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COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT
KIRPAL MEDITATION AND ECOLOGICAL CENTER, LLC SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION NO. 20- 000220 ( SPP 20- 000220)
KIRPAL MEDITATION AND ECOLOGICAL CENTER, LLC is requesting a Special
Permit to legitimize the operation of a meditation and ecological center and retreat on 10 acres of land situated within the State Land Use Agricultural District. The subject property is located at
13- 260 Pohoiki Road, approximately 0. 5 miles west, or mauka, of the intersection with
Kalapana- Kapoho Beach Road, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii, TMK: ( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005.
APPLICANT' S REQUEST
1. Request: Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center, LLC is seeking a Special Permit to
legitimize the operation of a meditation and ecological center and retreat, including instruction in meditation, yoga, health and fitness, and providing overnight accommodations for up to 28 guests in 17 cabin- style units and 2 residential hales with
bathrooms. The applicant' s proposal includes construction of a new 2, 500 square- foot 50' x50') community building with a certified kitchen, community bath, shower facilities and storage. In addition, the applicant is proposing to obtain building permits to convert an existing hexagonal structure into a 289 square- foot( 1 Txl 7') meditation building, convert an existing shed structure into a 190 square- foot yoga hale, convert two existing
1- bedroom structures into 900 square- foot residential hales with bathrooms, and convert
17 existing shed structures into cabin- style units of no greater than 500 square feet each. The applicant is proposing to offer 10 group retreats a year for approximately 7 days per retreat. The retreat groups are proposed to average 15 people. During the periods when retreats are not being conducted the applicant is proposing to offer their cabins and hales to the public for overnight accommodations for up to 28 guests. The applicant will
provide guests transportation to and from the Hilo Airport as well as provide on- site
parking for six guest vehicles. 2. Purpose of Request: The mission of Kirpal Meditation& Ecological Center, as envisioned by its founder, Leonard Sussman, is: " For the weary Soul to rest from its entanglements, be able to distinguish itself from the mind and enjoy inner peace."
3. Staffing/ Employees: The number of part- time and full-time employees will range between 4 and 12 employees, depending on the number of guests and activities. 4. Hours of Operation: The applicant is proposing that hours of operation for center
activities will be between 7: 00 AM and 9: 00 PM. Meditation and quiet time are mandated
between 9: 00 PM and 9: 00 AM.
5. Definition of" Lodge": According to Section 25- 1- 5( b) of the Zoning Code, a" lodge" means a building or group of buildings, under single management, containing transient lodging accommodations without individual kitchen facilities, and no more than forty guest rooms or suites, and generally located in agricultural, rural or other less populated areas. The proposed Center meets this definition of lodge as 17 transient lodging
accommodations without individual kitchen facilities will be provided for guests on the
property, the Center will operate under single management, and the property is located in
an agricultural area.
6. Landowners: Kirpal Meditation& Ecological Center, LLC.
7. Supportive Information: The applicant has submitted the attached in support of the
request ( Planning Department Exhibit 1— Special Permit Application dated
September 30, 2020).
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
8. May 30, 2018: The Planning Dept received a complaint which alleged the landowner
was using the subject property as a retreat and resort facility, without a Special Permit. An inspection was not conducted by the Planning Dept due to the 2018 lava eruption. The
applicant has submitted the subject Special Permit application to resolve the alleged
violation.
2 DESCRIPTION OF STATE& COUNTY PLANS
9. State Land Use District: Agricultural.
10. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: Important
Agricultural Lands.
11. County Zoning: Agricultural( A- 1a). 12. Puna Community Development Plan ( PCDP): The PCDP was adopted by the Hawaii County Council, Ordinance 08 116, on September 10, 2008. The subject property is not located within or near any village center.
13. Special Management Area ( SMA): The Project Area is not located within the SMA and
is located 0. 5 miles from the nearest shoreline.
14. Coastal Zone Management: The entire State of Hawaii lies within the Coastal Zone
Management area.
DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA
15. Subject Property: The subject property is approximately 10 acres in size and is triangular in shape. The property is improved with a permitted 504 square- foot efficiency dwelling built in 2007, a permitted 392 square-foot octagon gazebo built in 2007, and three utility sheds with active, open permits. The applicant intends to maintain the dwelling as the residence of the landowner. According to the applicant' s site plan, there are 18 unpermitted structures, including a 1, 920 square- foot covered exercise area, two 1- bedroom residences, a 289 square- foot hexagonal hut, a 256 square- foot hexagonal hut
and sheds of various sizes. These structures will either be permitted and converted into
buildings for the proposed use, or demolished. In addition, there is an existing
unpermitted greenhouse and four catchment tanks of 4, 000 gallons each.
16. Surrounding Land Uses/ Zoning: The surrounding parcels are zoned A- la and A-10a, with the smallest nearby parcel being five acres. In the mid- 1990' s much of the surrounding land was cleared and plowed for the conversion to papaya farming, including the subject parcel. Prior to acquisition by the applicant in 2004, the subject parcel was cleared and plowed again. Today the subject parcel and surrounding land consist of non-
3 native shrubland and forest consisting of a diverse array of invasive species and native plants. The majority of the surrounding lots are used for agriculture or are vacant and undeveloped, with few permitted dwellings. There is a 777- acre vacant parcel of land to
the southeast, a 5- acre parcel of land with a 500 square- foot storage structure to the west,
and four vacant parcels of land to the northeast, ranging in size from 10 acres to 71 acres. Much of the surrounding area was inundated by lava during the 2018 eruption of Kilauea volcano and the subject parcel is designated by the County of Hawai`i as part ofthe Lava
Recovery Area.
17. Flood Insurance Rate Map( FIRM): Zone X, outside the 500- year flood area.
18. USDA Soil Survey Report: Soils in this Project Area are classified as Malama extremely cobbly highly decomposed plant material, dry, 2 to 40 percent slopes.
19. Land Study Bureau' s Overall Productivity Rating: " D" or" Poor".
20. Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii( ALISH): " 3" or" Other".
21. Flora/Fauna Resources: The application included a Biological Survey Report dated
May 2020. The property has numerous varieties of vegetation on site. Native or endemic
species include coconut, hapu' u, kalo, kukui, lauhala, milo and noni. Fruit, spice or nut vegetation planted by the applicant include allspice, avocado, banana, cacao, cashew, citrus varieties, clove, fig, jaboticaba, lilikoi, longan, mango, mountain apple, papaya, rollinia, soursop and starfruit. Landscape plants or trees include bamboo, hibiscus, plumeria and orchid varieties. Other vegetation include albizia, strawberry guava and
different grass species. Mammals observed on the property include mice, rats, mongoose, feral cats and pigs, and occasionally cattle from neighboring lands. No native species of fauna have been observed. Non-native bird species include cardinal, dove, finch,
mocking birds, mynah birds and sparrows. The ` Io or Hawaiian hawk, have been observed flying overhead, but no nesting areas exist on the property. Pueo or Hawaiian owl have not been observed on the property or in the vicinity. No threatened or endangered species have been observed on the property.
4 22. Archaeological/ Cultural Resources: In modern times the property has not been used for the exercise of traditional or customary native Hawaiian rights. The Center has not received any requests, claims or complaints for the exercise of these rights. No features are known to exist on site that would be the subject of traditional or customary rights. No native plant species exist to any degree which would be the subject of native gathering rights with the exception of kalo, which the Applicant planted. The application included a
Draft Archeological Impact Statement( AIS), dated September 2016. The AIS identified a
single archeological feature onsite, a portion of a rock wall, which is not being disturbed
by the applicant' s proposed land use. Additionally, the subject application was submitted to the State Historic Preservation Division for review in October, 2020.
23. Public Access: There is no public access to the mountains or the shoreline that runs
through the property.
PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES
24. Access/ Traffic/ Parking: The subject property is accessible from Pohoiki Road and by way of Highway 137 from the Kalapana area. The section of Pohoiki Road fronting the
subject property was not damaged in the 2018 lava flow, unlike upper sections of Pohoiki Road from the Pahoa direction. The County of Hawaii has recently announced that it
will restore the lava damaged sections of Pohoiki Road, which will provide better,
quicker access to the property from Pahoa. Pohoiki Road in the vicinity of the property
consists of pavement sections 16 feet in width, with approximately 2 foot wide shoulders.
The driveway entrance to the property consists of gravel. According to the applicant, sight distance from the driveway access is good in both directions. Existing traffic
conditions are low given that since the 2018 lava flow, Pohoiki Road does not provide
access to the ocean from the Pahoa area. Prior to the lava flow, traffic conditions were
relatively light and are expected to remain as such when the road is repaired to provide access. The applicant will provide guests transportation to and from the Hilo Airport as
well as provide on- site parking for six guest vehicles. Most guests either stay on site or
are able to walk to Pohoiki to enjoy ocean recreation. The applicant estimates that the
5 number of guest vehicles on site will not exceed 6 on a daily basis and guest vehicle trips run between 0 to 2 per day, primarily during daylight hours. Employee vehicle trips are anticipated to occur in the morning and afternoon. 25. Water: According to the Department of Water Supply( DWS), the parcel is not within the service limits of the Department' s existing water system. The applicant is proposing to utilize four existing rainwater catchment tanks to support the proposed project operations; however, the Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch does not
support the use of rainwater catchment systems for drinking purposes since the quality may not meet potable water standards. According to the Department of Health( DOH), if the proposed use meets the definition of a" public water system", serving 25 or more
individuals at least 60 days per year or has at least 15 service connections, the applicant
shall be required to meet minimum capacity requirements, including demonstrating that the system will have satisfactory technical, managerial and financial capacity to enable the system to comply with safe drinking water standards and requirements. Projects that propose development of new sources of potable water serving or proposed to serve a public water system must comply with the terms of HAR 11- 20- 29. Additional water storage capacity may be required to meet fire code for fire suppression purposes. 26. Wastewater: The subject property is not currently serviced by the County sewer system. According to the applicant, wastewater disposal is currently through individual cesspools,
but will be upgraded to a leach field septic system design to handle its wastewater needs
which the Department of Health has approved. Per this proposal, one septic system will
serve a central area located in proximity to guest cabins and a community bathroom and
kitchen, and the other system will serve the two residence hales that have bathroom
facilities.
27. Solid Waste: According to the Department of Environmental Management— Solid
Waste Division, the applicant will be required to submit a Solid Waste Management Plan
to the Department of Environmental Management for review and approval.
6 28. Utilities: Off-grid electricity and wireless connectivity are provided at the subject property. Solar power is utilized for electricity and stored in battery banks for evening
use.
29. Police, Fire and Medical Services: Police, fire and medical services are available to the
property.
AGENCY COMMENTS
30. Department of Public Works—Engineering Division: (Planning Department Exhibit
2— November 17, 2020 Memo)
31. Department of Water Supply: ( Planning Department Exhibit 3— October 30, 2020
Letter)
32. Department of Environmental Management- Solid Waste Division: ( Planning
Department Exhibit 4- October 26, 2020 Memo)
33. State Department of Health: ( Planning Department Exhibit 5— November 25, 2020
Memo)
34. Fire Department: ( Planning Department Exhibit 6— November 23, 2020 Letter)
AGENCIES— NO COMMENT/ CONCERN
35. Department of Public Works— Traffic Division, Police Department.
AGENCIES— NO RESPONSE
36. Department of Public Works- Building Division, Office of Housing and Community Development, State Office of Planning, State Department of Agriculture, State Land Use
Commission, Department of Land and Natural Resources— State Historic Preservation
Division, Department of Land and Natural Resources— Engineering and Land Divisions,
US Fish and Wildlife Service.
