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Host-Based Lipid Inflammation Drives Pathogenesis in Francisella Infection

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Host-Based Lipid Inflammation Drives Pathogenesis in Francisella Infection Host-based lipid inflammation drives pathogenesis in Francisella infection Alison J. Scotta, Julia Maria Postb, Raissa Lernerb, Shane R. Ellisc, Joshua Liebermand, Kari Ann Shireye, Ron M. A. Heerenc, Laura Bindilab, and Robert K. Ernsta,1 aDepartment of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; bLaboratory for Eicosanoids and Endocannabinoids, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; cMaastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; dDepartment of Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98118; and eDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 Edited by Roy Curtiss III, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved October 16, 2017 (received for review July 19, 2017) Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was used to elucidate host lipids MSI (18), although other ionization methods [such as desorption involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway generated at the electrospray ionization (DESI) and liquid extraction surface host–pathogen interface during a septic bacterial infection. Using analysis (LESA), and others] are also employed. MSI has been Francisella novicida as a model organism, a bacterial lipid virulence used in a wide array of applications ranging from fingerprint factor (endotoxin) was imaged and identified along with host phos- analysis to mapping drug distribution in tissue. MSI studies of pholipids involved in the splenic response in murine tissues. Here, cancer biology for biomarker discovery, therapeutic target iden- we demonstrate detection and distribution of endotoxin in a lethal tification, and fundamental pathology hold particular promise. In murine F. novicida infection model, in addition to determining the contrast, comparatively few systematic studies have leveraged MSI – temporally and spatially resolved innate lipid inflammatory response to describe the host microbe relationship (19, 20). in both 2D and 3D renderings using MSI. Further, we show that the MSI is well suited to mapping lipids (16, 21) and related me- cyclooxygenase-2–dependent lipid inflammatory pathway is respon- tabolites (22), among many other classes of molecular targets. We sible for lethality in F. novicida infection due to overproduction of have previously demonstrated methods to detect host and pathogen proinflammatory effectors including prostaglandin E2. The results of phospholipids (PLs) within mouse spleen (23) infected with the this study emphasize that spatial determination of the host lipid com- model organism Francisella novicida (F. novicida) alongside low- abundance detection of F. novicida lipid A extracted from in- ponents of the immune response is crucial to identifying novel strat- fected tissues. The membrane of F. novicida contains both LPS and egies to effectively address highly pathogenic and lethal infections free lipid A, lacking core and O-antigen (24). F. novicida lipid A is stemming from bacterial, fungal, and viral origins. readily soluble in solvent systems used for phospholipids, allowing direct detection of lipid A using MSI, free of radioactive labels, host–pathogen interaction | lipid inflammation | cyclooxygenase antibodies, or tags. In addition to targeted F. novicida lipid A pathway | mass spectrometry imaging | microbial pathogenesis mapping, the MSI datasets would also include the untargeted spectral information for both host and pathogen lipids. ipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a characteristic component of Evasion of the host innate immune system is one of the de- LGram-negative bacteria forming the majority of the outer fining characteristics of a Francisella infection (25, 26). As a leaflet of the outer membrane (1). Lipid A (endotoxin) is the li- primary host evasion mechanism, Francisella goes undetected by pophilic membrane anchor of LPS and when modified by addition TLR4 due to a combination of hypoacylation and acyl elongation of core and O-antigen to the diglucosamine backbone of lipid A of Francisella lipid A (12, 27). Secondary manipulations of the forms full-length LPS (2). Endotoxin is the canonical ligand for host response include ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (3, 4) and endotoxin-like lipids are MHCII, blocking of naïve T-cell maturation, and regulation of absent from the eukaryotic lipid repertoire. Individual bacterial lipid A structures are unique (5–7), although modifiable during Significance growth (8, 9) to accommodate the diverse conditions encountered (10) during transmission from the environment to a warm-blooded This work used mass spectrometry imaging to visualize a key host. Unlike the highly