DOCSLIB.ORG

Brassicas and Mustards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brassicas and Mustards BRASSICAS AND MUSTARDS Type: Annual (usually winter or spring; summer use possible) Roles: Prevent erosion, suppress weeds and soilborne pests, alleviate soil compaction and scavenge nutrients Mix with: Other brassicas or mustards, small grains or crimson clover o i n o t Species: Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, n a r r a Brassica juncea, Brassica hirta, Raphanus S e n n sativus, Sinapsis alba a i r a M See charts, pp. 66 to 72, for ranking and management summary. RAPE or CANOLA (Brassica rapa) Nomenclature Note: The cover crops Adaptation Note: This chapter addresses man - described in this chapter all belong to the agement of eight different cover crop species family BRASSICACEAE . Most but not all of the with varying degrees of winterhardiness. Some species belong to the genus Brassica . In com - can be managed as winter or spring annuals. mon usage, the various species are sometimes Others are best planted in late summer for cover lumped together as “brassicas” and sometimes crop use but will winterkill. Consult the infor - distinguished as “brassicas” vs. “mustards.” In mation on management, winterhardiness and this book, we will use brassicas as an umbrella winter vs. spring use (pp. 87-88) and the exam - term for all species; mustards will be used to ples throughout the chapter, then check with distinguish that subgroup, which has some local experts for specific adaptation information unique characteristics. for your brassica cover crop of choice. rassica and mustard cover crops are known trapping, and biotoxic or biofumigation activity. for their rapid fall growth, great biomass Some brassicas have a large taproot that can break Bproduction and nutrient scavenging ability. through plow pans better than the fibrous roots of However, they are attracting renewed interest pri - cereal cover crops or the mustards. Those brassicas marily because of their pest management charac - that winterkill decompose very quickly and leave a teristics. Most Brassica species release chemical seedbed that is mellow and easy to plant in. compounds that may be toxic to soil borne With a number of different species to consider, pathogens and pests, such as nematodes, fungi you will likely find one or more that can fit your and some weeds. The mustards usually have farming system. Don’t expect brassicas to elimi - higher concentrations of these chemicals. nate your pest problems, however. They are a Brassicas are increasingly used as winter or rota - good tool and an excellent rotation crop, but pest tional cover crops in vegetable and specialty crop management results are inconsistent. More production, such as potatoes and tree fruits.There is research is needed to further clarify the variables also growing interest in their use in row crop pro - affecting the release and toxicity of the chemical duction, primarily for nutrient capture, nematode compounds involved (see p. 82). BRASSICAS AND MUSTARDS 81 BENEFITS commercial fumigants (388). It varies depending on species, planting date, growth stage when Erosion control and nutrient scavenging. killed, climate and tillage system. Be sure to con - Brassicas can provide greater than 80% soil cover - sult local expertise for best results. age when used as a winter cover crop (176). Depending on location, planting date and soil fer - ▼ Precaution. The use of brassicas for pest man - tility, they produce up to 8,000 lb. biomass/A. agement is in its infancy. Results are inconsistent Because of their fast fall growth, brassicas are well- from year to year and in different geographic suited to capture soil nitrogen (N) remaining after regions. Different species and varieties contain crop harvest. The amount of nitrogen captured is different amounts of bioactive chemicals. Be sure mainly related to biomass accumulation and the to consult local expertise and begin with small amount of N available in the soil profile. test plots on your farm. Because they immobilize less nitrogen than some cereal cover crops, much of the N taken up Disease can become available for uptake by main crops in In Washington, a SARE-funded study of brassica early to late spring (see also Building Soil Fertility green manures in potato cropping systems