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Cfreptiles & Amphibians HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 27(3):530–531189 • DEC 2020 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS AFEATURE Dicephalic ARTICLES Western Dusky Rattlesnake, . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: CrotalusOn the Road to Understanding triseriatus the Ecology and Conservation (Squamata: of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Viperidae) Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 Víctor Vásquez-Cruz, Felipe A. Lara-Hernández, and Jair Peña-Serrano RESEARCH ARTICLES PIMVS Herpetario Palancoatl, Avenida 19 No. 5525, Colonia Nueva Esperanza, Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico C.P. 94540 ([email protected]) . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 ongenital CONSERVATIONmalformations that ALERT occur during embryonic Cdevelopment. World’shave beenMammals reported in Crisis ............................................................................................................................... in all classes of verte- .............................. 220 brates and usually. Moreare Thanassociated Mammals ...............................................................................................................................with limited life spans (de ....................................... 223 . Carvalho et al. 2017).The “Dow Most Jones instances Index” of Biodiversity have been ............................................................................................................................... reported in ............ 225 captive individuals,HUSBANDRY whereas records of congenital malforma- tions in wild animals. Captive tend Care toof the be Central rare Netted (Bárcenas-Ibarra Dragon ....................................................................................................... et al. Shannon Plummer 226 2015). Among PROFILEthe congenital malformations reported in rep- tiles (e.g., de Carvalho. Kraig Adler: et al. A Lifetime 2017; Promoting Murphy Herpetology 2018; ................................................................................................ Castillo- Michael L. Treglia 234 Juárez et al. 2020) is dicephalism (or bicephalism), the dupli- cation of part COMMENTARYor all of the cranium and/or spinal column . (Wallach 2007). A Thenumber Turtles Have of Beenpossible Watching causes Me ........................................................................................................................ of dicephalism Eric Gangloff 238 have been proposed;BOOK for REVIEW snakes in nature, suggestions of pos- sible causes include. Threatened incomplete Amphibians division of the World of a edited single by S.N.embryo, Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, partial fusion of two R.embryos, Berridge, P. Ramani,abnormally and B.E. Young low ..............................................................................................................or high tem- Robert Powell 243 peratures during incubation or gestation, regeneration after an CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 embryonic lesion, NATURAL and environmental HISTORY RESEARCH pollution REPORTS (see Wallach: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 2007 and references NEWBRIEFS therein). ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 We herein presentFOCUS ONthe CONSERVATION first record of: Adicephalism Project You Can in Support a ............................................................................................... 252 Western Dusky Rattlesnake (Crotalus triseriatus) (Fig. 1) from Necoxtla, Municipality of Camerino Z. Mendoza, Veracruz, Fig. 1. A bicephalic Western Dusky Rattlesnake (Crotalus triseriatus): Dorsal Mexico (18°46'26.8"N, 97°09'33.8"W; WGS 84; 2,300 m and ventral views of the snake (A–B), lateral views of the heads (C–D), the asl). At about 1100 h on 3 February 2017, a local resident laterally united heads at the angle of the jaws (E), and dorsal and ventral Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. viewsBack of the Cover. heads Michael (F–G). Kern Photographs by Víctor Vásquez-Cruz. found a neonate on a path betweenTotat patches et velleseque of secondaryaudant mo veg- Totat et velleseque audant mo etation and pine forest. On 15 estibusMarch inveliquo 2017, velique during rerchil field- estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus work at the site, we had the opportunityaut dolor apicto to inverephotograph pe dolum the aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum dicephalic individual. We depositedfugiatis