PUBLIC COMMENTS
37. No public comments have been received as of the date of this writing.
7 Law Offices of Yeh & Moore ntOMAS I.. n. VLF! o m mn„ ne n, oh aim A Limited I. iabiliry Law Compam or cmm._ I MtICIWd. W MOORE
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September 30, 2020
Michael Yee, Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street. # 3 Via Hand Delivery Hilo HI 96720
Re: Special Permit Application for Kirpal Meditation& Ecological Center, LLC TMK No. ( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, 13- 260 Pohoiki Road, Pahoa
Dear Director Yee,
Enclosed please find the following:
I. Filing fee of$ 500.00 - our check no. 23232 2. Original ( signed) completed application form 3. Background information containing answers to Questions 3 and 4 4. Exhibits further illustrating answers to Questions 3 and 4 5. Original conceptual plot plan 6. 2' x 3' conceptual plot plan 7. fist of names, addresses, lax map keys of all owners and lessees of record within 500 feet of subject parcel 8. ' twenty ( 20) copies of items 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 above.
Please do not hesitate to contact us if you require clarification or further information regarding the Special Permit Application or its attachments. Thank you for your consideration and the processing of this application
Very truly yours.
RONALD N. W. KIM
Enclosures Planning Dept. Exhibit
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Kraal Meditation& Ecological Cantor, LLC A}' PL. IG4N' r t) N. APPLICANT' S$ IGNATllF3J < Y.. P_] L/ ld' Y GATE- _ - 7_f 3 1 ADDRESS 13- 260 Pohoiki Road Pahoa, HI 96778
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TELEPHONE. ( But.) _—_... ( Heine) Jibibt RECUFSI Special Permit to allow a pre-existing meditation and ecological center and retreat
3) 13- 008. 005 Ta: mf rF R1Y ( 70bari:. A- 1a rafPCRfV IAat. A OE RPQJESTED USE 10. 01 acres I/ 0. f>,; t1. NER Kirpal Meditation & Ecological Center, LLC 3' f 1A I ItkNER S SIGNATURE _,. ATF L. 2 AU NI Yeh & Moore LLL C ADURE S. 10 Kamehameha Ave 1: ' 6720 Bud 961- 0055 TCLEPHONE ( tlla,; kl Fax) Plcsc. mdsoie w olmm onginal co ricep• idecc and copies shaWd be sent to Agent ORIGINAL coplEs Applicant 136632 THIS SPECIAI. PERMIT APPLICATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BA: A Filing fee of Five Hundred Dollars($ 500) payable to the County Director of Finance 2 An Original( signed) and twenty( 20) copies of completed application form with attachments, 3 An Original and twenty( 20) copies of the following background information on the subject request. A. Detailed written description of the proposed use, a statement of objectives and reasons for the request, including proposed hours of operation and number of employees/ clientele. 13 Description of the subject property in sufficient detail to precisely locate the property. Describe existing uses, structures and topography. If portion of property to be used, state use of remainder of property. C State/ Counts Plans affecting the subject request' General Plan designation. Special Management Area and( Community Development Plans D Surrounding honing and land uses E. Flood Insurance Rate Map( FIRM) designation( contact Department of Public Works- Engineering Division) P Archaeological Resources( one of the following) An archaeological inventory report containing significance assessments, effect determinations. and proposed mitigation conunitntents. The report should be completed pursuant to Stale Depanment of Land and Natural Resources I lutoric Preservation Division ( DI. NR- SIIPD) rules A " nu effect" letter from the State DLNR Historic Presen alien Division 3 A copy of a letter written by the applicant to the State DI. NR Historic Preservation Division requesting a " no effect" letter_ including supporting documentation, to which SHPD has not responded after 30 days( SHPD' s time limit under their rules) Cr Floral and Faunal Resources 11 Valued Cultural Resources. Identify any traditional and customary native I lawaiian rights that are exercised in the area, the extent in which the proposed development will affect these rights, and feasible action to be taken to protect native Hawaiian rights if they exist. Public Access Existing public access to and along the shoreline or to mountain areas and knowledge of whether public access is being used. Description of access( es) to the area( e g. width, type of surface and condition of roadway). if a private roadway, submit evidence of access rights. K Traffic impacts- assessment of existing traffic conditions, anticipated increase in traffic and traffic impacts from proposed use( a formal study may be requested by Department of Public Works or Department of Transportation during the review process). L Availability of Utilities. Water, telephone, electricity, sewage disposal 4 An Original and twenty( 20) copies of how the request meets the following criteria A The granting of this request would promote the effectiveness and objectives of Chapter 205. Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended. Include discussion on how the proposed use is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Coastal Zone Management( existing public access, scenic or open space resources, coastal view planes and coastal ecosystems); R The desired use shall not adversely affect the surrounding properties. C Such use shall not unreasonably burden public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water. drainage, school improvements, and police and fire protection D Unusual conditions, trends, and needs have arisen since the district boundaries and regulations were established E The land upon which the proposed use is sought is unsuited for the uses permitted within the district F The proposed use will not substantially alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use. G The proposed use will not be contrary to the goals, policies and standards of the General Plan and other applicable documents such as community development plans and design plans.( Note: Copies of the General Plan document and other plans are available at the Hawaii County Planning Department or at public libraries) F I The proposed use is an unusual and reasonable use of land, which would not be contrary to the objectives to be sought by the I. and .' se Lau and Regulations. which, for the Agricultural and Rural Districts, seeks to preserve or keep lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use 5 An Original and twenty( 20) copies of a scale-drawn plot plan of the property showing property lines and measurements, all existing and proposed structures with elevations. uses and improvements, and reference points such as roadways, shoreline, etc. 6 One copy of a full- size C' x 3') scale- drawn plot plan of Item 4 for presentation purposes A list of the names, addresses and tax map keys of all owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice R. Anv other plans or additional information relevant to this application may be requested by the Planning Director to facilitate processing of this request. RACKGROIIND INFORMATION KIRPAL MEDITATION & ECOLOGICAL CENTER, LLC SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION 3A. Detailed written description of the proposed use, a statement of objectives and reasons for the request, including proposed hours of operation and number of employees/ clientele. The requested approval is for a meditation, yoga, health and fitness ecological retreat center(" Center ) located within a primarily agricultural setting on a 10 acre parcel of land in the vicinity of Pohoiki. A copy of the tax map showing the location of the property is attached hereto as Exhibit " A". As envisioned by its thunder, Leonard Sussman, the mission of the Center. with its natural beauty near the ocean, is: Far the weary Soul to rest from its entanglements. he able to distinguish itself from the mind and enjoy inner peace. " The Center is a self-sufficient." off-the-grid- operation which provides its own solar electricity. battery storage and water system. The majority of the property is cultivated with egetables. fruit trees and flowering plants that provide sustainable food and healing in a meticulously landscaped environment. together with native plant species ( including mild. lauhala. noni and kukui) and landscape plants. The southern border of the property which parallels Pohoiki Road is planted with bamboo for visual screening. Virtually all of this vegetation. with the exception of the tip of the triangular property was planted after the Applicant' s purchase of the Property. which was formerly abandoned papaya farm lands. the Applicant will continue to sustain existing agricultural uses of the Property and add further agricultural uses- primarily fruit trees and vegetable garden areas to fill the needs of the Center. i The (' enter requests approval for a total oil7 cabin style units and 2 hales with bathrooms which will allow up to 28 guests to slay overnight. Other amenities include a meditation hexagonal building. enclosed yoga hale. proposed community building with certified kitchen. community bath and shower facilities in a central location accessible to the cabins. laundry and storage areas. A plot plan of existing and proposed improvements is attached hereto as Exhibit " R". I lours of operation for Center activities will he between 7 a. m. and 9 p. m. Meditation and quiet time are mandated between the hours of 9 p. m. and 9 a. m. the setback the While three existing structures are currently located within building along western end of die property. two will he moved completely out of the setback ( Shed Structures 117 and 1/ 22) and a setback variance obtained for one structure ( Shed Structure k22. to be used as a voga hale and fur storage) in conjunction with the completion of upgrades to existing structures that may be necessary during the plan approval and building permit process. I he number of part- time and full- time employees will range between 4 and 12_ employees. depending on the number of guests and activities which occur from time to time. 3B. Description of the subject property in sufficient detail to precisely locate the property. Describe existing uses, structures and topography. If portion of property to he used, state use of remainder of property. The property is designated as TMK( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005 and is a 10. 001 acre parcel located at 13- 260 Pohoiki Road on the east side of the road. and just west or mauka of the intersection Road"). between Pohoiki Road and Highway 137 ( also known as the " Red The property is in close proximity to Isaac Kepo' okalani I Beach Park and Pohoiki Bay, which continues to serve as an important recreational shoreline location. despite the changes which have occurred to the park and boat ramp as a result of the 2018 lava flow Uses have included a meditation, yoga, ecological and retreat center for which the Applicant seeks approval ( during its period of operations. Applicant' s representative has conscientiously paid excise taxes and transient accommodations taxes from retreat revenues). Since early 2020. the C' enter' s operations ceased. pending the preparation of this application and approval of same and has utilized its resources to keep the property maintained. The structures on the property are described above. Topography is a gently rising elevation going from 300 feet to 350 feet. the property is shaped in the form of an elongated triangle. and primary uses exist at the mauka portion. with a meditation hexagon located at the makai tip of the property . Unimproved portions of the property have native species and a wide variety of landscaping. plants. and/ or fruit trees ( see Rom/fauna discussion below), with grass in the remaining areas. and some brush on the property' s perimeter. See recent photos of property. Exhibit " C- I" 3C. State/ County Plans affecting the subject request: General Man designation, Special Management Arca and Community Development Plans. The property is within the State Land Use Agricultural District. hhe LUPAG Map of the County' s General Plan ( 20025) designates the property as important agricultural lands. The Property is not in the Special Management Area. The Puna Community Development Plan ( 2008) does not provide specific discussion of 9 the property or surrounding area except in the general context of the Pohoiki area and policies for economic opportunity. 