Antibacterial and Hemolytic Activity of Crotalus Triseriatus and Crotalus Ravus Venom
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Xenosaurus Tzacualtipantecus. the Zacualtipán Knob-Scaled Lizard Is Endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Eastern Mexico
Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus. The Zacualtipán knob-scaled lizard is endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. This medium-large lizard (female holotype measures 188 mm in total length) is known only from the vicinity of the type locality in eastern Hidalgo, at an elevation of 1,900 m in pine-oak forest, and a nearby locality at 2,000 m in northern Veracruz (Woolrich- Piña and Smith 2012). Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus is thought to belong to the northern clade of the genus, which also contains X. newmanorum and X. platyceps (Bhullar 2011). As with its congeners, X. tzacualtipantecus is an inhabitant of crevices in limestone rocks. This species consumes beetles and lepidopteran larvae and gives birth to living young. The habitat of this lizard in the vicinity of the type locality is being deforested, and people in nearby towns have created an open garbage dump in this area. We determined its EVS as 17, in the middle of the high vulnerability category (see text for explanation), and its status by the IUCN and SEMAR- NAT presently are undetermined. This newly described endemic species is one of nine known species in the monogeneric family Xenosauridae, which is endemic to northern Mesoamerica (Mexico from Tamaulipas to Chiapas and into the montane portions of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). All but one of these nine species is endemic to Mexico. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas. amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 01 June 2013 | Volume 7 | Number 1 | e61 Copyright: © 2013 Wilson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use for non-com- Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 7(1): 1–47. -
Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease
toxins Review Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease Rosalia Marcano 1, M. Ángeles Rojo 2 , Damián Cordoba-Diaz 3 and Manuel Garrosa 1,* 1 Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the “bioactive center” of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases. -
Bibliography and Scientific Name Index to Amphibians
lb BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SCIENTIFIC NAME INDEX TO AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BULLETIN 1-8, 1918-1988 AND PROCEEDINGS 1-100, 1882-1987 fi pp ERNEST A. LINER Houma, Louisiana SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 92 1992 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION The present alphabetical listing by author (s) covers all papers bearing on herpetology that have appeared in Volume 1-100, 1882-1987, of the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington and the four numbers of the Bulletin series concerning reference to amphibians and reptiles. From Volume 1 through 82 (in part) , the articles were issued as separates with only the volume number, page numbers and year printed on each. Articles in Volume 82 (in part) through 89 were issued with volume number, article number, page numbers and year. -
Ephemeral Pleistocene Woodlands Connect the Dots for Highland Rattlesnakes of the Crotalus Intermedius Group
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2011) ORIGINAL Ephemeral Pleistocene woodlands ARTICLE connect the dots for highland rattlesnakes of the Crotalus intermedius group Robert W. Bryson Jr1*, Robert W. Murphy2,3, Matthew R. Graham1, Amy Lathrop2 and David Lazcano4 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, ABSTRACT Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Aim To test how Pleistocene climatic changes affected diversification of the Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA, 2Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Crotalus intermedius species complex. Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Location Highlands of Mexico and the south-western United States (Arizona). Canada, 3State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Methods We synthesize the matrilineal genealogy based on 2406 base pairs of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, mitochondrial DNA sequences, fossil-calibrated molecular dating, reconstruction Kunming 650223, China, 4Laboratorio de of ancestral geographic ranges, and climate-based modelling of species Herpetologı´a, Universidad Auto´noma de distributions to evaluate the history of female dispersion. Nuevo Leo´n, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Results The presently fragmented distribution of the C. intermedius group is the Leo´n CP 66440, Mexico result of both Neogene vicariance and Pleistocene pine–oak habitat fragmentation. Most lineages appear to have a Quaternary origin. The Sierra Madre del Sur and northern Sierra Madre Oriental are likely to have been colonized during this time. Species distribution models for the Last Glacial Maximum predict expansions of suitable habitat for taxa in the southern Sierra Madre Occidental and northern Sierra Madre Oriental. Main conclusions Lineage diversification in the C. -
