Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 21, Number 30, July 29, 1994
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The Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of Mass Child Neglect
The Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of Mass Child Neglect By Karsten Solheim Master Thesis in History Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Autumn 2009 ii The Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of Mass Child Neglect By Karsten Solheim Master Thesis in History Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Autumn 2009 iii The photo on the front page was taken late autumn 1993 in the basement on Goncharnaia street 8 in St.Petersburg. It was the night patrol of the German organisation “Psalm – 23” who established contact with Sergei Shelaiev (12 years) and Sergei Voronin (16 years). The younger Sergei, who had an alcoholic mother and no father, died only 4 months later after a fall from the 7 th floor in a building (near Vitebskii railroad station) where he used to stay overnight in the attic. The fate of the older Sergei was equally sad. Half a year later, when searching for a place to sleep in a cellar, he was shot with a gas pistol by junkies and lost 80 percent of his sight. In 1997 he was sentenced for robbery and sent to a colony (prison). There all traces of Sergei end. (Source: Dr Sereda’s personal archives) iv PREFACE This thesis is born out of a desire to learn more about the causal circumstances associated with the deep and protracted humanitarian crisis that so detrimentally has affected the life of tens of millions of people in the post-Soviet countries. This thesis also represents a lifetime interest and engagement in Russian affairs starting with a youthful curiosity and determination to understand Russia on its own terms, so to speak. -
Russian Policy Towards the Cis, 1991-1996: Debates About
1 RUSSIAN POLICY TOWARDS THE CIS, 1991-1996: DEBATES ABOUT THE MILITARY AND POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE MOLDOVA-TRANSDNIESTRIA, GEORGIA-ABKHAZIA AND TAJIKISTAN CONFLICTS Nicole Janine Jackson Ph.D. Dissertation London School of Economics UMI Number: U150835 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U150835 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T h £-s £ S F -T\SH Ufi-o OF POLITICAL AIMD t*. 7^0Lt i l sC*r. 2 Abstract The most serious foreign policy challenge that the Russian Federation faced from 1991 to 1996 was whether and how to respond to outbreaks of conflict within its neighbouring states. Unlike under the Soviet Union, there were open, diverse and complex debates about whether Russia should react to these conflicts, and if so, by what means. These foreign policy debates among the political elite and the ensuing policies form the subject of this thesis. The thesis asks what the dominant ideas expressed in these debates about foreign policy were, and whether they were reflected in Russia's policies towards specific military conflicts in the CIS States. -
Status Seekers Deborah Welch Larson and Chinese and Russian Responses Alexei Shevchenko to U.S
Status Seekers Status Seekers Deborah Welch Larson and Chinese and Russian Responses Alexei Shevchenko to U.S. Primacy Since the end of the Cold War, scholars and foreign policy analysts have debated the type of world order that the United States should strive to create—a hegemonic system, a multilateral institutional system, or a great power concert.1 Initially, a major is- sue was whether attempts to maintain U.S. primacy would stimulate counter- balancing from other states.2 But since the 2003 Iraq War, a new consideration has emerged—how to persuade other states to cooperate with U.S. global gov- ernance.3 States that do not oppose efforts by the United States to maintain sta- bility may nonetheless decline to follow its leadership. This is a matter for concern because although the United States can act alone, it cannot succeed on such issues as controlling terrorism, curbing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), rebuilding failed states, or maintaining economic stability without help from other states. Among the states whose support is critical are China and Russia. China, which in modern times has never been accorded great power status, has expe- Deborah Welch Larson is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. Alexei Shevchenko is Assistant Professor of Political Science at California State University, Fullerton. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions. They also thank Colin Elman, Yoshiko Herrera, David Kang, Christopher Layne, Richard Ned Lebow, and Richard Rosecrance for comments and discussion. 1. For an inºuential argument in favor of multilateralism, see G. -
The Search for the Rule of Law in Russia*
THE SEARCH FOR THE RULE OF LAW IN RUSSIA* JEFFREY KAHNt ABSTRACT There exists broad consensus in political science that the rule of law is as essential to a consolidated modern democracy as electoral politics or a robust civil society. Paradoxically, however, the rule of law as an institution has not been subjected to nearly the same rigorous study as those other popular variables. Although frequently used, the term is rarely defined. Political scientists declare the general importance of the rule of law, but reduce their focus to the "rules of the game" for political elites and the adoption of select laws and judicial institutions. Frequently, an instrumentalist metaphor is deployed: the law is a sword, or shield, or tool to advance democratic ends, by which the law's utility can be measured. This Article presents two related arguments against such approaches to the study of the rule of law in Russia. First, predictions about Russian democracy will be more prone to error if specialists on Russia urge the development of the rule of law but limit themselves to cramped understandings of the full parameters of this institution. Second, instrumentalist metaphors of the rule of law hinder our understanding of the importance of the rule of law for a would-be democracy like Russia. The rule of law is better understood there not as an instrument wielded by or against the state, but as a causeway. The primary value of this causeway stems from the security its existence provides citizens to move freely among state and non-state institutions in daily life, com- merce, and politics. -
Demographic Crisis: Russia's Migration Debate
1|2012 KAS INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 93 Demographic crisis: russia’s migration Debate Johann C. Fuhrmann In 2007 the governor of the Uljanovsk region declared September 12 to be a non-working day. The initiative was called “Give birth to a patriot”. The idea was that young couples should take advantage of the day off and become future parents, ideally on June 12, Russia’s most important national public holiday.1 In the end, 78 newborn babies were delivered in Uljanovsk’s hospitals on the big day.2 However, in terms of the country as a whole, these 78 Johann C. Fuhrmann “little patriots” alone were not able to turn the tide as total is part of the Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung’s population numbers continue to fall. Demographic trends Team Europe and are becoming more and more of a problem for Russia and, North America. He as a result, migration is fast becoming a key issue. studied Politics and International Relations at the London School Russia’s population has been declining rapidly for years of Economics and the Sciences Po in Paris. now. According to recent estimates, the current population of 142 million people could drop to 100 million by the year 2050.3 The Russian state is experiencing a demographic crisis on such a scale that it poses a significant threat to the economic future and security of the country. As a result, the issue of migration has become an important item on the internal political agenda, as it is seen by many experts as key to combating population decline and a growing shortage of skilled labour. -
The Transformation of the Nato-Russian Relations from Yeltsin to Putin-Medvedev Leadership Between 1991 and 2009
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATO-RUSSIAN RELATIONS FROM YELTSIN TO PUTIN-MEDVEDEV LEADERSHIP BETWEEN 1991 AND 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY OLESYA ÖZKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JULY 2010 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ____________________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha B. Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha B. Altunışık Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş (METU, IR) ______________________________ Prof. Dr. İlhan Uzgel (AU, FPS/IR) ______________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faruk Yalvaç (METU, IR) ______________________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATO-RUSSIAN RELATIONS FROM YELTSIN TO PUTIN-MEDVEDEV LEADERSHIP BETWEEN 1991 AND 2009 Özkan, Olesya MS., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türke July 2010, 155 pages The thesis seeks to chart the foundation and transformation of NATO-Russia relations from Yeltsin to Putin and Medvedev.