NPS Form 10-900-b VLR Approved: 9/17/2020 0MB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior NRHP Approved: 4/26/2021 National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. __x_______ New Submission ----Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing The Nottoway of Virginia B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) The Nottoway ofVirginia, c. 1650- c. 1953 C. Form Prepared by: name/title Buck Woodard, Ph.D., Co-Principal Investigator; Danielle Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D., Co-Principal Investigator; and Megan Victor, MA, and Berek Dore, MA, RP A, Contributors organization Department of Anthropology, American Indian Resource Center, at the College of William & Mary street & number city or town Williamsburg state VA zip code e-mail telephone date February 2021 D~ Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. Director Title 7 Date Virginia Department of Historic Resources State or Federal Agency or Tribal government I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper Date of Action NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service The Nottoway of Virginia, c. 1650-1953 VA Name of Multiple Property Listing State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Create a Table of Contents and list the page numbers for each of these sections in the space below. Provide narrative explanations for each of these sections on continuation sheets. In the header of each section, cite the letter, page number, and name of the multiple property listing. Refer to How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form for additional guidance. Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Contexts (If more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.) The Nottoway of Virginia, c. 1650 – c. 1953 p. 4 Historic Nottoway Settlements and Territory, 1650-1735 p. 5 The Nottoway Colonial Reservation, c. 1730-1750 p. 11 The French and Indian War and Revolutionary War Era, c. 1750-1790 p. 13 The Nottoway During the Era of the Early Republic, c. 1790-1830 p. 20 The Nottoway During the Antebellum Era, c. 1830-1860 p. 26 “Indian Town” Farms, c. 1850-1860 p. 28 Impacts on the Nottoway from the Civil War through Reconstruction and Post- p. 32 Reconstruction, c. 1860-1900 Jim Crow and Urbanization, c. 1900-c. 1960 p. 39 F. Associated Property Types (Provide description, significance, and registration requirements.) Property Type 1 – Sites p. 50 Property Type 2 – Buildings and Structures p. 56 Property Type 3 – Historic Districts p. 59 G. Geographical Data p. 61 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods p. 64 (Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing.) I. Major Bibliographical References p. 66 (List major written works and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.) Figures List of Maps and Figures (p. 77) Acknowledgements Special thanks and recognition are in order for the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, who completed a 2016 Memorandum of Understanding with the Virginia Department of Historic 2 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service The Nottoway of Virginia, c. 1650-1953 VA Name of Multiple Property Listing State Resources in advance of the conducted research. Nottoway Chief Lynette Alston, Assistant Chief Archie Elliot, Councilman Leroy Hardy Jr., and tribal citizens Joyce Flythe and Rick Kelly were signatories and offered their review. Community and family members Gloria Faye Hardy, Felicia Thornton-Manuel, and Alfred O. Whittaker provided invaluable comments to the draft materials. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 250 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. 3 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service The Nottoway of Virginia, c. 1650-1953 VA Name of Multiple Property Listing State E. Statement of Historic Contexts Introduction The Nottoway are indigenous to the interior coastal plain of Virginia and North Carolina, and closely related to the region’s other Iroquoian-speakers, the Meherrin and Tuscarora. After intermittent contact with Europeans c. 1560-1650, a brisk trade emerged c. 1650-1675 between the Nottoway and the English colonists who settled in the eastern tidewater region. Colonial expansion and increased conflict led to several wars and subsequent treaties between the Nottoway and Virginia’s colonial government. The Nottoway, along with the Pamunkey, were signatories of the 1677-1680 Articles of Peace negotiated at the Camp of Middle Plantation, later established as the colonial capital of Williamsburg. Through the articles in the agreement, the Nottoway became “tributary” to the English king – a quasi-alliance – that forced the Nottoway and other tribes to acknowledge the dominion of the Crown but confirmed Indian governments and territories as dependent sovereigns. The Nottoway tributary status was again confirmed by treaty in 1714 at the conclusion of the Tuscarora War. As stipulated in these treaties, the Nottoway lands were surveyed and two reservations were established around their Indian Towns, in the landscape of what is today Southampton County, Virginia. Later, the reservations were divided among the resident Nottoway c. 1830-1880, and “allotment” farms of extended Indian families were developed as private property homesteads (Map 3). At least one property, the Millie Woodson-Turner Home Site (44SN0341), was established c. 1850 on Nottoway Indian allotment land and was continuously occupied by the family and descendants until c. 1950. This site has been documented at VDHR as one of the last remaining farms of the Nottoway’s Indian Town. Today, the farmstead is an archaeological site, but with connection to the living memory of Nottoway descendants of the residence, and prior to c. 1950, to an uninterrupted indigenous tenancy stretching back hundreds of years. Through the National Park Service’s Underrepresented Communities grant, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources [VDHR] established the multiple-phase project Continuity Within Change: Virginia Indians National Register Project. This project seeks to identify, research, evaluate, and nominate significant places associated with Virginia Indian tribes for listing in the VLR and NRHP. The first three phases of the project focus on the state-recognized Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia (NITV), the Mattaponi Tribe, and the Sappony Tribe. In collaboration with tribal councils and members, each phase was conducted by the Department of Anthropology’s American Indian Resource Center at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, while staff of the VDHR provided technical assistance. The results of these investigations provide the basis for a Multiple Property Documentation Form (MPD) and for the nomination of at least one significant place associated with each tribe. As there have been limited anthropological or historical investigations of Virginia Indian reservations, the Continuity Within Change project adds significant knowledge to our understanding of an overlooked and underrepresented period of Virginia Indian culture and history. As currently written, the MPD for the Nottoway Tribe of Virginia concerns the period between c. 1650-c. 1953, encompassing a period of massive cultural change. It is anticipated that amendments to this MPD could discuss Nottoway history prior to c. 1650 or after c. 1953 and/or include topics that are not found herein. The activity that is the subject of this MPD has been financed in part with federal funds