com - and Tilth with Cover pared winter rape ( Brassica napus ) and white Brassicas must Crops , pp. 16 –24). mustard ( Sinapis alba ) to no green manure, with Brassicas can root to and without herbicides and fungicides. The win - be planted earlier depths of six feet or ter rape system had a greater proportion of than winter cereal more, scavenging nutri - Rhizoctonia -free tubers (64%) than the white ents from below the mustard (27%) and no green manure (28%) treat - cover crops in rooting depth of most ments in the non-fumigated plots. There was less crops. To maximize bio - Verticillium wilt incidence with winter rape most regions. mass production and incorporation (7%) than with white mustard nutrient scavenging in (21%) or no green manure incorporation (22%) in the fall, brassicas must non-fumigated plots (88). be planted earlier than winter cereal cover crops In Maine, researchers have documented consis - in most regions, making them more difficult to fit tent reductions in Rhizoctonia (canker and black into grain production rotations. scurf) on potato following either rapeseed green manure or canola grown for grain (459, 460). Pest management. All brassicas have been shown They have also observed significant reductions in to release bio-toxic compounds or metabolic by- powdery scab (caused by Spongospora subter - products that exhibit broad activity against bacte - ranea ) and common scab ( Streptomyces scabiei ) ria, fungi, insects, nematodes, and weeds. Brassica following brassica green manures, especially an cover crops are often mowed and incorporated to Indian mustard ( B. juncea ) green manure (458, 459). maximize their natural fumigant potential. This is because the fumigant chemicals are produced only Nematodes when individual plant cells are ruptured. In Washington state, a series of studies addressed Pest suppression is believed to be the result of the effect of various brassica and mustard cover glucosinolate degradation into biologically active crops on nematodes in potato systems (260, 266, sulfur containing compounds call thiocyanates 353, 283, 284, 285). (152, 320). To maximize pest suppression, incor - The Columbia root-knot nematode ( Meloi- poration should occur during vulnerable life- dogyne chitwoodi ) is a major pest in the Pacific stages of the pest (446). Northwest. It is usually treated with soil fumigants The biotoxic activity of brassica and mustard costing $20 million in Washington alone. cover crops is low compared to the activity of 82 MANAGING COVER CROPS PROFITABLY Rapeseed, arugula and mustard were studied as ed to the sugar beet cyst nematode). The same alternatives to fumigation. The brassica cover species, when grown with rye or clover, did crops are usually planted in late summer (August) reduce incidence of stubby root nematode (432). or early fall and incorporated in spring before Also in Maryland, in no-till corn on a sandy soil, planting mustard. winterkilled forage radish increased bacteria-eat - Results are promising, with nematodes reduced ing nematodes, rye and rapeseed increased the up to 80%, but—because of the very low damage proportion of fungal feeding nematodes, while threshold— green manures alone cannot be rec - nematode communities without cover crops ommended for adequate control of Meloidogyne were intermediate. The Enrichment Index, which chitwoodi in potatoes. The current recommend - indicates a greater abundance of opportunistic ed alternative to fumigation is the use of rapeseed bacteria–eating nematodes, was 23% higher in or mustard cover crop plus the application of soils that had brassica cover crops than the MOCAP. This regimen costs about the same as unweeded control plots. fumigation (2006 prices). These samples, taken in November, June (a Several brassicas are hosts for plant parasitic month after spring cover crop kill), and August nematodes and can be used as trap crops followed (under no-till corn), suggest that the cover crops, by an application of a synthetic nematicide. living or dead, increased bacterial activity and may Washington State University nematologist Ekaterini have enhanced nitrogen cycling through the food Riga has been planting arugula in the end ofAugust web (432). and incorporating it in the end of October. Nematicides are applied two weeks after incor - Weeds poration, either at a