Genetic Diversity and Structure of Crotalus Triseriatus, a Rattlesnake of Central Mexico
Journal of Genetics, Vol. 97, No. 5, December 2018, pp. 1119–1130 © Indian Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-018-1004-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic diversity and structure of Crotalus triseriatus, a rattlesnake of central Mexico ARMANDO SUNNY, OCTAVIO MONROY-VILCHIS∗ and MARTHA M. ZARCO-GONZÁLEZ Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario # 100, Colonia Centro, Toluca, Estado de México, CP 50000, México *For correspondence. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. Received 27 November 2017; revised 10 March 2018; accepted 27 March 2018; published online 23 October 2018 Abstract. The isolated and fragmented populations are highly susceptible to stochastic events, increasing the extinction risk because of the decline in putative adaptive potential and individual fitness. The population has high heterozygosity values and a moderate allelic diversity, the heterozygosity values are higher than in most other Crotalus species and snake studies. Possibly these high levels of genetic diversity can be related to a large founder size, high effective population size, multiple paternity and overlapping generations. We did not find the genetic structuring but the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 138.1. We found evidence of bottlenecks and the majority of rattlesnakes were unrelated, despite the small sample size, endemic status, the isolated and fragmented habitat. The genetic information provided in this study can be useful as a first approach to try to make informed conservation efforts for this species and also, important to preserve the habitat of this species; the endangered Abies–Pinus forest of the Nevado the Toluca Volcano. -
Xenosaurus Tzacualtipantecus. the Zacualtipán Knob-Scaled Lizard Is Endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Eastern Mexico
Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus. The Zacualtipán knob-scaled lizard is endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. This medium-large lizard (female holotype measures 188 mm in total length) is known only from the vicinity of the type locality in eastern Hidalgo, at an elevation of 1,900 m in pine-oak forest, and a nearby locality at 2,000 m in northern Veracruz (Woolrich- Piña and Smith 2012). Xenosaurus tzacualtipantecus is thought to belong to the northern clade of the genus, which also contains X. newmanorum and X. platyceps (Bhullar 2011). As with its congeners, X. tzacualtipantecus is an inhabitant of crevices in limestone rocks. This species consumes beetles and lepidopteran larvae and gives birth to living young. The habitat of this lizard in the vicinity of the type locality is being deforested, and people in nearby towns have created an open garbage dump in this area. We determined its EVS as 17, in the middle of the high vulnerability category (see text for explanation), and its status by the IUCN and SEMAR- NAT presently are undetermined. This newly described endemic species is one of nine known species in the monogeneric family Xenosauridae, which is endemic to northern Mesoamerica (Mexico from Tamaulipas to Chiapas and into the montane portions of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). All but one of these nine species is endemic to Mexico. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas. Amphib. Reptile Conserv. | http://redlist-ARC.org 01 June 2013 | Volume 7 | Number 1 | e61 Copyright: © 2013 Wilson et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use for non-com- Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 7(1): 1–47. -
Multilocus Species Delimitation in the Crotalus Triseriatus Species Group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the Description of Two New Species