31). Surrounding zoning and land uses. I lie property is coned A- la ( minimum building site area of 01/ C acre). Surrounding toning is A- 1 a and A- 10a. with the smallest nearby parcel being five acres. In the mid- 1900s much of the area was converted to papaya field agriculture. the land was cleared and plowed For the conversion to papaya farming. The papaya field was then plowed over again betiue its acquisition by the Applicant in 2004. Today the surrounding lands consist of a largely non- native shruhland and forest consisting of a diverse array of aggressive invasive species and sonic native plants that have been able to compete and survive. As the photos depict. the Applicant has taken extraordinary steps to plant and maintain a wide variety of native vegetation, fruit trees and landscaping plants which have flourished in a serene setting. 3E. Flood Insurance Rate Map( FIRM) designation. The Property is in Zone X on FIRM ( 0. 2 % annual chance of flood hazard). 3F. Archaeological Resources ( one of the following): An archaeological inventory surrey was performed in September of 2016 by ASM Affiliates. Exhibit " D". Due to prior uses of the property for papaya farming and other uses, the majority of the property was already cleared, plowed or graded prior to the Applicant' s ownership. One historic feature remaining on the property consists of a 130 meter approximately 425 Jeep long drystacked all located at the eastern tip of the triangular property. The wall segment is situated in an as- yet undeveloped area of the property. The preservation of this wall was not recommended by ASM Affiliates. I lowever, the Applicant does not intend to utilize or disturb either the area where the wall is situated or the wall segment itself. A photo of the wall ( as included in the AIS). which is visible from F' ohoiki Road is attached as Exhibit 2,. As of the date of this Application. SI IPI) has been requested to issue a " no effect" letter. No response has vet been provided. ( Ex D- 2) 3C. Floral and Faunal Resources. 1. Flora. the property has numerous varieties of vegetation on site. Native or endemic species include coconut hapuu. kale. kukui, lauhala. milo. and noni. Fruit. spice or nut vegetation planted by the Applicant include allspice. avocado, banana cacao, cashew, citrus varieties, close. f ig. jaboticaba_ lilikoi. longan, mango, mountain apple. papaya. rollinia, soursop and smdiuit. Landscape plants or trees include bamboo, hibiscus. plurneria and orchid varieties. Other vegetation includes albizia, strawberry guava and different grass species. No threatened or endangered species have been observed on the property. See Biological Survey Report ( May 3 2020) for further detail Exhibit " E" Fauna. Mammals observed on the property from time to time include mice. rats. mongoose and ural cats and pigs, and occasionally cattle from neighboring lands. No native species of fauna have been observed. Non- native bird species include cardinal. dove. finch. mocking birds. mynah birds and sparrows. the I' o or I laaaiian hawk have been observed flying overhead on limited occasions. but no nesting areas exist on the property. Poco or Hawaiian owl not been observed on the property or in the vicinity. See Biology Survey Report for further detail. 3H. Valued Cultural Resources. Identify any traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights that are exercised in the area; the extent in which the proposed development will affect these rights; and feasible action to be taken to protect native Hawaiian rights if they exist. In modern times the property has not been used for the exercise of traditional or customary native Hawaiian rights. The Center has not received any requests, claims, or complaints for the exercise of these rights. No features are known to exist on site that would be the subject of traditional or customary rights. No native plant species exist to any degree which would be the subject of native gathering rights with the exception of kalo, which Applicant planted. The Draft MS identified a single archaeological feature onsite, a portion of a rock wall. which is not being disturbed by the Center. 31. Public Access: existing public access to and along the shoreline or to mountain areas and knowledge of whether public access is being used. There are no existing public access locations to and along the shoreline or to mountain areas within the property. 3J. Description of access to the arca ( e. g. width, type of surface and condition of roadway). If a private roadway, submit evidence of access rights. The Center is presently accessible from Pohoiki Road and by way of highway 137 from the Kalapana area. The section of Pohoiki Road fronting the property was not damaged or destroyed by the 2018 lava Flow. unlike sections of that road coming from the Pahoa direction. The County has recently announced that it will restore the lava damaged sections of Pohoiki Road. which will provide access to the property from the Pahoa direction and enable shorter travel distance and times to the property. Pohoiki Road in the vicinity of the property consists of pavement sections 16 feet in width, and approximately 2 foot wide shoulders. The driveway entrance to the property consists of gravel. Sight distance from the access is good from either direction. See photos of access location. Exhibit " C- 3" 3K. Traffic impacts - assessment of existing traffic conditions, anticipated increase in traffic and traffic impacts from proposed use( a formal study may 4 be requested by Department of Public Works or Department of Transportation during the review process). Existing tratlic conditions arc low-level, given that Pohoiki Road has been inundated by the 2018 lava now in the Pahoa direction. Prior to the 2018 lava flow. traffic conditions were relatively light and are expected to continue in that context after Pohoiki Road has been reopened in the Pahoa direction. Boat trader traffic no longer occurs on the Road. Whether a boat ramp facility may be rebuilt at Pohoiki remains a question. pending assessments of the ability to do so. Visitor and recreational use traffic for the area is likely to be limited until the roads from Pahoa and Highway 137 in the Kapoho direction are rebuilt. and post COVED- 19 travel rebounds. As for Traffic from the proposed Center operations. the Center will offer guests transportation from Hilo Airport. Most guests either stay on site or are able to walk to Pohoiki to enjoy ocean recreation. Based on past experience, the number of guest vehicles on site does not exceed 6 on a daily basis, and guest vehicle trips run between 0 to 2 per day. primarily during daylight hours, with no set times. Employee vehicle trips occur in the a. m. ( approximately 1 trip per employee) and in the p. m. ( approximately l trip per employee). 3L. Availability of Utilities: Water, telephone, electricity, sewage disposal. Off=grid water. electricity, and wireless connectivity are provided at the Center. The property currently has four( 4) catchment tanks of 4.000 gallons each. Solar power is utilized for all electrical needs and stored in battery banks for evening use. Wastewater disposal is currently through individual cesspools but will he upgraded to a leach field septic system designed to handle its wastewater needs which the Department of Health has approved. One septic system will serve a central area located in proximity to guest cabins and a community bathroom and kitchen. and the other system will serve the two ( 2) residence hales that have bathroom facilities. See copy of Department of Health approval for leach field system design. Exhibit " F" 4. HOW THE REQUEST FULFILLS SPECIAL PERMIT CRITERIA 4A. The granting of this request promotes the effectiveness and objectives of Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes (" HRS"), as amended. The granting of this request will promote the effectiveness and objectives of HRS Chapter 205 in several ways. HRS Chapter 205 has the objectives of preserving agricultural lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation, but also recognizes that agricultural districts include areas that are not used for. or that arc not suited to. agricultural and ancillary activities by reason of topography. soils, and other related characteristics." [ IRS § 205- 2. MRS Chapter 205 accordingly lists uses which are permitted as of right in the State land Use Agricultural District, but also allows for other " reasonable and unusual uses". FIRS §§ 205- 2, 205- 4. 5. 5 205- 6. In other words, the focus of State Land Use law is to ensure that lands capable of intensive agricultural cultivation are not " urbanized but to also allow for the reasonable and unusual uses of agricultural lands, as not all of the lands in the State Land Use Agricultural District are suited for intensive agricultural cultivation. Private open area recreational uses including day camps are allowed in the State land Ise Agricultural District. I IRS § 205- 4. 5. Agricultural tourism conducted on a working farm is also an encouraged accessory use, and agricultural tourism with overnight stays is expressly allowed on Maui by HRS § 205- 2. The Kirpal Meditation& Ecological Center(" Center") is used for passive retreat uses and encourages visitors to participate in. appreciate and assist in the agricultural cultivation of its property. including a greenhouse. vegetable garden and numerous fruit trees. The Center' s proposed uses arc largely consistent with State Land Use Law, provided that overnight accommodations for visitors will require the special permit approval being sought in this application. The operation of the Center is not detrimental in any way to agriculture and will not change the essential character of the agricultural district, as the Center is a model of small- scale. self- sufficient agriculture, coupled with a peaceful meditation retreat use, that can exist in harmony with the surroundings. The Center is quite unobtrusive to its surroundings and provides a serene location for its retreat goals. The Center' s uses are consistent with the agricultural ambience of the surrounding area. The Center cultivates fruit and flowering trees, bamboo and numerous healing and edible plants which will be used for its participants. Furthermore. the Center encourages guests to participate in the cultivation of maintenance of plants, which helps to strengthen guests' appreciation for agricultural endeavors. Many of the Center' s uses are currently permitted. hut a Special Permit is needed for overnight accommodations such as the Center, which classifies as a " lodge" under the Hawaii County Code( HCC). See HC-C § 25- 5- 72 ( allowing lodges with special permits in the agricultural district) and 25- I- 5 ( defining a " lodge" as " a building or group of buildings, under single management. containing transient lodging accommodations without individual kitchen facilities, and no more than forty guest rooms or suites. and generally located in agricultural. rural or other less populated areas".) The C' enter' s accommodations fit within the definition of lodge- as the rooms are offered on a transient basis without individual kitchen facilities. Applicant proposes approval for 17 cabins or guest rooms on the property. The Special Permit will not circumvent the essential purpose of. or lead to the urbanization of, the agricultural district. The Center will not displace any existing agricultural uses. The(' enter encourages and has its activities intertwined with agriculture, as it seeks to encourage harmonious living with nature and has planted over thirty different types of trees for their food and/ or healing properties. The property is approximately 2. 