally modified derivatives comprise some 6065 % of the total international fluoropolymer market with a global increase of ca. 7 % per annum of its production. Numerous companies, such as Asahi Glass, Solvay Specialty Polymers, Daikin, DuPont/Chemours, Juhua, 3F and 3M/Dyneon, etc., produce TFE homopolymers. Such polymers, both high molecular-mass materials and waxes, are chemically inert, hydrophobic, and exhibit an excellent thermal stability as well as an exceptionally low co-efficient of friction. These polymers find use in applications ranging from coatings and lubrication to pyrotechnics, and an extensive industry (electronic, aerospace, wires and cables, as well as textiles) has been built around them.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,908,917 Kawakami Et Al
    USOO.5908917A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,908,917 Kawakami et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 1, 1999 54). POLYGLYCOLIC ACID SHEET AND 6-256481 9/1994 Japan. PRODUCTION PROCESS THEREOF OTHER PUBLICATIONS 75 Inventors: Yukichika Kawakami; Nobuo Sato; D.K. Gilding et al (1979) Polymer, vol. 20, pp. 1459–1463. Mitsuru Hoshino; Toshitaka European Search Report for Application No. 97302906.9 Kouyama, all of Fukushima; Zenya dated Sep. 4, 1997. Shiiki, Chiba, all of Japan Primary Examiner Duc Truong 73 Assignee: Kureha Kagaku Kogyo K.K., Tokyo, Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Dinsmore & Shohl LLP Japan 57 ABSTRACT 21 Appl. No.: 08/844,409 The invention provides a polyglycolic acid sheet obtainable by melt-extruding a thermoplastic resin material into a sheet 22 Filed: Apr. 18, 1997 in a temperature range of from the melting point, Tm of the 30 Foreign Application Priority Data polymer to 255 C., wherein the thermoplastic resin material comprises polyglycolic acid having a repeating unit repre Apr. 30, 1996 JP Japan .................................... 8-134218 Apr. 8, 1997 JP Japan ... 9-105161 sented by the following formula (1): (51) Int. Cl." ..................................................... C08G 63/08 (1) 52 U.S. Cl. .......................... 528/354; 528/425; 528/503; O-CH-C 525/419, 525/420; 521/79; 264/46.1; 264/46.2; 264/75; 264/77; 264/160; 264/239 O 58 Field of Search ..................................... 528/354, 425, 528/503; 264/46.1, 46.2, 75, 77, 160, 239; and the following physical properties: 521/79; 525/419, 420 (a) the melt viscosity, m as measured at a temperature of (the melting point, Tm of the polymer+20° C.) and a 56) References Cited shear rate of 100/sec being 500-100,000 Pa.s; U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Status of Methods Used in Degradation of Polymers: a Review
    MATEC Web of Conferences 144, 02023 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402023 RiMES 2017 Current Status of Methods Used In Degradation of Polymers: A Review Aishwarya Kulkarni1 and Harshini Dasari1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India. Abstract. Degradation of different polymers now a day is the most crucial thing to carry out. It possesses threats to human health as well as to the environment. Different polymers like PVA, PVC, and PP with high density and low density are one of the most consumed by population and also their degradation is a bit difficult. For this many people have started working on effective methods of degradation of these polymers. This can be done by thermal degradation and pyrolysis which requires high temperature, bio degradation using starch, bacteria etc and photo degradation. Traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are the methods currently used in testing. They fit readily for degradable polymeric materials usually. Also they are well suited for biodegradable components with polymer blends. But the recent polymer generation is comparatively resistant to bio degradation of polymers hence they cannot be used here. The polymer matrices are readily present in the plasticizers boosting the strength of polymeric material hence in addition; there is the mechanism of degradation. The information on various methods discussed in this review is planned to illustrate a best fit of methods for those who are interested in testing the degradation of polymers under different environmental conditions and selection of appropriate technique for specific combination of mixture of polymer and catalysts which helps to degrade the polymeric material.