reduced rate using Telone or Like most green manures, brassica cover crops the full rate of Mocap and Temik. Two years of suppress weeds in the fall with their rapid growth field trials have shown that arugula in combina - and canopy closure. In spring, brassica residues tion with synthetic nematicides reduced M. chit - can inhibit small seeded annual weeds such as, woodi to economic thresholds. pigweed, shepherds purse, green foxtail, kochia, Longer crop rotations that include mustards hairy nightshade, puncturevine, longspine sand - and non-host crops are also effective for nema - bur, and barnyardgrass (293), although pigweed tode management. For example, a 3-year rotation was not inhibited by yellow mustard (178). of potatoes>corn>wheat provides nearly com - In most cases, early season weed suppression plete control of the northern root-knot nematode obtained with brassica cover crops must be sup - (Meloidogyne hapla ) compared to methyl bro - plemented with herbicides or cultivation to avoid mide
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Cruciferae) – Mustard Family
    BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) – MUSTARD FAMILY Plant: herbs mostly, annual to perennial, sometimes shrubs; sap sometimes peppery Stem: Root: Leaves: mostly simple but sometimes pinnately divided; alternate, rarely opposite or whorled; no stipules Flowers: mostly perfect, mostly regular (actinomorphic); 4 sepals, 4 petals often forming a cross; 6 stamens with usually 2 outer ones shorter than the inner 4; ovary superior, mostly 2 fused carpels, 1 to many ovules, 1 pistil Fruit: seed pods, often used in classification, many are slender and long (Silique), some broad (Silicle) – see morphology slide Other: a large family, many garden plants such as turnip, radish, and cabbage, also some spices; often termed the Cruciferae family; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 350+ genera; 40+ locally WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) - flower with 4 sepals, 4 petals (often like a cross, sometimes split or lobed), commonly small, often white or yellow, distinctive fruiting structures often important for ID 2 types of fruiting pods: in addition, fruits may be circular, flattened or angled in cross-section Silicle - (usually <2.5x long as wide), 2-valved with septum (replum) Silique - (usually >2.5x long as wide), 2- valved with septum (replum) Flowers, Many Genera BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) – MUSTARD FAMILY Sanddune [Western] Wallflower; Erysimum capitatum (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene var. capitatum Wormseed Wallflower [Mustard]; Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Introduced) Spreading Wallflower [Treacle Mustard]; Erysimum repandum L. (Introduced) Dame’s Rocket [Dame’s Violet]; Hesperis matronalis L. (Introduced) Purple [Violet] Rocket; Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Michaux's Gladecress; Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britton [Cow; Field] Cress [Peppergrass]; Lepidium campestre L.) Ait.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus) by Africanized Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Two Sowing Dates
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2014) 86(4): 2087-2100 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420140134 www.scielo.br/aabc Pollination of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) by Africanized Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Two Sowing Dates EMERSON D. CHAMBÓ1, NEWTON T.E. DE OLIVEIRA1, REGINA C. GARCIA1, JOSÉ B. DUARTE-JÚNIOR1, MARIA CLAUDIA C. RUVOLO-TAKASUSUKI2 and VAGNER A. TOLEDO3 1Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Campus Universitário de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Rua Pernambuco, 1777, 85960-000 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brasil 2Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Av. Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil 3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco J45, Campus Universitário 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil Manuscript received on January 21, 2014; accepted for publication on June 23, 2014 ABSTRACT In this study, performed in the western part of the state of Paraná, Brazil, two self-fertile hybrid commercial rapeseed genotypes were evaluated for yield components and physiological quality using three pollination tests and spanning two sowing dates. The treatments consisted of combinations of two rapeseed genotypes (Hyola 61 and Hyola 433), three pollination tests (uncovered area, covered area without insects and covered area containing a single colony of Africanized Apis mellifera honeybees) and two sowing dates (May 25th, 2011 and June 25th, 2011). The presence of Africanized honeybees during flowering time increased the productivity of the rapeseed.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Taxonomy Table