000 feet away from the shoreline at the nearest points 6 between the two. and the property is not in the Special Management Area. the property abuts Pohoiki Road, and is in walking distance to the shoreline access at Pohoiki ( Say. file property does not affect scenic or open space resources. or coastal view planes. the portion of the property with the buildings for the Center is even further away from the shoreline ( approximately 4001) feet) and no detrimental effect has been observed upon coastal ecosystems. The ( enter is an ecological center and responsibly deals with waste by composting material and remos ing waste to the Pahoa transfer station. ' Iwo septic system have been designed and approved air implementation by the Department of I' can' t. 413. The desired use shall not adversely affect the surrounding properties. During the period of operations, Applicant is not aware of any complaints from neighbors that were submitted to the Planning Department. Applicant has been in communication with its neighbors to the north and west as to its intent to maintain the rural nature and peaceful atmosphere of the area intact and to minimize impacts to its neighbors. As evidence of the peaceful atmosphere which the Center is able to create. during its operations. feedback from guests included the terms" relaxing", " tranquil". " rainforest authentic'', " quiet and peaceful'', " quiet time in nature", oasis of peace and tranquility", " spiritual retreat". " relaxed, welcoming atmosphere", peaceful welcoming place". " eco- friendly retreat'. and ` incredible place to unplug-. Exhibit " C" 4C. Such use shall not unreasonably burden public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage, school improvements, and police and fire protection. I he use is remarkably self-sufficient and sustainable. the Center is off-the- grid and provides lir its own water catchment. electrical, and wastewater requirements. Currently. four 4) water tanks ( 4 000 gallons each) are located on the Property. The Center already has a four 4) step water filtration system in place, using 10/ 5/ 1 micron stage filters, and a final ultraviolet I I AV) filter, with regular water testing. Additional water storage capacity will be installed if necessary. to accommodate potable water needs. The County is planning to restore access from Pahoa to the Center via Pohoiki Road. portions of which were covered in the 2018 lava eruption- The Center has not created any burdens on public agencies to date. irallic generated by the C' enter' s operations is minimal and does not create any appreciable wear and tear on the road. Applicant does not anticipate needing to make improvements to Pohoiki Road ( a driveway apron on Applicant' s property may need to be improved). The property is well drained and the soil consists of(' lass I) soils. No flooding exists in the area. nor does the Center' s operations or improvements create drainage issues. 7 Fire prevention protocols will include the placement of lire extinguishers in accessible locations in each building. A water tank devoted to firefighting purposes that will be compliant with Fire Department recommendations will he installed and strategically located as necessary to allow for firefighting for all improvements. Structures will also he placed with proper distancing to minimize the spread of flames. It is anticipated that these details will he worked out during the plan approval process. I he Center activities are by nature intended to create a meditative retreat setting. Prior operations have not resulted in the need for police protection. 41). Unusual conditions, trends, and needs have arisen since the district boundaries and regulations were established. Much of the surrounding area was recently covered by lava, and the Center provides an oasis of respite and benefit to a community recovering from that traumatic event. In the Pahoa, Kapoho and Kalapana areas, there are several agricultural tourism and ecotourism ' retreat.' operations which have similar goals ( some of which operate in the absence of special permits). This trend is attributable to the fact that there is now a segment of the visitor population who desire to experience the unique environment which the Puna coastline area has to offer in a non- resort setting and in a quiet or meditative surrounding. As such, the popularity of retreats has grown over the past IS. to 20 years or more. Allowing sustainable retreat uses in the agricultural district without reclassifying isolated land areas to the rural or urban district is consistent with the policies and goals of Chapter 205. which allows for unusual and reasonable uses. Chapter 205 has been amended since 2000 to allow for certain tourism activities to occur in the agricultural district in recognition of these trends. See e. g. I IRS Sections 205- 2( d) and 205- 4. 5. providing for agricultural tourism on a working farm. or overnight stays as part of agricultural tourism activities on Maui. In turn. the Puna (' DP ( 2008) specifically recognizes the ccotourism or agricultural tourism opportunities which the Puna district has to offer. ( See more detailed discussion below) llvidence of the needs for alternative visitor related experiences which the Center has filled in the past is provided by very positive testimonials and feedback from its previous guests. Exhibit" G" I his request to allow a retreat center for health and well being in this location is consistent with the intent for allowing ( he issuance of a special permit. 4E. The land upon which the proposed use is sought is unsuited for the uses permitted within the district. the land is not well- suited for intensive agriculture because of the soil and the S configuration of the property. The(' enter practices agriculture on the portion of the property it cultivates. hut the property is sparsely covered h) soil which has been rated (' lass U. the property is shaped like an elongated triangle and the majority of the Center' s buildings are confined to a duster at the top of this triangle. The area occupies approximately 30% of the property. I he subject property was part of subdivision 7465. which created a number of relatively small lots I live and ten acre lots). Only catchment water is available. Given the circumstances above. the property is not well- suited for intensive agriculture on an economically viable scale and is hest- suited kr relatively small- scale. nurturing agricultural endeavors which the Center has been able to uniquely provide. Rather than subdivide and sell small lots that may he allowed given the A- I a zoning of the property, the Applicant has chosen to make use of the property in a way which allows guests to enjoy the agricultural and retreat setting which the Center continues to foster. 4F. The proposed use will not substantially alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use. The Center will continue to practice and enhance small- scale, sustainable agriculture. The improvements and activities are screened from view, and the retreat activities are consistent with the rural atmosphere of the neighborhood. Moreover. Applicant' s development of the property has not required mass grading but has utilized the existing topography and has been sensitive to the land and its character. 4G. The proposed use will not be contrary to the goals, policies and standards of the General Plan and other applicable documents such as community development plans and design plans. ( Note: Copies of the General Plan document and other plans are available at the Hawaii County Planning Department or at public libraries). the General flan states the following Goals and Policies which are consistent with this application: General Plan § 2. 2. a) Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life through economic development that enhances the County' s natural and social environments. h) Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical, social. and cultural environments of the island or I lawaii. c) Strive for diversity and stability in the economic system. d) Provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded. or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's cultural. natural and social environment. 9 c) Strike for an economic climate that provides its residents an opportunity 1nr choice of occupation. f) Strive for di'ersitication of the economy by strengthening existing industries and attracling new endeavors. g) Strike For lull employ ment. h) Promote and develop the island al lawaii into a unique scientific and cultural model. where economic gains arc in balance with social and physical amenities. Development should he. reyiewed on the basis of total impact on the residents of the County. not only in terms of immediate short run economic benefits. General Plan 2. 3 c) I[ ncourage the development of a visitor industry that is in harmony with the social, physical. and economic goals of the residents of the County. t) Support all levels of educational, employment and training opportunities and institutions. h) The land. water, air, sea. and people shall be considered as essential resources for present and future generations and should be protected and enhanced through the use of economic incentives. I) Identify and encourage primary industries that are consistent with the social. physical- and economic goals of the residents of the County. o) Promote a distinctive identity for the island of I lawaii to enable government. business and travel industries to promote the County of I lawaii as an entity unique within the State of Hawaii. Cry Assist in the promotion of the agriculture industry whose products are recognized as being produced on the island of I lawaii. z) Encourage the health/ wellness industry. y) Encourage new industries that provide favorable benefit- cost relationships to the people of the County. Benefit- cost relationships include more than fiscal considerations. I he General Plan designates the property as important agricultural lands. which is consistent with its ALISH designation. The General Plan provides policies for important agricultural lands: General Plan § 14. 2. 3. a) Implement new approaches to preserve important agricultural land. i) Designate, protect and maintain important agricultural lands nom urban encroachment. 10 j) Ensure that development of important agricultural land he primarily for agricultural use. r) Ilncouruge, where appropriate. the establishment ofyisitor- related uses and facilities that directly promote the agriculture industry. t) Discourage speculative residential development on agricultural lands. u) Encourage other compatible economic uses that complement existing agricultural and pastoral activities. the General Plan notes the following about visitor accommodations in Puna: General Plan 2. 4. 1. 