maionsequata photo vouchereumque into onlyfugiatis traditional maionsequat subsistence eumque agriculture, we consider environ- the digital collection of the Naturalmoditia History erere nonsedis Museum ma sectiatur of Los moditiamental erere pollution nonsedis ma unlikely, sectia- leaving temperature variation or an ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as Angeles County (LACM PC 2591).accullabo. embryonic lesion as probable causes. The lack of other exter- The individual was a neonate (with an umbilical scar) with nal malformations in the individual leads us to believe that it snout-vent length = 159 mm, tail length = 19 mm (excluding originated from a single embryo, and we hypothesize that head button, which was 2 mm long), and tail length/total length ratio duplication occurred in the early stages of embryonic develop- = 10.5%. The scale row formula was 23-25-21, with 138 ven- ment, possibly stages 15, 16, or 17 (Zehr 1962), when head trals and 34 subcaudals. The left head was 14.3 mm long and differentiation occurs. This could explain why both heads were 8.5 mm wide with 13/13 supralabials and 12/11 infralabials; well developed and the fact that they vary slightly in scaling the right head was 14.2 mm long and 7.9 mm wide with 12/11 (supralabials and infralabials) and in dorsal head patterns. supralabials and 11/12 infralabials. The external morphology Records of dicephalism in the genus Crotalus are based suggests that the heads were united at the angle of the jaws. on isolated, fortuitous observations (McAllister and Wallach We cannot determine the cause of this particular malfor- 2006). Bicephalism has been reported in 15 species: Crotalus mation. Because the area where the snake was found supports adamanteus, C. atrox, C. basiliscus, C. cerastes, C. durissus col- Copyright is held by the authors. Articles in R&A are made available under a 530 Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 1098-6324 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. VÁSQUEZ-CRUZ ET AL. REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 27(3):530–531 • DEC 2020 lilineatus, C. d. terrificus, C. horridus, C. l. lepidus, C. lutosus, to congenital malformation rates in embryos and hatchlings of sea turtles. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103: 203–224. C. mitchelli, C. molossus oaxacus, C. oreganus, C. scutulatus, C. Castillo-Juárez, J.L., V. Vásquez-Cruz, and L.P. Taval-Velázquez. 2020. Primer reg- tigris, C. viridis (Wallach 2018), and now Crotalus triseriatus. istro de cifoescoliosis en Sceloporus formosus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) en To the best of our knowledge, this observation represents the Veracruz, México. Cuadernos de Herpetología 34: 257–259. second case of dicephalism in a species of Crotalus in Mexico de Carvalho, M.P.N., S.S. Sant’Anna, K. Fernandes Grego, A.C.B.C. Fonseca- Pinto, C.A. Batista Lorigados, N.G.T. Queiroz-Hazarbassanov, and J.L. (the first was C. basiliscus in captivity; McAllister and Wallach Catao-Dias. 2017. Microcomputed tomographic, morphometric, and histo- 2006) and the first case in nature. pathologic assessment of congenital bone malformations in two Neotropical viperids. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 53: 804–815. McAllister, C.T. and V. Wallach. 2006. Discovery of a dicephalic western dia- Acknowledgments mondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox (Serpentes: Viperidae), from Texas, with We thank Arleth Reynoso-Martínez and Sean M. Rovito a summary of dicephalism among members of the genus Crotalus. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 60: 67–73. for their help in preparing the manuscript, Neftalí Camacho Murphy, J.B. 2018. Aberrant rattlesnakes—snake freak show. Herpetological Review (LACM) for cataloging the photographs, and Luis Canseco- 49: 381–385. Márquez for confirming the identity of the species. Wallach, V. 2007. Axial bifurcation and duplication in snakes. Part I. A synopsis of authen- tic and anecdotal cases. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 43: 57–95. Wallach, V. 2018. Axial bifurcation and duplication in snakes. Part VI. A 10-year Literature Cited update on authentic cases. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 53: 1–20. Barcenas-Ibarra, A., H. de la Cueva, I. Rojas-Lleonart, F.A. Abreu-Grobois, R.I. Zehr, D.R. 1962. Stages in the normal development of the common garter snake, Lozano-Guzman, E. Cuevas, and A. Garcıa-Gasca. 2015. First approximation Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis. Copeia 1962: 322–329. 531.
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