Zootaxa 3826 (3): 475–496 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3826.3.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8D8FCB6B-E1DC-4A00-9257-BCAB7D06AE22 Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species ROBERT W. BRYSON, JR.1,8, CHARLES W. LINKEM1, MICHAEL E. DORCAS2, AMY LATHROP3, JASON M. JONES4, JAVIER ALVARADO-DÍAZ5, CHRISTOPH I. GRÜNWALD6 & ROBERT W. MURPHY3,7 1Department of Biology & Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195- 1800, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035-7118, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 416310 Avenida Florencia, Poway, California 92064, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 5Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. San Juanito Itzic- uaro s/n, Col. Nueva Esperanza, C.P. 58337, Morelia, Michoacán, México. 6Carretera Chapala-Jocotepec Oriente #57-1, Col. Centro, C.P. 45920, Ajijic, Jalisco, México. E-mail: [email protected] 7State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kun- ming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 250223, Yunnan, China. E-mail: [email protected] 8Corresponding author. -
Instability of Toxin a Subunit of AB5 Toxins in the Bacterial Periplasm Caused by Deficiency of Their Cognate B Subunits
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1808 (2011) 2359–2365 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochimica et Biophysica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bbamem Instability of toxin A subunit of AB5 toxins in the bacterial periplasm caused by deficiency of their cognate B subunits Sang-Hyun Kim a, Su Hyang Ryu a, Sang-Ho Lee a, Yong-Hoon Lee a, Sang-Rae Lee a, Jae-Won Huh a, Sun-Uk Kim a, Ekyune Kim d, Sunghyun Kim b, Sangyong Jon b, Russell E. Bishop c,⁎, Kyu-Tae Chang a,⁎⁎ a The National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363–883, Republic of Korea b School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 1 Oryong-dong, Gwangju 500–712, Republic of Korea c Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5 d College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Republic of Korea article info abstract Article history: Shiga toxin (STx) belongs to the AB5 toxin family and is transiently localized in the periplasm before secretion Received 26 April 2011 into the extracellular milieu. While producing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) containing only A subunit of Received in revised form 3 June 2011 the toxin (STxA), we created specific STx1B- and STx2B-deficient mutants of E. coli O157:H7. Surprisingly, Accepted 23 June 2011 STxA subunit was absent in the OMVs and periplasm of the STxB-deficient mutants. In parallel, the A subunit Available online 5 July 2011 of heat-labile toxin (LT) of enterotoxigenic E. -
Mycotoxin Analysis in Infant Formula Using Captiva EMR-Lipid
Application Note Food Testing & Agriculture Mycotoxin Analysis in Infant Formula Using Captiva EMR—Lipid Cleanup and LC/MS/MS Author Abstract Derick Lucas Agilent Technologies, Inc. Several countries regulate the levels of mycotoxins in foods. However, the complexity of certain foodstuffs in terms of protein and lipid content can prove challenging in the accurate quantitation of low-level mycotoxins in these matrices. This Application Note describes the determination of 13 multiclass mycotoxins in solid and liquid infant formulations using a Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) workflow followed by Agilent Captiva EMR—Lipid cartridge cleanup. Due to the high selectivity of the Captiva EMR—Lipid sorbent, excellent recoveries (70.4 to 106.8 %) and precision (<18 %) were achieved for all mycotoxins. This simple and robust methodology requires minimal equipment and expertise, which promotes easy implementation in food laboratories. Introduction Experimental Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by fungal Sample preparation species that grow on various crops such as grain, corn, and • Captiva EMR—Lipid 3-mL tubes (p/n 5190-1003) nuts. When cows ingest contaminated feed, mycotoxins and their metabolites can be excreted into the animal’s milk1. • Captiva EMR—Lipid 6-mL tubes (p/n 5190-1004) Aflatoxin M1 is the most commonly found mycotoxin in milk, • QuEChERS original extraction salts (p/n 5982-5550) and is monitored and regulated in many countries, including • VacElut SPS 24 vacuum manifold (p/n 12234022) the United States and European countries2,3. Despite a lack of regulations for other mycotoxins in milk, there is a growing LC configuration and parameters interest to monitor additional mycotoxins such as fumonisins and ochratoxins. -
New Rattlesnakes in the Genera Crotalus Linne