1 The visitor industry has very little visible effect on the Puna district other than some roadside stands and a few visitor accommodations. such as bed and breakfast and vacation- rental operations. There is also potential for a limited amount of visitor facilities in the form of small accommodations and support facilities, such as recreational areas. botanical parks. andothers. the Puna Community Development Plan(' Puna CUP"). adopted in 2008, states that businesses such as the Center should be encouraged as it is not detrimental to agriculture and conforms with the surrounding area, and aligns with agricultural or eco- tourism and/ or " green employment-. As part of the forward looking statements, the Puna CDP recognize that there are opportunities. as well as challenges, for the growth of economic activity in Puna" which includes agricultural tourism which" is emerging as part of a mix of attractions that draws visitors to Puna". the Puna CDP Further recognizes that" eco- tourism generates income by providing community- based services to visitors of natural and cultural systems, in a manner that is economically sustainable." Puna CDP. Section 3. 2 With these trends, the Puna CM' states the following goals and objectives: Puna CUP § 3. 2. 1. Local job growth is primarily in " green" industries such as agriculture. alternative energy. communications technology, eco- tourism and natural resources management. Puna (' I) P § 3. 2. 2. g) Support agricultural tourism with emphasis on events such as orchid celebrations, papaya festivals. locally-produced food festivals ( i. e.. ' Taste of Puna- 1. h) Promote farm business such as local food stores and " farm stay" bed and breakfasts. k) Create new" greed' employment opportunities in the agricultural, alternative energy, and natural resources management in Puna. II As stated above. the (' enter is a " green" industry" as a model of harmonious small- scale. self- sufficient agriculture and provides health and wellness services in a meditation, youa, and ecological retreat that has accomplished a balance with existing resources in an agricultural setting. The Center practices agriculture and will not contribute to urban growth. protecting agricultural lands through a diversified use. Me Center promotes renewable energy as it produces its own solar power and uses catchment rain water. 1 he lodge accommodations will provide much- needed small- scale and ecologically friendly accommodations in the areas that are compatible with the surrounding area. The Center provides social and wellness services in a region which ' MIS recently devastated by a volcanic eruption. and will help the community in its recovery 1 he C' enter' s uses arc clearly consistent with the goals articulated by the General Plan and Puna CDP. 411. The proposed use is an unusual and reasonable use of land, which would not he contrary to the objectives to be sought by the Land Use Law and Regulations, which, for the Agricultural and Rural Districts, seeks to preserve or keep lands of high agricultural potential in agricultural use. The Center' s use of land is both unusual and reasonable, and uniquely suited to the surrounding conditions. The property is identified as important agricultural lands in the General Plan. but is not classified as important agricultural lands by the State Land Study Bureau( 1. 5131 hut is classilied as having Class D soil, The property is not ideally suited for large scale agriculture due to its relatively small lot size and configuration. In any event, as stated herein. the Center is preserving the agricultural character and use of the land by practicing small- scale. self-sufficient agriculture. The Center is not an " urban" use and will not in any way contribute to an " urbanization" of the area as its uses are essentially agricultural. The Center uses maintain the character of the area and is a preferable option to subdividing the land . As stated above. the Center' s uses arc consistent with and comply with State and County Land Use Laws and Regulations. 12 m 65 162) ; d 1 dlo A' 1 m a 3i 64•: f Arlt© l I t S { 1 V ' l pA it v i SNI ' r t te\' 3, e' t. i SI Q I 43Y o nlf i T ell, 4ih 1i 111P { A 4 ) 1: 1f f. I itr: 1 p q AAO . cl Till I re j 61Y Ck 0 a 1\ = IA 1 I 3 1 6a y i a A?: C) eilti i II., f 1 ` Vie, P I t y a f e ,° V 4 lid O1 d S v Ot 1: 1 I. A E t 4AA" o 8 L l; V 11. 1 . 4 H> r TMK MAP FOR( 3) 1- 3- 08 I IN T= .,: Po °(' . EXHIBIT A i3Piar0.If,/0r54:,. l', rr1111 rf~ 1 Cl u i j I j Jr. 1iiJ P l 2 w . e I 1 o lc; ID( AJ rte, 11 1 1 ix t a L) i li i o t I n 4- . Ik ( 11 3 x' _. i N I i 7 rI J 0 Fa 1I , k..„ lop Si. II ,,./) pFrier za I I 1"' F Li x 1 I N Z+) ' a: e1 r FJ l i l, o' I Irt sY I tca. rC? / i rtC 10 („ip- 1 ' r II tI i L kn. r 3 -% 11 T ', 1. ky c I, R- p m N J_ ea -/-:. 9119fHX3 I X I I or y",,,: l'.. f • fir '' c T. JT'Q' LC'/ t t:ii• _1, t ,.. 3 . y !' n '• !•; t it, r+ l yj! 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Mr./ - EV/ iggilli / It• ,. 1 irif.>'; /° : i. r ".'.. t? 1.%• ., 11 GUEST HOUSE iiA V/ 7.- trit1‘, ,,' i 11 ' r EXHIBIT C- 1 f.. 1. tro'' ., ;.' . 41‘. 1 fit, ' j ' rtr. w. cn y4 M t i..... - O p' if. : t ail• • 4 l , y 4) M i • ie,.'•• r _:) 1/4, y.- t' tet Std( P1',-, ' I.. 14 m 4. 4 r v g r(- 0 fie 1 1t t• 4,••. ', 1 A CU cti P a . , . a C1. te •• e' 43. J - 1h' 4. te• c'. tet.• r r E 0 M"I',.. ri r t, - . t. e. . 4,... 4, 41. 4 r • ' t : k i . t,i,' '.”' s f li r fir ter. P 1 1 t 1 Q il' r• \ .. •• . \ . I' ._*...• e . r It ;' M!• 1,-,- C• r- ' 1" a' lit 1CA 11 , , . It e, i 4 • li" I r• 1. ' „/ s, . 1,...., , . t \ . 1 4 i, 401111pa ...... k,., " t ti/ / CI) cu 4411111° • 7. ../- 1. It, -- 7 \:-. t,.., a. . r till .• ,. k..4lik ., i 4 ... a kt ...... ,,,. , " „... .,,...4...400., 1....7 r ' afAb7 7 i ti 1''.•' 4,A. . NISI.(e‘ 4..'. •-.' I%..,:-•,.*: el 1 1 , T kr „ 64„„: t. er 114" 4 '- , '- .-.‘ • . r.'..... t. . iiel, .,?, t._ .--, , 0ca. dir li. ,, „. , t . . ,. I lir 4 • "' J...... 0 . Ili' M...,_ ,....!.- \ k. _ . 4a. t 40};,-_ . ,, -. E mii,• .; , ,. , ;,., k.- • . Alik• . il \ cl.) 7 11,:*- cp.!). ...: • . f- ...... t - . • ...,.-i,_,..,,, ...... 4...... 1" Pil ..., \‘,.•-,.., ' . . le.Ififli'!:', f .'. r •--, s." il .,... • ••,- * N0..-.' 4.... i.".* I Ni k 7111.' , C." 1 7._ i le 1MT. t;:-: ..• 111 . reigo.."• ..- je.', 40094, 1 -' . 1/4'). 1) 2,' .. 4. ' ,. t. qi. . ., ( I. `, . '• . s " • '•' Nj.. V 4 z' i . , .. 14e..• r. C , i• .•"',y%10( V .-•', ` .•..,.'+ 1 • ' (• -%< • lq.• A. S: ( n• , . 1. ; A r,...•, -...... •'--; t , i. - r •-.^' f 4- '' ,• i r, k h. t . f r r , i'--€ r' of : 44' 1.., t ill it 1 ' 1 •.-. J 5ii.,11; t 1 . 1• •• ttOa.) 8 i'. - . .--. 1.,11%.4 : -- 41104,,,"7 . y ''' t. 4, 1 \ ..- ; A,.., ' p L• is t / • h ger ry •• • •'' 0 wor . ...:. II •:,.... . el p , 4 7. 0e../ V.. . ON, -•‘,... 4-- !. 1. P.: -'•:,:• l'-'1- .'- • 4ifi. .. e. I' Ap ... i ' . / .' 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A, ,!, '; „, , 1 - , 01, 111 ilk4*: .," t. 7A1-. 4'„-) 1.- ",, 4 eis,. : - . .. t;. i- .' riffelti 0' lo'j. - i„.,, I, 2:.....t, q'144K,°•, Vete7,-•.• w./ •:!.-- . 1 lA .. , !,.- _.:-.- ..... r..':' .:. II 41 •. t•. 4.41,•••,,-* .:•!' fr. r. r rj. ..- - ,.,.... . al ''• ' t. ' • . f. I.... _ 1... 1 • • 1. 4" 4. ' It... A glio• t. 2 1 :„... • . ' • --" ' • 74'-''..-- 4". — ''-'• -- I i .1 -- t 41.• •” .. • Va•--''...)--- 4.'";• ‘ t I 1*••• ci le,. : . f, , 1 i . 1 • 4 1 Ntie;•••‘-t-',..7 4..‘-- 1 • 40.----, ,. el"t•,.. t- 4_ r-,---„. , •., , . I ,,. 1, 1,14 - I•- II, 4 -. i • i'l t- It . WI i 10111Mari v wk..: .... 1., • 111 ii‘..14. ! F 111. 111111111111MS r. S'.. 11MMralaia Mile- 1 1" 1111 1111 r s 1::`,A41`..„:c*!•'' * 1 ir , 44444. 2441. 4.• ' • '''''''...• ' .'' 1 m ...... s. , 4, S. r„--. , ti,„,.,1 , .. 4 4'.' • - 2'.,. '"... 2.• . s. L.. 14, 1 . '''. 4) i: mitaft. i'.', I,' n , lir IV 7 ammar, • . . Ni 1.‘,.• e 4 7--- • .,•• 4. . ‘,, left'' ....,::•!% 1/ I.. ' . - 41‘,..-- .'\,\:::./ i- V, • ..,,‘,._ • , - • , 174e, 4 1r4r.,... 0$111 - r.r . . t,.‘ - • A . ivy.. , 1,),, .. , . . Pe.•-., • '''' '", • , 4-•-",' , • )•• ,,•• ..••••,, . t4• L''''': 4" ' 1. : - 4: '. 14 • YOGA ROOM I 4 I ,....,„ , 1 14 6.- *:•' . a.t. 4 , 4 4..... `•-•..), A.:..' 41' EXIIIB1T C- 1 1 ..•:, '..... * 1011MISKAGPMENIONMEN1111. 11111111010 4. 1111/ 1111. 11. 1111. tiv.. r. dr w s: J" waw- 4••t 4 2 x? S J. z ' a1 Mir ,~ A -,, r1_ 0,- 1 4. 4 iP'; ;. 7 Y., r" r',.'r- '.....1..... 0,;, yam' ;,. i A - 1...= '- i , iZL:. :.,,-)*(,,. y` s. ' i i, 3 J 7. 5. ii, moi 41;';',*-, rw i',. Ads - it, GREENHOUSE EXHIBIT C- 1 i. I t II i.? F-,k---441. r Y ^. t y,• 4. 0. . 4p., r i r 1 d, c ' t•'- ir gilt) rr 1 ' se ldrA" Vi a Li 4 10644 1.,, 1: 4 .: N, a' , ,,, . , ' * F' t Zir" 0. ;•':. . ii, ,,,,,4." 14,-,.!'i i.O. Pi' i4 i , l t t *; . 1 le y I,- It I,'- S. It i ' 7 til* jy ft of ii,f4 l'' .. 1" 4t Orr W 11 iff h. if • ". ii., 44 SHED EXHIBIT C- 1 Rye1r 11, 000 . ii - I, Illeit%* %•1 ;;• ' ' : 010( 4r t‘• ' ',• y/ '. o ' 1 19.% 4. t •') NN • Cri It! 1fi1. ti' V 1.= er : G., ' t 1 . 6 X R r I, , r j')rt ,}4; 1j +') `''? 44 4.• i+ 4t` Y y z. 1. r' r • 411V 1 t. k, O EP...... -1- ii,.., don , 31,,, 7. tifi t.5. a Ayiit, -,- O 0 a.. 44. • czt a• M,• . i . ; t M 4••••••• • • , ._ - 1 • -- 94 .. Mir7 114.$ 4., 1:4r) 1• qiiiii." '-' - ' ' 14' 64, L n -" y . ,`t r.Ie 1 V" , :, a i w` k am 1;,)' o 44 e -,„.../ . s,. -, „,.,, e slit. ,. 14% 40 i . 5A s j $_ , r J , . * . Gd s' r I 41110..t..• M HISTORIC WALL REFERRED TO IN If ; t i ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY S. f '' =' r ,. ' CD A; SURVEY 1 t- rt:, y bA 1ti a• 4, 4 '•' ' EX IBI C-2 tILt1r t .. 7 a.. V.1 S :. r 1f Zyy1"?'/ y > ,: r 5 t." M 14*, s. , 1. 7, , si- • , )„.....:. N'. 44`, 41.-,:•. , . '' • ',„ ti.:...... ii j , • 40'. t/ fr I 14 f I 3. t lit ii^'`.-‘ v.. A r / 5. l3ff • n t ", 11, j t rC '.. k . t ri4 i4 r * vf k1 j{Yi37 1rf i. f c fy•; S • / s, Y J i „' 1`....?'• Trom rF,.'.— . • • • e•-)0P, ., J r iV , •' lr t ....,- C5'4 °". t.• ._»f. y yl5' 4. •' v4 .? i 4 J. f i\ r f. he,T 56.i,,,. ., ''...f1 -/' " r x , 4 fffrll'. 4 M ? l f., 74 44 l ti.y 4.:'.•••'.1...4, ZS, i,, lr/ rr z 4.-:";..... 1 7*, • i,”.:. - '-...•:.„:Plii:., - t• k: a' L,.. •,,,.•, . ,.. ...;.,::. I • •• . .,.... .,,, f — ,-- . • • . - . N- itr.'.,. x .." r' a t t' i•`.., a' 4 4yii , r + t t ;` t• ldF - r ` cjjr 3 f'`?,; r` 4,... • r C 1* IC.. te„+ , q 7 41';'-'., liar ?:. V sir' F _!! t' 4."• \:- h F rid, t ,•" v i, f , I, ; aki....4., i r c•-• r 12. Y\ b ( ' b1 1„-...... / p J h' •, es ir. r• 0 , t v4.',,• 4, 11. 4 f% { s%'•• • S- ~• JJ tX•. 1, 1 1• r '. ji• ey1:•\ 4, fti• , '+ • Al G,' f ji'.. t r, , ,<. r' ' : =. i '' ' J-• s s IP'. y .„,,,,•:".• ' Wi• t.'. r r r,' r 7%:'=,'. 1. r J i , 1(( •• y " I' l K t k '. ;.` r , t t, r aY •. 1p. 1, '?,:..; J1` \• ` J C y ( k. t y s • i; ( 1 rJ * rut_.. ; r1iIIIICVl." f a• . v...\ Nri f 14444-:';, A..."4:141'7' r:, jl 4l1• 1411.' t- jyf• •• a' r' IJ ; YL j) k_ n Y 11 J-,11„/ rr 1 r, 's''' , t,r` t ENTRANCE LOOKING EAST ALONG POHOIKI ROAD i. e t': i EXHIBIT C- 3 Xvir ht7 > ) ` , I1iiI am' . m 1sr. ti psi • Jr:' y a -. ry • e '' 1 r--":-; . ff. • /. •_ .,. ,; `• A a Y ,. ' .. . '' • 4 ' ` ' f rte f Y 1` h a•' A• r .. . •. v a•• 9 t $' , l " F+, r. WI& r.. tl• 1:.. c'+.. tPla•1 '•• i - Ar yy r/ I• ` tiF 1 i ' i,/+ 1F1I t 11"..:#-,,.... 414' 77 4L4i-•-• .? 1.- ra{ E. 1 J 1' t} IIYY 177:` 1 . y• ..."?•.."-' 4 ' ~• 3, 1 f ' . 444‘ 1“ref\.,-r 1\ r \. • I II,;%{ v ' L":4<<. i r 1' a, r 1• i•`' 4, 1 ,` N11:. p. 7¢- r. 4 vE t ' R ' - vN tr F is n'" t ' ny ! y•., '` 4,,:"...-- i . <•,`.s ' - r• 4,// 7`'''• t AA 1 e....- e; A 1.1.:• Mi AT: kn , 1 a i.-'•••:"-- 7., 11' 0'• E •¢'•' 44%. r ` d• 74i } i+it 4- t' a f `- 1/4.',.,-.,--,:•-• 1 4, . I fib° ti 1. F r : rt lt f {( ry1• Tw, q- v` T{, h 1. 1 1; ! n \ I r lt, I ri- .. ..,.. „-.,.. , , 2:--:;:',- ) q3'''J 1(; 1., t. ,, t)..F - i. r ^ , 4,-...'„-q..•¢ Yom} 1 .. r.";,•,':”. r lS•! . f f ,. y ,. - M. 4 t J A ' ' c<. f--. 1! <- e ENTRANCE LOOKING i y :' i 111.' N A v t4y , 11•r 4, k: WEST ALONG POHOIKI ROAD EXHIBIT C- 3 t; ` r' t' 1M1 1• 41.-..'-' 4.--..ifII".:!` S.\` .`, , rJi1a. ... -• P' 4,.'.., . 