    COMMON AND LATIN NAMES OF IMPORTANT PLANT TAXA LATIN NAME* COMMON NAME Abies Fir Acer Maple Acer negundo Box elder Aesculus Buckeye; Horse Chestnut Alnus Alder Ambrosia Ragweed Apiaceae [Umbelliferae] Carrot or parsley family Artemisia Sagebrush; sage; wormwood Asteraceae [Compositae] Aster or Sunflower Family Betula Birch Boraginaceae Borage family Brassicaceae [Cruciferae} Mustard family Caryophyllaceae Pinks Castanea Chestnut Compositae (Asteraceae) Aster or Sunflower family Cornus Dogwood Corylus Filbert; hazelnut Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Mustard family Cupressaceae Junipers, cypresses, "cedars", others Cyperaceae Sedge family Ericaceae Heath family Fabaceae [Leguminosae] Pea family Fagus Beech Fraxinus Ash Gramineae (Poaceae) Grass family Juglans Walnut; butternut Labiatae (Lamiaceae) Mint family Larix Larch; tamarack Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Pea family Liliaceae Lily family Liriodendron Tulip tree or yellow poplar Nuphar Water lily Onagraceae Evening primrose family Papaveraceae Poppy family Picea Spruce Pinus Pine Plantago Plantain Poaceae [Gramineae] Grass family Polemonium Jacob's ladder Polygonaceae Buckwheat family Populus Poplar; cottonwood; aspen Potamogeton Pondweed Primulaceae Primrose family Quercus Oak Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Rosaceae Rose family Rhus sumac, incl. poison ivy, etc. Salix Willow Saxifragaceae Saxifrage family Scrophulariaceae Snapdragon family Sparganium Bur reed Thalictrum Meadow rue Tilia Linden or basswood Tsuga Hemlock Typha Cattail Ulmus Elm Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) Carrot or parsley family * Names of genera are always italicized; family names are given in Roman characters. All proper plant family name ends in -aceae; family names above that don't have this ending are old names, and the proper modern name is included in parentheses. .
    [Show full text]
  • Section 4 Oilseed Rape (Brassica Napus L.)
    SECTION 4 OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) 1. General Information This consensus document addresses the biology of the species Brassica napus L. Included are general descriptions of this species as a crop plant, its origin as a species, its reproductive biology, its centres of origin, and its general ecology. The ecology of this species is not described in relation to specific geographic regions. Special emphasis has been placed on detailing potential hybridisation between B. napus and its close relatives, although this discussion is limited to hybridisation events which do not require intervention through means such as embryo rescue (i.e. these events could possibly occur in nature, and could result in fertile offspring). This document was prepared by a lead country, Canada. It is based on material developed in OECD Member countries – for example, for risk assessments or for presentation at conferences and scientific meetings. It is intended for use by regulatory authorities and others who have responsibility for assessments of transgenic plants proposed for commercialisation, and by those who are actively involved in these plants’ design and development. The table in the Appendix showing potential interactions of B. napus with other life forms during its life cycle was developed with respect to Canada. As such, it is intended to serve as an example. Member countries are encouraged to develop tables showing interacting organisms specific to their own geographic regions and environments. 2. General Description and Use as a Crop Brassica napus L. is a member of the subtribe Brassicinae of the tribe Brassiceae of the Cruciferous (Brassicaceae) family, sometimes referred to as the mustard family.