stimulatory endotoxin derived from enteric bacterial virulence factor, lipid A within tissues infected by bacteria (10, 11), lipid A derived from Francisella speciesdoesnot Francisella novicida, a model organism for Francisella tularensis stimulate the canonical endotoxin pattern recognition receptor ssp. tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. Lipid compo- TLR4 (12) and is an important virulence factor. Mapping of the nents of the host were mapped using the same technique, protein-based virulence determinant, Burkholderia mallei GroEL leading to identification of a lethal role for host lipid metabolism was recently demonstrated (13) using mass spectrometry imaging in Francisella infection. Combined with profiling of lipid in- (MSI), highlighting the growing application of MSI to problems in flammatory mediators, this work defined the dramatic polarity of microbial pathogenesis. Notably, direct mapping of an unlabeled, the cyclooxygenase-2 axis in this infection and overproduction of bacteria-borne lipid virulence factor within infected tissue has not the proinflammatory product prostaglandin E2. The host–patho- yet been demonstrated. gen lipid interface was reconstructed to demonstrate the spatial MSI is a molecular imaging technique with rapidly expanding organization of the host lipid response in the spleen. applications (14–16). MSI enables spatial resolution, or mapping of molecules within tissue by mass without the requirements for Author contributions: A.J.S., K.A.S., L.B., and R.K.E. designed research; A.J.S., J.M.P., R.L., species-specific reagents, labels, or tags, and other indirect or di- S.R.E., and L.B. performed research; K.A.S., R.M.A.H., and R.K.E. contributed new rect tools typically associated with histological techniques. With reagents/analytic tools; A.J.S., J.M.P., R.L., S.R.E., J.L., L.B., and R.K.E. analyzed data; respect to molecular origin (microbial, vector, host), MSI is also and A.J.S. wrote the paper. an unbiased discovery and validation tool because the output is The authors declare no conflict of interest. observed exclusively as a mass/charge (m/z) ratio. Ignorance of This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. species origin makes MSI an ideal tool for studying complex in- Published under the PNAS license. teractions in multispecies systems, such as host–pathogen (17) and 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. vector–pathogen models. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. tion (MALDI) is the most commonly used ionization method for 1073/pnas.1712887114/-/DCSupplemental. 12596–12601 | PNAS | November 21, 2017 | vol. 114 | no. 47 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1712887114 Downloaded by guest on October 2, 2021 lipid-mediated inflammation (26). These host evasion mechanisms phosholipids from the host during progression of a lethal in- are a function of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release following in- fectioninboth2Dand3Dimages. Further, using quantitative fection in Francisella tularensis holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS) lipidomics, we evaluated the system-level production of lipid models (26). PGE2 is a downstream metabolic product of arachi- metabolites of the COX and LOX axes beyond the tran- donic acid (AA) initially in the form of a host membrane phos- scriptional regulation of the pathway. This work represents pholipid acyl chain (28). AA is liberated from the host phospholipid the mapping of unlabeled lipid A in tissue with the codetected via lipase enzymes and further processed to the potent lipid medi- host phospholipid response resulting in identification of a ator PGE2 by a series of subsequent enzymatic conversions de- protective mechanism against lethal Francisella infection. pendent on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). LVS-infected macrophages release the lipid mediator PGE2, which blocks T cell proliferation, in Results a manner that uses not only cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), Francisella Lipid A Accumulates in the Red Pulp. Bacterial and host but also phospholipase D (PLD) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) lipids are readily extracted in similar organic solvent systems (23, (29–31).InadditiontoCOX-2–dependent lipid mediators, the lip- 33) used for total lipid isolation (34). We have previously oxygenase (LOX) pathway is also up-regulated during LVS in- established methods for observing F. novicida lipid A directly fection. Although these pathways have been investigated at the from extracts of infected murine tissues; however, this extract transcriptional level in Francisella infection, a thorough analysis of analysis lacked the ability to map the location of pathogen- and the resulting lipid mediators produced by COX and LOX has not host-borne lipids to the
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