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Soils of the Canada Del Oro Valley, Southern Arizona

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Soils of the Canada Del Oro Valley, Southern Arizona Soils of the Canada del Oro Valley, southern Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors McFadden, Leslie D. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 16:27:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555101 SOILS OF THE CANADA DEL ORO VALLEY, SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Leslie David McFadden A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 8 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: /. ( J U L g . W. B. BULL ^ * 7 Date Professor of Geosciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to my major advisor and friend, Dr. William B. Bull, whose guidance made this thesis pos­ sible. I hope that I will be able to continue this friendship and asso­ ciation with Dr. Bull in the future. I would also like to thank Dr. David M. Hendricks, who provided me with a thorough background in soils studies and essential laboratory training and equipment. I would like to thank Dr. Richard F. Wilson, who served on my thesis committee and offered several helpful criticisms. I extend special thanks to Dr. Dan H. Yaalon, of the Hebrew Uni­ versity of Jerusalem, Dr. Roger B. Morrison, of the U. S. Geological Survey, and H. Louis Fleischauer and Christopher Menges, graduate stu­ dents at The University of Arizona, all of whom visited my study area and offered important observations and insights. Thanks also go to Leland H. Gile, of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, whose ideas con­ cerning a variety of pedogenetic features, proved to be quite valuable. I also gratefully acknowledge Dr. Lawrence H. Lattman of the University of Utah who visited the study area and offered several helpful suggestions. Finally, I would like to thank a person very special to me, Regina Marie Capuano. She provided me with love and support during an often difficult time. I believe this master’s thesis profited immeasur­ ably as a result of my friendship with her. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ............. ...................... vi LIST OF T A B L E S .......... viii A B S T R A C T ...................................................... ix INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 GECMORPHIC SURFACES OF THE NORTHERN CANADA DEL ORO VALLEY . 7 The Pre-Cordonnes Surface Interval ....................... 7 The Cordonnes Surface Interval ............................... 9 The Post-Cordonnes Surface Interval ....................... 10 SOILS OF THE CANADA DEL ORO V A L L E Y ........ .................. 15 Floodplains (Qv) ............................................. 16 The Colder Terrace ( Q g ) ....................................... 16 The Brave Bull Terrace ( Q ^ ) ............................. 24 The Catalina Terrace (Q ) .......................... 27 The Twin Lakes Surface CQti) ................................. 30 The Cordonnes Surface (QC(j / ................................... 32 COMPARISON OF SOILS .................................... 40 B-Horizon................................................... 40 C-Horizon........................................... 47 THE APPLICATION OF JENNY'S FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF SOIL FORMATION TO SOILS-GECMORPHIC STUDIES IN THE CANADA DEL ORO V A L L E Y .................................... 53 The Fundamental Equation for Soil Formation................... 53 The Impact of Climatic Change on Soil Development........ 63 SUMMARY.......................... ............................. 67 APPENDIX A: SOIL DATA . .......................................... 71 Part 1: Field Descriptions and Quantitative Laboratory .Data for Soils Profiles Sp-1 to S p - 7 .................... 71 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page Part 2: X-ray Determination of Clay Minerals Present in Sp-1 to S p - 7 ............................... 91 Part 3: Soil Profile D a t a .................................. 104 APPENDIX B: CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR ORACLE, ARIZONA AND CAMPBELL AVENUE FARM, TUCSON, ARIZONA .............. 107 APPENDIX C: PHOTOIMAGERY ANALYSIS .............................. 109 Methods ............................................. 109 Areal Distortion ................................... ' . 110 APPENDIX D: CaO WEIGHT PERCENT IN MAJOR LITHOLOGIES OCCURRING IN THE SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS, SOUTHEAST ARIZONA .................................. Ill REFERENCES CITED ................................................. 113 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location of the Canada del Oro Valley and Adjacent Mountain Ranges ................ ................ 2 2. Geomorphic Surfaces of the Canada del Oro Valley, Southeastern Arizona ....................... In pocket 3. Drainage Net and Drainage Basins of the Canada del Oro V a l l e y ..................................... 4 4. Diagrammatic Cross-section of the Canada del Oro Valley Showing the General Stratigraphic Rela­ tionships and Sequence of Geomorphic Surfaces .... 12 5. Colder Terrace (Qg) and Underlying Twin Lakes Sediments and Tinaja B e d s ........................... 14 6. Canada del Oro Floodplain (Qv) .......... .............. 17 7. Particle-size Distribution and Cation-exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-2) Occurring on Canada del Oro F l o o d p l a i n ............ 18 8. Colder Terrace (Qg) and Soil P r o f i l e .................. 20 9. Particle-size Distribution and Cation-exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-7) Occurring on the Colder Terrace ..................... 21 10. Colder Terrace Soil with Argillic H o rizon.......... 22 11. Particle-size Distribution and Cation-exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-1) Occurring on the Colder Terrace ..................... 23 12. Brave Bull Terrace (Q^) and Soil Profile . ............. 25 13. Particle-size Distribution and Cation-exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-4) Occurring on the Brave Bull Terrace . ............... 26 14. Catalina Terrace (Qc) and Soil P r o f i l e ........ .. 28 vi vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued Figure Page 15. Particle-size Distribution", CaCO-j, and .Cation-exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-6) Oc­ curring on the Catalina Terrace . ................... 29 16. Twin Lakes Surface (Qt^) and Soil P r o f i l e.............. 33 17. Particle-size Distribution, CaCOg, and Cation- exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-3) Occurring on the Twin Lakes Surface ........ 34 18. Cordonnes Surface (QC(j) and Soil P r o f i l e .............. 36 19. Particle-size Distribution, CaCOg, and Cation- exchange Capacity Variation with Depth in Soil (Sp-5) Occurring on the Cordonnes Surface ...... 37 20. Pipe Associated with the Petrocalcic Horizon of the Cordonnes Surface S o i l ......................... 39 21. Graphs Showing (A) Maximum Percent of Clay in B- Horizon (or C-Horizon, if No B-Horizon Has Formed), (B) Maximum Thickness of Argillic Horizon, (C) Reddest Hue of Soil Profile, and (D) Maximum CEC Value of B-Horizon (or C- Horizon if No B-Horizon Has Formed).............. .. 41 22. Graphs Showing (A) Maximum Thickness of Calcareous C-Horizon and (B) Maximum Percent CaCOg in Soil Profile .............................................. 48 23. Hypothetical Rates of Soil Formation in the Canada del Oro Valley Based on Soil-age Estima t e s ........ 61 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Geomorphic Data for Surfaces in the Canada del Oro Valley ................................ 8 2.. Clay Composition and Estimated Amounts of Clay Minerals in the Most Weathered Zone of the Soil Profile (Based on Clay Content and Soil Color) .... 42 3. Ages of Soils Formed under a Semiarid Climate and in Noncalcareous Al l u v i u m ........... 59 4. Estimated Ages of Soils in the Canada del Oro Valley ................................................ 60 viii ABSTRACT The geomorphic surfaces of the semiarid Canada del Oro Valley located in southeastern Arizona are appropriate for a soils genesis study of alluvium derived chiefly from granitic and metamorphic rocks. Holocene geomorphic surfaces occur as minimally dissected, inset fill terraces; they are characterized by light-brown weakly developed noncal- careous soils. Higher, moderately dissected late Pleistocene surfaces also occur as fill terraces. They are characterized by dark reddish- brown moderately developed, noncalcareous soils with argillic horizons. The oldest, highest surfaces occur as highly dissected remnants
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