4a'.' p; y{ k,`. gam `rR'iHr ` Ifspsi' An Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Kirpal Meditation & Ecological Center TMK: (3) 1- 3- 008: 005 Pohoiki Ahupua' a Puna District Island of Hawai` i Lxcc. ni• e Summar. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of Thomas L. El. Yeh of the Law Offices of Yeh & Moore, LLC, AS11 Affiliates conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey ( AIS) of a roughly 10- acre parcel ffMK: ( 3) I- 3- 008: 005) in Pohoiki Ahupua e, Puna District, Island of nanvai' i that is the home of the Kirpal\ ledimtnn& Ecological Center, 1. 1, C t KMEC). Leonard Sussin an, the landohemr and principle of K][ EC. is in the process of obtaining in Ibrmal ion Concerning the subject property in conjunction with the preparation of an application for a special permit and related entitlements and approvals for the proposed use of the property as a retreat center- This AIS was undertaken as part of that process. As a result of the current fieldwork, a single archaeological site, consisting of an early twentieth century rock wall( Site 50- 10- 46- 30583) associated with former ranching endeavors that occurred within a neighboring grant property, was identified along a portion of the northern boundary ofthe study parcel. The section of Site 30583 that is still adjacent to the eastern end ofT11K:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005 retains enough integrity to be assessed as significant under Criterion d for the information that it has yielded relative to the early to mid- twentieth century' method of controlling the movement livestock and marking grant boundaries in the vicinity of the current study area. This report presents a culture- historical context for Site 30583 and provides detailed archaeological documentation of the site, which serves to mitigate the wall from any future potential impacts. Therefore, no further historic preservation work is recommended for the portion of Site 30583 that extends along the boundary of the KMEC property. AIS of Tb1K:( 3i I- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna Hawaii Ublc ul t omam CHAPTERS Page I. INTRODUCTION S Ft' 1) V AREA DESCRIPTION 2. BACKGROUND 9 CCI. TI IRE- I IISTORICAI. CONTEXT 9 A Generalized Model of Hawaiian Prehistory 9 Legendary References to Pohoiki Ahupua' a I2 I listory After Contact 16 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL. STUDIES 47 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS 52 4. FIELDWORK 51 MEI' IODS 53 FINDINGS 53 SII II' Site 50- 10- 46- 30583 54 5. SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION 56 REFERENCES CITED 57 FIGURES Page Study area Location( shaded red; portion ofl! SGS 7. 5 min. series quadrangle Kapoho. HI 1995 2. Tax 1 MK):( 3) I- 3- 008 show parcel( 005) NIup Key ( inn the current study shaded red r 3. Google Earth 19 satellite image shoeing the current study area location( outlined in red3 4 4. Pohoiki Road near the end of western the current study area, view to the southeast 4 5. improvements and vegetation cover within Existing the current study area 5 6. Existing structures in the northwestern portion of the study parcel, view to the north 7. Existing structure in the central portion of the study parcel. view to the Mehl_ 6 8. Graded. landscaped area view along the KMEC driveway, to the northwest 6 9. Rows of planted( mi[ n) trees, view to the southeast 7 I0. Bulldozer berm the along northern property boundary, view to the northeast. 7 11. Weedy vegetation within the cornier papaya fields to the north of the study area, view to the northeast. 8 12. Natural vegetation cover within the eastern portion of the study area, view to the west 8 13. Portion of I Iawaii i Registered Map No. 2124( prepared by John M. Donn in 19011showi ng Pohoiki Ahupua' a( shaded red) 11 14. Portion of! Iawai' i Registered Map No. 424 prepared by Wilkes in 1841 10 15. 14. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 424 prepared by Wilkes in 1841 4IS I- oITMK ( 3) 7- 008 floc Pohoiki, Puna. Ilaaai i i Tahk nl Gun Page 16. •• Robert Rycrof, Plumber!" advertisement appearing in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser on February 17. 1866 0 17. Map of the ahupuaci of Pohoiki. Puna. I lawai' i ( Hawai` 1 Registered Map No. 333) prepared J. S. Emerson( December 1878) 27 18. August 19. 1882 advertisement in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser for Rycroft' s Puna Awa" 28 19. Diagram of a Chandler& Taylor nu ley- saw mill ( Patent No. 190, 822, dated May 15. 1877) 31 20. Portion of IIawai` i Registered Map No. 1777( prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in 1895) showing 35 the current study area( shaded red) 21. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1778( prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in 1895) showing 36 the current study area( shaded red) 22. Hawaii Registered Map No. 1698 prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in 1893. 37 23. Hawaii Registered Map No. 1856 prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in July, 1895 38 24. April 16. 1917 map( C. S. F. 2765) showing grant No. 6845 to R. Napalapalai in Oneloa- Ahalanui uhupta' ct. 40 25. 1908 photograph in The Woad- Worker( Vol. XXVII. No. 10: 47) with the caption, " At Pohoiki in December." 43 26. 1908 photograph in The Woad- Worker( Vol. XXVII, No. 8: 27) with the caption, " Derelict log From Oregon— Pohoiki. Hateai i. 43 27. Beach and village at Pohoiki, Puna in 1911 ( Lyman Museum Archives print P 1911. 1. 39) 44 28. Pohoiki Village, Puna, 1916( Lyman Museum Archives photographic negative P ' PI91). 44 29. Portion of a February 19, 1977 USGS aerial photograph showing the current study area shaded red 45 30. land Court Application 1800. Map 4, showing the subdivision of Lot 3- A with the current 46 study parcel shaded red. 31. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area 48 32. Site location map 53 33. Southeastern end of Site 30583 adjacent to Pohoiki Road, view- to the northeast. 54 34. Site 30583, southwest wall face, view to the northeast 55 35. Site 30583. neatly stacked southwest wall face with collapsed area to the right and bulldozer berm visible in the background. view to the northeast 55 TABLES Page I. Previous archaeological studies conducted within the vicinity of the current study area 47 2. Site significance and treatment recommendation. 56 iii AN of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna. Hawai' I Imnuduct', u 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of Thomas I.. H. }' eh of the I. av Offices of Pelt & Moore. LL(- ASM Affiliates conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey ( AIS( of a roughly 10- acre parcel ( FMK: 13) 1- 34)08: 0051 in Pohoiki Ahupua' a. Puna District. Island ofllavvai' i 1 Figures I and 2) that is the borne ofthe Kirpal , Meditation& Ecological ( enter. Lt.( KNIFE'). Leonard Sussman. the landowner and principle of KMEC. k in the process of obtaining information coni rn l ng the subject property in conjunction with the preparation of an application for a special permit and reItied entitlements and approvals for the proposed use of the property as a retreat center An archaeological inspection ofthe parcel undertaken as pan of the planning process revealed the presence ofa Il istoric rock wall. which necessitated the preparation of this ,AIS. The current study was undertaken in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules lap I 1 284, and was performed in compliance with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventor Surveys and Reports as contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§ 13- 276. Compliance with the above standards is sufficient fix meeting the initial historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the County of Hawaii Planning Department_ This report contains background information outlining the study area' s physical and cultural contexts, a presentation of previous archaeological work conducted in the general vicinity of the study parcel, and current survey expectations based upon that previous work. Also presented is an explanation of the archaeological field methods, a detailed description ofthe encountered archaeological feature. interpretation and evaluation of that resource, and treatment recommendations for the documented site. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION The current study area consists of a 10. 001- acre parcel ( TMK, ( 31 I- 3- 008: 005) located in Pohoiki Ahupua- a. Puna District. Island of Haw al' i at an elevation of 30 to 58 meters( IOU to 190 feet) above sea level ( see Figures I and 2). This roughly triangular shaped property, situated along the northern edge of Pohoiki Road. 0 4 to 12 kilometers( 0. 25 to 0. 75 miles) Tutula of the ( alapana- Kapoho Road( Route 137) intersection, and 0. 8 to 1. 6 kilometers( 0. 5 to I mile) inland of the coast. is home to the Kirpal Meditation& Ecological Center( KMEC). The parcel is bounded to the north and west by unde s. eloped residential parcels that were former papaya fields( Figure 3), and to the south by the Pohoiki Road right- u - nay ( figure 4). Since the early 2000s, an approximately 6. 5 acre portion of the parcel I lormen s planted in papaya) has been developed as pail ofthe KMEC facility ( Figure 5), which was inspired by His Holiness Param Sant Kirpal Singh 1i, Maharaj, and built in honor of his mission of human unity( see hop" kmec haw aii orgy. The retreat facility ( accessed from Pohoiki Road) includes inure than twenty existing structures( Figures 6 and 7h water tanks. cesspool.- septic sites- and landscaped grounds planted with fruit trees. ornamentals. and bamboo ( Figures 8 and 9). Large berms of bulldozer pushed material, generally 2 to 3 meters tall, and similarly wide, line the edges of the landscaped areas. (' hese berms were created during the 1970s when the KMEC property was initially cleared for the cultivation of papaya. The hers and former fields are now covered in a secondary growth of weedy vegetation Figures 10 and I I). A roughly 35- acre portion of the study parcel at its narrow, eastern end was never cleared or papaya. This area- characterized by gently west sloping a a, is blanketed by a fairly thick growth of hale( Pans/ anus leclorins) interspersed with ' Oh/ a lehua Lt ietrosidtrut pulnnapha). uuni l iforinda citrilalial, mango (. l iungrfrra indica). coconut ( bent nucifera). strawberry guava( Psidiurn cuuleianurn), ntelochia( llelochia umhellaa). octopus tree ( Brass-aid aerinupM lies), tr Hbrdv/ ire frwicosa). leue' e 11'hvmato con,s grasses), and Auprkupu ( 4'epluolepu t urdtfohal entangled with male pilau( Paederia foetido) and liliAni( Paamflura edulivl vines( Figure 121. The study parcel occupies two distinct lava substrates that are the result of flow episodes Rom eruptions of Kilauea Volcano( Vs oIR and Morris 1996). The eastern, portion of the study area consists of lava flows ( poo) that occurred roughly 400- 750 y cars hefore present. while the western portion is situated on younger lava flows t p4y) that occurred roughly 200 to 400 years before present. Given the relatively young geologic age of the lava substrates. soil development within the study area is limited. The United States Department of Agriculture( C' SD.A) Natural Resources Conservation Service' s ( MRCS) Web Soil Sun ey classifies the soils that have developed within the study area as Malama extremely cobbly highly decomposed plant material( USDA- MRCS 2016). These strongly acidic soils which form from decomposed plant material, typically overly ' a it lava flows and are generally no more than three inches thick, but loose cobble material may continue beneath their surface layer to a depth of three to fifty inches before reaching bedrock. the soil stays moist throughout the most of the year, but may experience periodic drying during the months of May and lune when the least amount of rain occurs( Giambelluca et al. 20141, This section of the Puna District typicalls receives 60 to 98 inches of rainfall annually, and has a mean annual air temperature that ranges between 72 and 77 degrees Fahrenheit( USDA- NRCS 2016). AIS of I MK:( 3) 1- 3- 008005. Pohoiki. Puna. I rawest i I. Introduction 30600e'^ 2030. 