AustralasianAustralasian JournalJournal ofof HerpetologyHerpetology Hoser, R. T. 2020. New Rattlesnakes in the genera Crotalus Linne, 1758, Uropsophus Wagler, 1830, Cottonus Hoser, 2009, Matteoea Hoser, 2009, Piersonus Hoser, 2009 and Caudisona Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Australasian Journal of Herpetology 48:1-64. ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online) ISSUE 48, PUBLISHED 3 AUGUST 2020 2 Australasian Journal of Herpetology Australasian Journal of Herpetology 48:1-64. Published 3 August 2020. ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) ISSN 1836-5779 (Online) New Rattlesnakes in the genera Crotalus Linne, 1758, Uropsophus Wagler, 1830, Cottonus Hoser, 2009, Matteoea Hoser, 2009, Piersonus Hoser, 2009 and Caudisona Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). LSIDURN:LSID:ZOOBANK.ORG:PUB:F44E8281-6B2F-45C4-9ED6-84AC28B099B3 RAYMOND T. HOSER LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F9D74EB5-CFB5-49A0-8C7C-9F993B8504AE 488 Park Road, Park Orchards, Victoria, 3134, Australia. Phone: +61 3 9812 3322 Fax: 9812 3355 E-mail: snakeman (at) snakeman.com.au Received 1 June 2020, Accepted 20 July 2020, Published 3 August 2020. ABSTRACT Ongoing studies of the iconic Rattlesnakes (Crotalinae) identified a number of reproductively isolated populations worthy of taxonomic recognition. Prior to this paper being published, they were as yet unnamed. These studies and taxa identified and formally named herein are following on from earlier papers of Hoser in 2009, 2012, 2016 and 2018, Bryson et al. (2014), Meik et al. (2018) and Carbajal Márquez et al. (2020), which besides naming new genera and subgenera, also named a total of 9 new species and 3 new subspecies. The ten new species and eight new subspecies identified as reproductively isolated and named in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al. -
Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs
toxins Review Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs 1,2,3, , 4,5, 3 2 Rudolf Lucas * y, Yalda Hadizamani y, Joyce Gonzales , Boris Gorshkov , Thomas Bodmer 6, Yves Berthiaume 7, Ueli Moehrlen 8, Hartmut Lode 9, Hanno Huwer 10, Martina Hudel 11, Mobarak Abu Mraheil 11, Haroldo Alfredo Flores Toque 1,2, 11 4,5,12,13, , Trinad Chakraborty and Jürg Hamacher * y 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; hfl[email protected] 2 Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; [email protected] 4 Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; [email protected] 5 Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 6 Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstr. 37 CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland; [email protected] 7 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; [email protected] 8 Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürch, Switzerland; [email protected] 9 Insitut für klinische Pharmakologie, Charité, Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Reichsstrasse 2, D-14052 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 10 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Center, 66333 -
Hoser, R. T. 2016. New Rattlesnakes in the Crotalus Viridis Rafinesque
34 Australasian Journal of Herpetology Australasian Journal of Herpetology 33:34-41. ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) Published 1 August 2016. ISSN 1836-5779 (Online) New Rattlesnakes in the Crotalus viridis Rafinesque, 1818 and the Uropsophus triseriatus Wagler, 1830 species groups (Squamata:Serpentes:Viperidae:Crotalinae). RAYMOND T. HOSER 488 Park Road, Park Orchards, Victoria, 3134, Australia. Phone: +61 3 9812 3322 Fax: 9812 3355 E-mail: snakeman (at) snakeman.com.au Received 4 June 2015, Accepted 28 June 2015, Published 1 August 2016. ABSTRACT There have been a series of major reviews of the taxonomy of the Crotalus (Sayersus) viridis and the Uropsophus triseriatus Wagler, 1830 species groups in the last 16 years. Most authors now recognize all or most of the subspecies listed by Klauber (1972) as valid species. However Pook et al. (2000) provided evidence to suggest that the taxa C. nuntius Klauber, 1935, C. callignis Klauber, 1949, and C. abyssus Klauber, 1930 should at best be recognized as subspecies of C. viridis Rafinesque, 1820, C. helleri Meek, 1905 and C. lutosus Klauber, 1930 respectively. Pook et al. (2000) also produced evidence to show significant lineages that warranted taxonomic recognition, including central Californian C. oreganus Holbrook, 1840 and a population of C. helleri from California, distinct from both nominate C. helleri and C. callignis. The more recent data of Davis et al. (2016), although incomplete, also supported this contention. As no names are available for each group, both are formally named according to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al. 1999). The central Californian form is herein named C.