    [Show full text]
  • Agronomic Performance of Brassicaceae Oilseeds in Multiple Environments Across the Western USA
    BioEnergy Research (2019) 12:509–523 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09998-1 Agronomic Performance of Brassicaceae Oilseeds in Multiple Environments Across the Western USA Russ W. Gesch1 & D. S. Long2 & D. Palmquist3 & B. L. Allen4 & D. W. Archer5 & J. Brown6 & J. B. Davis6 & J. L. Hatfield7 & J. D. Jabro4 & J. R. Kiniry8 & M. F. Vigil9 & E. A. Oblath3 & T. A. Isbell3 Published online: 2 July 2019 # This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2019 Abstract Brassicaceae oilseed crops can provide rotation benefits to dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and supply feedstock for biofuel production. However, growers face decisions about what oilseed crop is best suited for an environment. The objective of this study was to determine how varying production environments affect the agronomic performance of modern cultivars of six Brassicaceae crop species and identify ideal genotypes for seven growing environments spanning four ecoregions. A field experiment was replicated in Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and Oregon, USA, between 2013 and 2016 to measure seed and oil yields of seed for four cultivars of Brassica napus,twoofB. carinata,twoofB. juncea,twoof Sinapis alba,oneofB. rapa, and one of Camelina sativa.Also,δ13C signature of seed was used as an indicator of water limitation. Generally, across all genotypes, seed and oil yields increased with increased growing season precipitation. Modern commercial cultivars of B. napus and B. juncea had the highest seed oil contents and generally produced the greatest oil yields across most environments, although they were not always the highest seed yielders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plant Family Brassicaceae ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
    The Plant Family Brassicaceae ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION VOLUME 21 Editors Brain J. Alloway, Department of Soil Science, The University of Reading, U.K. Jack T. Trevors, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Editorial Board I. Colbeck, Interdisciplinary Centre for Environment and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K. R.L. Crawford, Food Research Center (FRC) 204, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, U.S.A. W. Salomons, GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5929 Naser A. Anjum l Iqbal Ahmad M. Eduarda Pereira l Armando C. Duarte Shahid Umar l Nafees A. Khan Editors The Plant Family Brassicaceae Contribution Towards Phytoremediation Editors Naser A. Anjum Iqbal Ahmad Centre for Environmental and Centre for Environmental and Marine Marine Studies (CESAM) & Studies (CESAM) & Department Department of Chemistry of Chemistry and Biology University of Aveiro University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal Portugal M. Eduarda Pereira Armando C. Duarte Centre for Environmental and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal Portugal Shahid Umar Nafees A. Khan Department of Botany Department of Botany Faculty of Science Faculty of Life Sciences Hamdard University Aligarh Muslim University New Delhi, 110062 Aligarh 202002 India Uttar Pradesh, India ISSN 1566-0745 ISBN 978-94-007-3912-3 ISBN 978-94-007-3913-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-3913-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936075 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography and Diversification of Brassicales
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99 (2016) 204–224 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Biogeography and diversification of Brassicales: A 103 million year tale ⇑ Warren M. Cardinal-McTeague a,1, Kenneth J. Sytsma b, Jocelyn C. Hall a, a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada b Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA article info abstract Article history: Brassicales is a diverse order perhaps most famous because it houses Brassicaceae and, its premier mem- Received 22 July 2015 ber, Arabidopsis thaliana. This widely distributed and species-rich lineage has been overlooked as a Revised 24 February 2016 promising system to investigate patterns of disjunct distributions and diversification rates. We analyzed Accepted 25 February 2016 plastid and mitochondrial sequence data from five gene regions (>8000 bp) across 151 taxa to: (1) Available online 15 March 2016 produce a chronogram for major lineages in Brassicales, including Brassicaceae and Arabidopsis, based on greater taxon sampling across the order and previously overlooked fossil evidence, (2) examine Keywords: biogeographical ancestral range estimations and disjunct distributions in BioGeoBEARS, and (3) determine Arabidopsis thaliana where shifts in species diversification occur using BAMM. The evolution and radiation of the Brassicales BAMM BEAST began 103 Mya and was linked to a series of inter-continental vicariant, long-distance dispersal, and land BioGeoBEARS bridge migration events. North America appears to be a significant area for early stem lineages in the Brassicaceae order. Shifts to Australia then African are evident at nodes near the core Brassicales, which diverged Cleomaceae 68.5 Mya (HPD = 75.6–62.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of Erysimum (Brassicaceae) from the Baetic Mountains (SE Iberian Peninsula)
    Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 71(1): e005 2014. ISSN: 0211-1322. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2377 Phylogenetic relationships of Erysimum (Brassicaceae) from the Baetic Mountains (SE Iberian Peninsula) Mohamed Abdelaziz1,2,*, A. Jesús Muñoz-Pajares2,3, Juan Lorite4, M. Belén Herrador5, Francisco Perfectti2 & José M. Gómez5,6 1Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom 2Department of Genetics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain 3Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal 4Department of Botany, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain 5Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain 6Departament of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Resumen Abdelaziz, M., Muñoz-Pajares, A.J., Lorite J., Herrador, M.B., Perfectti, Abdelaziz, M., Muñoz-Pajares, A.J., Lorite J., Herrador, M.B., Perfectti, F. & F. & Gómez, J.M. 2014. Phylogenetic relationships of Erysimum Gómez, J.M. 2014. Relaciones filogenéticas en Erysimum (Brassicaceae) (Brassicaceae) from the Baetic Mountains (SE Iberian Peninsula). Anales de las Cordilleras Béticas (SE Península Ibérica). Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid Jard. Bot. Madrid 71(1): e005. 71(1): e005. The Baetic mountains, located in the southern Iberian Peninsula, is a Las cordilleras Béticas, localizadas en el sudeste de la Península Ibérica, major hotspot of biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin, constituting representan una importante zona para la biodiversidad de la cuenca medi- one of the most important glacial refugia for vascular plants in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks on Brassica
    International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 3(6): 453-480, June 2013 www.inacj.com ISSN: 2228-6322© International Academic Journals The wild and the grown – remarks on Brassica Hammer K.¹*, Gladis Th.¹ , Laghetti G.² , Pignone D.² ¹Former Institute of Crop Science, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. * Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) ²CNR – Institute of Plant Genetics, Bari, Italy. Received mmmm yyyy; accepted in revised form mmmmm yyyy ABSTRACT Brassica is a genus of the Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). The wild races are concentrated in the Mediterranean area with one species in CE Africa (Brassica somaliensis Hedge et A. Miller) and several weedy races reaching E Asia. Amphidiploid evolution is characteristic for the genus. The diploid species Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (n = 8), Brassica rapa L. emend. Metzg. (n = 10, syn.: B. campestris L.) and Brassica oleracea L. (n = 9) all show a rich variation under domestication. From the naturally occurring amphidiploids Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (n = 18), Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg. (n = 19) and the rare Brassica carinata A. Braun (n = 17) also some vegetable races have developed. The man-made Brassica ×harmsiana O.E. Schulz (Brassica oleracea × Brassica rapa, n = 29, n = 39), or similar hybrids, serve also for the development of new vegetables. Brassica tournefortii Gouan (n = 10) from another Brassica- cytodeme, different from the Brassica rapa group, is occasionally grown as a vegetable in India. Brassica has developed two hotspots under cultivation, in the Mediterranean area and in E Asia. Cultivation by man has changed the different Brassica species in a characteristic way. The large amount of morphologic variation, which exceeded in many cases variations occurring in distinct wild species, has been observed by the classical botanists by adding these variations to their natural species by using Greek letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Erysimum Menziesii
    http://www.flowershots.net/Brassicaceae.html Erysimum menziesii NEW CROP PROJECT - HORT 5051 BY: CALEB SIMON Taxonomy Erysimum menziesii is federally endangered Brassicaceae family Erysimum menziesii common name is Menzies’ wallflower (Berkeley). In 1992 Erysimum menziesii, was divided into four subspecies 1. E. m. ssp eurekense (Humboldt Bay wallflower) 2. E. m. ssp menziesii (Also known as Menzies’ wallflower) 3. E. m. ssp yadonii (Yadon’s wallflower) 4. E. m. ssp concinnum (curly wallflower) (FWS). This grouping of Erysimum subspecies is collectively known as Menzies’ wallflower. Geographic Distribution North American native. From northern Southern Oregon to central California bioregions include the North Coast and Central Coast Altitude: 0 to 300 meters above sea level (Berkeley). Native Habitat Erysimum is found growing on Coastal fore dunes, headlands and cliffs (Berkeley). On the nearshore dunes and swales Erysimum menziesii grows in association with other low growing plants such as beach sagewort, sand-dune bluegrass, dune goldenrod, beach bursage, coast buckwheat, sand verbena, and beach pea. Non-native plants like iceplant, and yellow lupine grow in the same habitat and prove problematic for Erysimum menziesii establishment (FWS). http://www.fws.gov/arcata/es/plants/menziesWallflower/gallery/large/menziesWallflower7.jpg Taxonomic Description biennial or a short lived perennial 12 inches high and 12 inches wide Flowers blooms February to April (FWS) Yadon’s wallflower blooms from May to June clustered racemes petals are clawed, ranging in color from yellow to orange stigma has 2 lobes (Berkeley). Leaves basal rosettes simple, fleshy, spoon-shaped leaves, cauline leaf margins are entire to lobed (Berkeley) Erysimum menziesii is a ‘semelparous (monocarpic) perennial’; this means that the plant only flowers and produces fruit one time during its life, after that it will die.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Cleomaceae, the Sister of Crucifers
    Review Lessons from Cleomaceae, the Sister of Crucifers 1,2,3 4 5 1, Soheila Bayat, M. Eric Schranz, Eric H. Roalson, and Jocelyn C. Hall * Cleomaceae is a diverse group well-suited to addressing fundamental genomic Highlights and evolutionary questions as the sister group to Brassicaceae, facilitating As broadening the comparative land- scape becomes increasingly impor- transfer of knowledge from the model Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic and tant, Cleomaceae emerges as a taxonomic revisions provide a framework for examining the evolution of sub- valuable plant model for groundbreak- ing inquiries that reflect its genomic, stantive morphological and physiology diversity in Cleomaceae, but not nec- morphological, and physiological essarily in Brassicaceae. The investigation of both nested and contrasting diversity, especially when compared whole-genome duplications (WGDs) between Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae to sister family the Brassicaceae. allows comparisons of independently duplicated genes and investigation of Robust phylogenetic hypotheses are whether they may be drivers of the observed innovations. Further, a wealth of indispensable for providing an evolu- outstanding genetic research has provided insight into how the important tionary comparative framework and structure needed for taxonomic revi- alternative carbon fixation pathway, C4 photosynthesis, has evolved via differ- sions that impact on research ranging ential expression of a suite of genes, of which the underlying mechanisms are from genomics to physiology. being elucidated. A genome triplication is a potential driver of floral evolution as well as a powerful Cleomaceae as an Emerging Model to Its Sister Family Brassicaceae system in which to explore the conse- The plant family Cleomaceae presents a fascinating juxtaposition of diversity compared to its quences of increased genome size.
    [Show full text]
  • Brassica Spp.) – 151
    II.3. BRASSICA CROPS (BRASSICA SPP.) – 151 Chapter 3. Brassica crops (Brassica spp.) This chapter deals with the biology of Brassica species which comprise oilseed rape, turnip rape, mustards, cabbages and other oilseed crops. The chapter contains information for use during the risk/safety regulatory assessment of genetically engineered varieties intended to be grown in the environment (biosafety). It includes elements of taxonomy for a range of Brassica species, their centres of origin and distribution, reproductive biology, genetics, hybridisation and introgression, crop production, interactions with other organisms, pests and pathogens, breeding methods and biotechnological developments, and an annex on common pathogens and pests. The OECD gratefully acknowledges the contribution of Dr. R.K. Downey (Canada), the primary author, without whom this chapter could not have been written. The chapter was prepared by the OECD Working Group on the Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology, with Canada as the lead country. It updates and completes the original publication on the biology of Brassica napus issued in 1997, and was initially issued in December 2012. Data from USDA Foreign Agricultural Service and FAOSTAT have been updated. SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS: OECD CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS, VOLUME 5 © OECD 2016 152 – II.3. BRASSICA CROPS (BRASSICA SPP.) Introduction The plants within the family Brassicaceae constitute one of the world’s most economically important plant groups. They range from noxious weeds to leaf and root vegetables to oilseed and condiment crops. The cole vegetables are perhaps the best known group. Indeed, the Brassica vegetables are a dietary staple in every part of the world with the possible exception of the tropics.
    [Show full text]