00'* E. 10400c.. E 205own% E. E. 207* 00•' E. WGSS4 Zone SQ 208000."' E. 1 MO N. 4--,,, ' Pr, . 1111.-2-'-r--:.: e wipii 0! 19FAIRPtirb677 '''?'. ,,,,!.-,1,..Atix.114t. Otew7; 114, in. ga P' aft•44 z 701... jt Z' 4-141 woo " 06"-- 1.." i Tip,-. f.A.". i.,,,,_169 , 0 v-, f„..,,,,, ...„,..,...... ,: Arr1017.-. , ,,, 10; 7. ,., 1,,,, r,il t,...... ,..„...... ,,,f .„...,...,,..,.....„Aril i ft l7 A" r VI }1i4:: 01414, I R u, 4441111, 4bM,,5 , .' Ait V/ V*.t!';,,.,..,:=r!,. 57,4,:,,,,,,IT. 4„,.fii: r 4 li X19 w 1141, t• t I tqiiiii„Aik‘ ,,,, Aii aV to L t! r w 11#-: 1Jerry •' ,:: + r',e{ F v a t r c— fi 1111, A, 1 F Studd ilr a N l(1 ` ~ i I/ ({ n i' 1 r' y Wir O r r ' yakAJ _ 1 T s' i . J e' L.A. f)) 411",* 7 F I{ M 4 1 A ,•-• P. I, z to e L r t I N n fir e 30300, 0^ E. 204000. e. 205006, 1, E. 106000.. E. 30700" E. WGS84 Zone SQ 108000. E. liCivo• gni, s se eoeewas up crw/.. 0 TWO', CaCC Xrwrt Geepapke t... aoee.. vv...... tw) Figure 1. Study area location( shaded red; portion of USGS 7. 5 min. series quadrangle Kapoho, HI 1995). 2 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 1. Introduction i 00.. l- 1,' ' b i 3 1 IIkit 1 ie i- ' -- -- F Q •• s v t 3 4 o t 1 • I;t 4=0 QI? , s i 7 A i! c4 ila g.' : r! 1111111,11 uto1111f? 3 A1t/$1 i c) 154.14.\ 1-. i X•; it J 1. ill 4 „•. t y i! a Ili a 0 2 41%00117'7"77, i 1( n Of* o y ito011t-1 y Y is t R o t a 1 1e\ 1 6.? r4* 1 1 N r. w 47-, 4 • g, ro t , f0-44;11')/ t) - V re– I. : ``rit:-..''b..' 1 P:--- 00 r tco t it c, 1/2,‘ kt. 1, ' . '' 43' I en l . eo_ i ( i v. i cif,t. 7" 1,1). '. " 1 1. ! - 4.,, ! ill f., if,<" pp. 1 r t - F T. P t " 04 1, k i\:' 1 41 I, tiit'...... ,..._4/. .!.` t rito.,,=ii,. NGa NNs k, 1171. 14, moo/ sa 4 i1 i_;:; r' 1' mo______` ,. it! 7 i 0 r1C c_.. ; Tiara . vfo i.' t ': fi -- € I i j' Z iii; i. iiIi Il. AIS ofIMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna, Hawaii 3 h125 I. Introduction j 41 NA" Figure 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing the current study area location( outlined in red). 1, 11 • 11 .'?; , ' . 1 11.; : 4, i,,,, 7 Ili'',-•••, -.( C 1,- 1) I ri ! k, • s• • • i; . • " l',4' v' s , r...;* l ., Vs 7 ••:• cstr• a: ' r• 4 1,,' :. ii.' 4 ' , • JAL... A p,... 4 . . ,, '` , 1,.,.. r 1 i . i. -1..:- 4-••• 4" A• 11.. lik A.. -. 4,.,':, a lk, n i.• i I ! I " . ''' r-: Po," • • ‘ 10- $ 7. irt.,,. 1 I.C. 4411F1 1. . ' ' 1 : 1•A'• 2:" C. Milliab1. 1...... 1111.. 1., 111111.".... 1111111116. 1 , 111 Figure 4. Pohoiki Road near the western end of the current study area, view to the southeast. 4 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna, Hawaii yle::;, I. Introduction 1,. Oov.n\ p 0 50 100 I' s Meters e 0 ` 44 1,A I ` Ii •% 4 Parcel Boundary Primary Driveway i3 Existing structure E] Graded/ landscaped ace Natural vegetation 0 Bulldozed berm Figure 5. Existing improvements and vegetation cover within the current study area. At A. d at., , i. 4140 4TAII,' .%'..** --:-. . dr R 61s • • lam' ,. I 141,'$ 1+ • :,., a. tiv` 2; c, r. A. i- a=' if 1 L 4,01.01- a 47L..„ ~•. .' .`". 1a % t yam, .' Mr' s.• t ...' ' ' ¢ . k y,,- Yip ' . ' t tr... % i Figure 6. Existing structures in the northwestern portion of the study parcel, view to the north. AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawai` i 5 I. Introduction t Figure 7. Existing structure in the central portion of the study parcel, view to the west. i_ L' / it M: C Atti 1, tet• it i. I k I SFti1nM 1..14., t 3 } xF 3Et, • a . I'r• Y ° f 4 PyL# p l. r /. eI 1 F I.. 4 17. r. r. • 4, 1, Figure 8. Graded/ landscaped area along the KMEC driveway, view to the northwest. 6 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005. Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii yyyyy I. Introduction K, e if,,y; ; r•" e5 .. / o. i,; 7 ' t. - , • i fir 4:" „ t. 0i 4, u , . r . 3... • f :, y 1.%.'. • -- 4.-:, ; i.'” .‘- '. ' . '- 0..,,,`'' "....,,• -'..'. '-' ' ' 6.'...*:• 7t0,,,14' 4.• ..{ 1. t.' I l.. l Y 4... P Figure 9. Rows of planted( milo) trees, view to the southeast. I . f y,, tn tom , 1 . j1' t jf r i r x111„,, t A V/ iflai".., 4 ` d 7' w 1 tta q t L- _' K' I.. ew•. A. . _ ~ TT'' !•'' •" 6..c.111..111.7% err 4• : Figure 10. Bulldozer berm along the northern property boundary, view to the northeast. MS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Ilawai` i 7 1, Introduction 1 t'' r f. t t J La' 4 a 1. X77! f v. LII q t• 1 t"-e' 1 t 1 t'...y, Iles Jt h x. 9 • Js { .' t/ L e{ ftX ice` s t r'' 1 t.. i T.• ` ` ' 40 v,' •:71' , i.' `_ R...... „•‘,„t j4 :.•1.4.0:.' t aTif • Jl T f 4 a Figure 1 1. Weedy vegetation within the former papaya fields to the north of the study area, view to the northeast. t r ; fit r; i' • Jr i - i i 34. 1,"... . . '' ."- ' . . i s'; t t:...; . e H • 1 1 /' 4 • •' , ' 4"'. . " 11. ' IS•• IS. • . a• 9 tY 1•• "'• v • •„ T. -/ m,.. 10. ' ,, , ... 1 n I t Ali.. Figure 12. Natural vegetation cover within the eastern portion of the study area, view to the west. 8 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii rti 2 Ifoykgrnuad 2. BACKGROUND T o generale a set of expectations regarding the nature of archaeological resources that might be encountered within the current stud) parcel, and to establish an environment within which to assess the significance of any such resources. a general culture- historical background I, r the region is presented, and the results of previous archaeological studies conducted in the y Ici nits of the studs urea arc sunmtarized. CULTURE- HISTORICAL CONTEXT The chronological summary presented below begins with the peopling of the Hawaiian Islands and includes the presentation of a generalized model of Hawaiian Prehistory containing specific legendary references to Pohoiki Ahupua' a and a discussion of the general settlement patterns. The discussion of Prehistory and legendary re lerences is followed by a summary of Historic events in the Puna District that begins with the arrival of foreigners in the islands and then continues with the history of land use after contact. The summary includes a discussion of the changing life ways and population decline of the early Historic Period. a review of land tenure in Pohoiki during the, Slahar ' dmu of 1848. and documentation of the transition to modern industries and agriculture during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A Generalized Model of Hawaiian Prehistory The generalized cultural sequence that follows is based on Kirch' s ( 1985) model, but amended to include recent revisions offered by Kirch( 201 I). The conventional wisdom has been that first inhabitants of Hawaii Island arrived M at least A. D. 300 and focused habitation and subsistence activity on the windward side of the island ( Huttehard 1995: Kirch 1985: Hammon 1986). However. there is no archaeological evidence for occupation of Ilawai' i Island or perhaps anywhere in Flanai' t during this initial settlement, or colonization stage of island occupation( AD. 300 to 6001. More recently. Kirch( 2011) and others( Athens et al_ 2011, 1,4 ilmshunt et al. 201 1) have convincingly argued That Polynesians may not have arrived to the Hawaiian Islands until at least A. D. 1000. hut expanded rapidly thereafter I he implications of this on the currently accepted chronology would alter the timing ol' the Settlement Developmental. and Expansion Periods. possibly shilling the Settlement Period to A. D. 1000 In 1100. the Developmental Period lu A. D. 1100 to 1350, the Expansion Period to 9. I). 1350 to 1650. and the Proto- Historic Period to A. l).1650- 1795. I he initial settlement in Hawaii is belie. cd Io have occurred from the southern Marquesas Islands. ' I his was a period of great exploitation and environmental modification, when early Hawaiian farmers developed new subsistence strategies by adapting their familiar patterns and traditional tools to their new environment( Kirch 1985; Pogue 1978). Their ancient and ingrained philosophy of life tied them to their em i ronme nt and kept order Order was further assured by the cynical clan principle of genealogical seniority ( Knish 19841. According to Pomander( 1969), the Hawaiians brought from their homeland certain universal Polynesian customs: the major gods Kane, Ku. and Lona; the kopu sy stern of law and order: cities of refuge: the eumakua concept: various epiphenomenal beliefs; and the concept of mom. Over a period of several centuries areas with the richest natural resources became populated and perhaps et en crowded, and the population began expanding to the knna( leeward side) and more remote regions of the island I( only 2000). In Puna. a hew small communities were initially established along sheltered bays with access to fresh water and rich marine resources. the communities shared extended familial relations. and there was an occupational focus on the collection of marine resources. I' he [ development Period brought about a uniquely Hawaiian culture. The portable artifacts found in archaeological sites of this period reflect not only an evolution of the traditional tools, but some distinctly Ila caiian ins entions. 1 he adze( ko' i) evolved from the typical Polynesian variations of piano- convex, trapezoidal. and reverse- triangular cross- section to a very standard Hawaiian rectangular quadrangular tanged adze. A few areas in Ifawai' i produced quality basalt for adze production. Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaii, possessed a well- known adze quarry. The Ma- piece fishhook and the octopus- lure breadloaf sinker are Hawaiian inventions of this period. as are ulv match stones and lei niho puluoa. The latter was a status item worn by those of high rank, indicating a trend toward greater status differentiation ( Kirch 1985). As the environment reached its maximum carrying capacity, the result was social stress, hostility, and war between neighboring groups( Kirch 1985). The Expansion Period is characterized by the greatest social stratification, major socioeconomic changes, and intensive land modification. Most of the ecologically favorable zones of the windward and coastal regions of all major islands were settled and the more marginal leeward areas were being developed. The greatest population growth occurred during the Expansion Period, It was during the Expansion Period that a second major migration settled in AIS of IMK.( 3 I- 1008. 005, Pohniki. Puna, Ila. ae i 2 Background Hawaii, this time from Tahiti in the Society Islands. According to Kamakau( 1976). the kahuna Pa' ao settled in the islands during the 13m century. Pa' ao was the keeper ofthe god Kg' ka- ilimoku, who had fought bitterly with his older brother, the high priest Lonopele. After much tragedy on both sides, Pa' ao was expelled from his homeland by Lonopele. He prepared for a long voyage, and set out across the ocean in search of a new land. On board Pa' ao' s canoes were thirty- eight men ( kapok)), two stewards ( kanaka ' a in, upu' ul. the chief Pi lika` aiea( Pili) and his wife Hina' aukekele. Sfmau' u o blalaia, the sister of Pa ao, and the prophet Makuaka- umana ( Kamakau 1992). In 1866, Kamakau tofd the following story of their arrival in Hao ai' i_ Puna on Hawaii Island was the first land reached by P8' ao, and here in Puna he built his first heiau for his god Aha' ula and named it Aha' ula [\ Vaha' ulaj. It was a luakini. From Puna, Pa ao went on to land in Kohala, at Pu` uepa. He built a heiau there called Mo' okini, a luakini. It is thought that Pa ao came to Hawaii in the time of the ali' i La' au because Pili ruled as ruff after I. a' au. You will see Pili there in the line of succession, the nano ku' arhau, of Hanala' anui. It was said that Hawaii Island was without a chief, and so a chief was brought from Kahiki: this is according to chiefly genealogies. Hawai` i Island had been without a chief for a long time, and the chiefs of I lawai` i were alit maka` 6inana or just commoners. maka' ninana, during this time. there were seventeen generations during which Hawaii Island was without chiefs- . some eight hundred years. . . . The lack of a high chief was the reason for seeking a chief in Kahiki, and that is perhaps how Pili became the chief of Hawaii. He was a chief from Kahiki and became the ancestor of chiefs and people of Hawaii Island.