    [Show full text]
  • Factual Document for the Office of Basic Energy Sciences Roundtable on Chemical Upcycling of Polymers
    Factual Document for the Office of Basic Energy Sciences Roundtable on Chemical Upcycling of Polymers Chair – Phillip F. Britt, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Co-Chair – Geoffrey W. Coates, Cornell University Co-Chair – Karen I. Winey, University of Pennsylvania Amit K. Naskar, Tomonori Saito, and Zili Wu, Oak Ridge National Laboratory with contributions from Eugene Chen, Colorado State University Logan Kearney, Oak Ridge National Max Delferro, Argonne National Laboratory Laboratory William Dichtel, Northwestern University Jonathan P. Mathews, Pennsylvania State University Ben Elling, Northwestern University Maureen McCann, Purdue University Christopher J. Ellison, University of Minnesota Robin D. Rogers, University of Alabama Thomas H Epps, III, University of Delaware Aaron Sadow, Ames Laboratory Jeannette Garcia, IBM Research Susannah Scott, University of California– Santa Barbara Felipe Polo Garzon, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Chunshan Song, Pennsylvania State University Zhibin Guan, University of California– Irvine Brent Sumerlin, University of Florida Marc Hillmyer, University of Minnesota Robert Waymouth, Stanford University George Huber, University of Wisconsin Jinwen Zhang, Washington State University Cynthia Jenks, Argonne National Laboratory April 2019 Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Recycling of Plastics
    Chemical recycling of plastics Muhammad Saad Qureshi Anja Oasmaa 22.04.2020 29/04/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious 1 Interdisciplinary Industrial solutions thought developed by leadership 100 teams since 1942 1000+ of research and World class innovation projects research labs incl. Fortune 500 and facilities partners VTT is a visionary research, development and innovation partner. We drive sustainable growth and tackle the Doctoral level biggest global challenges of our time and turn Cutting-edge teams, 80% of them into growth opportunities. We go beyond technologies from employees with the obvious to help the society and companies space to university to grow through technological innovations. VTT microbiology degrees is at the sweet spot where innovation and under one roof business come together. www.vttresearch.com 29/04/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious 2 Questions I expect to answer from this presentation . Q1. From the packaging point of view, how chemical recycling will change the recycling of plastic in the future? . Q2. Is it more eco friendly than the recycling of plastics at the moment? How? . Q3. What advantages this new method has? . Q4. How does this chemical recycled end material differ from the “traditionally” recycled plastics? . Q5. How does the end material (granulates?) differ from each other between these two methods? 29/04/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious 3 Plastic waste management has many fronts… • At VTT we are aware of the challenges Waste Design for EOL statistics recyclability involved in this problem. • We believe that for true circular economy, Complexity of Pre- Recycling waste treatment technology the whole plastic recycling value chain needs active research and innovative solutions Products Upgrading Standardisation Legis- Markets lations 29.4.2020 VTT – beyond the obvious 4 Contents .
    [Show full text]
  • Plastic Waste Depolymerization As a Source of Energetic Heating Oils
    E3S Web of Conferences 14 , 02044 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ e3sconf/20171402044 Energy and Fuels 2016 Plastic waste depolymerization as a source of energetic heating oils Marta Wołosiewicz-Głąb1,*, Paulina Pięta1 , Sebastian Sas2, Łukasz Grabowski1 1 AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mineral Processing, 30 A. Mickiewicz Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland 2AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Department of Underground Mining, 30 A. Mickiewicz Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland Abstract. In the past years there has been an increase in production and consumption of plastics, which are widely used in many areas of life. Waste generated from this material are a challenge for the whole of society, regardless of awareness of sustainable development and its technological progress. Still the method of disposal of plastic waste are focused mainly on their storage and incineration, not using energy contained there. In this paper technology for plastic waste depolymerization with characteristics of fuel oil resulting in the process, as an alternative to traditional energy carriers such as: coal, fine coal or coke used in households will be presented. Oil has a high calorific value and no doubt could replace traditional solutions which use conventional energy sources. Furthermore, the fuel resulting from this process is sulfur-free and chemically pure. The paper presents the installation for plastics waste depolymerization used in selected Polish Institute of Plastics Processing, along with the ability to use the main thermocatalytic transformation product. 1 Plastic waste’s market analysis Over the last several years we have seen a steady increase in the production of plastics in the world, while in Europe, their production is stable and has remained at about 58 million Mg (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Substitutes to Be Used As Alternatives to Priority 12 Persistent Organic Pollutants
    UNEP(DEC)/MED WG.264/Inf.13 5 May 2005 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN Meeting of the MED POL National Coordinators Barcelona, Spain, 24 - 27 May 2005 SUBSTITUTES TO BE USED AS ALTERNATIVES TO PRIORITY 12 PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Background and Guidelines In cooperation with WHO UNEP Athens, 2005 Table of Contents Page no. PART A: SUBSTITUTES TO BE USED AS ALTERNATIVES TO PRIORITY 12 POPS 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Stockholm Convention 1 1.1.2 Strategic Action Programme 2 1.2 Objectives 3 1.3 Scope 3 1.4 Structure of the document 4 1.5 The POPs issue in the Mediterranean region 4 2. PESTICIDES 5 2.1 Source characterization 5 2.1.1 Aldrin 6 2.1.2 Chlordane 6 2.1.3 DDT 6 2.1.4 Dieldrin 7 2.1.5 Endrin 8 2.1.6 Heptachlor 8 2.1.7 Hexachlorobenzene 8 2.1.8 Mirex 8 2.1.9 Toxaphene 8 2.2 Effects on health and environment 9 2.2.1 Properties 9 2.2.2 Toxicity 9 2.3 Development and use of sub stitutes 10 2.3.1 Chemical substitutes 10 2.3.2 Alternative measures 13 3. PCB 14 3.1 Source characterization 14 3.2 Effects on the health and environment 15 3.2.1 Properties 15 3.2.2 Toxicology 16 3.3 Development and use of substitutes 16 4. HEXACHLOROBENZENE 17 4.1 Source characterisation 17 4.2 Effects on health and environment 19 4.2.1 Properties 19 4.2.2 Toxicology 19 4.3 Development and use of substitutes 19 5.
    [Show full text]