[ Kamakau 1992: 100- 102] According to Kirch' s( 1985) model, the concept of the ahupua' a was established sometime during the A. l) 1400s. adding another component to a then well- stratified society. This land unit became the equivalent of a local community. with its own social, economic, and political significance. Ahupua' a were ruled by ally( ' ai ahupua' a or lesser chiefs. who, for the most part, had complete autonomy over this generally economically self-supporting piece of land, which was managed by a konohiki. dOmpua a were usually wedge or pie- shaped, incorporating all of the eco- zones from the inountains to the sea and for several hundred yards beyond the shore_ assuring a diverse subsistence resource base Hontmon 19861. This form of district subdividing was integral to I lawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered io resource management planning. In this system, the land provided fruits and vegetables and sonic meat for the diet, and the ocean pros ided a wealth of protein resources ( Rechtman and Maly 2003). Pohoiki is one of some fifty ohupua' a that make up the District of Puna( Figure 131 Entire ahupua' a. or portions of the land were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohi ki. or lesser chid- landlords, who answered to an ali' i-' ai- ahupua- a( chief who controlled the ahupra' a resources). The ali' i-- ai- ohupua a in turn answered to an ali' i of moku( chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus. ahupua' a resources supported not only the maka' ainana and ' Ghana who lived on the land, but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/ or island kingdoms. This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resources management planning. In this system, the land provided fruits and vegetables and some meat for the diet, and the ocean provided a wealth of protein resources. Also, in communities with long- term royal residents, divisions of labor( with specialists in various occupations on land and in procurement of marine resources) came to be strictly adhered to. The Precontazt population of the Puna District lived in small settlements along the coast where they subsisted on marine resources and agricultural products. The villages of Puna, McEldowney( 1979) notes, were similar to those of the Hilo District, and they: comprised the same complex of huts, gardens, windbreaking shrubs, and utilized groves, although the form and overall size of each appear to differ. The major differences between this portion of the coast and Hilo occurred in the type of agriculture practiced and structural forms reflecting the uneven nature of the young terrain. Platforms and walls were built to include and abut outcrops. crevices were filled and paved for burials, and the large numbers of loose surface stones were arranged into terraces. To supplement the limited and often spotty deposits of soil, mounds were built of gathered soil, mulch, sorted sizes of stones, and in many circumstances, from burnt brush and surrounding the gardens. Although all major cultigens appear to have been present in these gardens, sweet potatoes, ti( C' or4yiine terminalis), noni( aiorinda curifolia), and gourds( Lagenaria siceraria) seem to have been more conspicuous. Breadfruit, pandanus, and mountain apple( Eugenia malaccensis) were the more significant components of the groves that grew in more disjunct patterns than those in Hilo Bay. [ McEldowney 1979: 17] 10 AIS of' IMK:( 3) 1- 5- 008905, Pahaiki. Puna, Hawaii 2. Background Handy and Handy relate that, " the wet and sometimes marshy pandanus forests from Kapoho through Poho- iki to' Opihikao used to be planted with taro in places"( 1991: 541). The method of planting taro in the lowland forests of Puna is described by Handy and Handy( 1991: 104) as the" pahala method". This method involved excavating holes in ' a' a lava within a hala grove, then mulching the holes with weeds and letting the mulch decompose, at which time taro cuttings wrapped in hala leaves were planted in them and more hala leaves were placed around the cuttings. The dry leaves were later burned to provide the plant with additional nourishment( Handy and Handy 1991). 1` x raAlltC•a ojc. A solo. L 1 I i L b 1l'it ..5. 6... h l, I r rs1, . ARL •=' i, ) ns f_ • / 4 ' es Q} 7' i‘ 4: i.,.,, I .,.... , /,, 4 , p•,t4, tr-;....,;i-,..14::„ le :/ teVo'‘..): 4. a. * i '''. 7 1:# 4" A:.--• 1. 7::::....:': .:::',.' 4 *"::: ;"...%" Iii01%.- 44'+ s 4 , ' '.... tir o 4 j IW11•. aAi 1.'", c'•- w‘ f•. , vs., • . . 6 I.,„•''..,...4 4 e,,:,.-. ,;.-:,...., • i„ i• ' :• 41:." Z:', is::..:,....,.....,-,•:7„: " .:. ..-‘ r.. no- .-- , y, ,.. Cd At. • •-•::,.:: i::.•?•: 1;' c...: 1 . - - A.. .,: iiyr-. y, h '- 7'; • r. 1rua. fu iii I 1 4 l 4.'• , Q 1, \-,.•,,,.... / 1' 11 t: aY `•'.,\, 4.‘,/--<;,,-.. 4: s• - •, ' \ t!:',:•'.r a 1. 1f'` C i\, A•/, y .•I. i 41_' 4 y i r • ! J A e i • 4-.- { r s r. l n 1 O 1 1 O F 1 1 ~ I o LI/ 1 Figure 13. Portion of Hawai` i Registered Map No. 2124( prepared by John M. Donn in 190 1) showing Pohoiki Ahupua' a( shaded red). AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 11 117;t4'*4M; 1 Background By the se. enteenth century, large areas of Hawaii Island ( moku ulna - districts) were controlled by a few powerful a/ i' i ' or moku. There is island- wide evidence to suggest that growing conflicts between independent chiefdoms were resolved through warfare, culminating is a unified political structure at the district level. It has been suggested that the unification of the island resulted in a partial abandonment of portions of leeward Haw'ai i, with people moving to more favorable agricultural areas( Barrens 19711: Schilt and Sinote 1980).' Umi a Liloa, a renowned dir i of the Pili Zine, is often credited with uniting the Island of Flawai- i under one rule( Cordy 19943 Kamakau reports that. at this time," Hua= a was the chief of Puna but Puna was seized by - f Inti and his warrior adopted sons-. Hua-' a was killed by Pii- mai- wa' a on the battle field of Kuolo in Kea' au. and Puna became ' Umi- a- Liloa s' ( 1961: 17- I8). U'mi' s reign lasted until around ca. A. D. 1620, and was followed by the rule of his son. Keawenui a` Umi, and then his grandson, Lanoikamakahiki( Cordy 1994). Kirch( 1985) places the beginning of the Primo- Historic Period during the rule of Lonoikamakahiki. This was a time marked by both political intensification and stress and continual conquest by the reigning a/i' i. Wars occurred regularly between intra- island and inter- island polities during this period. It was during this time of warfare that Kamchamcha, who would eventually rise to power and unite all of the Hawaiian Islands under one rule, was born in the District of North Kohala on the Island of Hawaii ( Kamakau 1992). There is some controversy about the year of his birth, but Kamakau( 1992:66' 68) places the birth event sometime between a.o. 1736 and 1758, most likely nearer to the later date. In A. U. 1754, after many bloody battles. Kalanidpu' u, the ctrl ' ai molar of Kali, defeated his main rival Keawe' dpala in South Kona and declared himself ruler over all of the island of Hawai` i ( Kamakau 1992: 78). Kalani' bpu' u was a clever and able chief, and a famous athlete in all games of strength, but according to Kamakau 1992) he possessed one great fault, he loved war and had no regard for others' land rights. According to Barrere 1959), rhe chiefs of the Puna District did not figure prominently into the Precontact political strife and turmoil on Hawar i Island. Barrere writes: Puna. as a political unit, played an insignifcant part in shaping the course of history of Hawaii Island. I' nlike the other districts oft lawaii. no great family arose upon whose support one or another of the chiefs seeking power had to depend for his success. Puna lands were desirable, and were eagerly sought, but their control did not rest upon conquering Puna itself. but rather upon control of the adjacent districts, Kau and Hilo. ( Barrere 1959: 151 Legendary References to Pohoiki Ahupua' a Despite its perceived lack of importance with respect to the emerging political history of Hawaiian leadership. Puna was a region famed in legendary' history for its associations with the goddess Pele and the god Kane ( Maly 1998). Because of the relatively young geological history and persistent volcanic activity, the region' s association with Pele has been a strong one. However, the association with Kane is perhaps more ancient. Kane, ancestor to both chiefs and commoners. is the god of sunlight, fresh water, verdant growth. and forests ( Pukui 19831- It is said that before Pele migrated to Hawaii from Kahiki, there was" no place in the islands . . . more beautiful than Puna" ( Pukui 1983: 11) Contributing to that beauty were the groves of fragrant halo and forests of' Ara IeMm for which Puna was famous: Puna polo alai ka hula( Puna. with walls fragrant with pandanus blossoms) Puna, Hawaii. is a place of halo and/ ehun forests. In olden days the people would stick the bracts of hula into the thatching of their houses to bring some of the fragrance indoors [ Pukui 19833011 The inhabitants of Puna were likewise famous for their expertise and skill in lauhala weaving. As the Hawaiian people had no written language until Post- contact times, traditional rno' oleic were passed down orally through the generations. Plentiful are the myths and legends associated with the beautiful truhi pana of Puna. which frequently refer to the majestic female toe deity. Pele, or" Pele- honua- mea ( Pele of the sacred earth)" ( Beckwith 1970). Most closely associated with the powerful. temperamental volcanoes of Hawai' i.. she was perhaps both feared and respected equally by the people of the islands. Nimmo ( 1990) relates that. " although the actual worship of Pele was most important in the districts of Hawaii that experienced active volcanism, the mythology of the goddess was widespread throughout the Hawaiian Islands", but that. " there is no evidence that Pele was worshipped extensively beyond the volcano area of Hawaii, although her mythology was apparently widespread throughout the Hawaiian Islands and members of her family were important in ritual throughout the archipelago"( Nimmo 1990: 44). 008: 005. Pohoiki, Puna, 1 lawns i 12 MS of PAK:( 3) 1- 3- 2 Hzc] grounil Pete- hon1W- mea: Pele of the sawed cer/ hh Kalaakaua 11972( indicates that active worship of Pele was ongoing between the 1r and 19' centuries, and that the abolition of the Aupu system in the late 19' century had little to no effect on this practice, which remains ongoing. In addition to being revered as a goddess, Pele was also w tshipped as an ' numakuu ( ancestor god guardian spirit) In her descendant. lcLording to Nimnhu,- most Hawaiians ( icing in the volcano areas of F lawa' f i. the districts of K Puna. and Kona m the time of 13 uropean contact traced their ancestry to Pdc' t 990.41) Pcic is frequently and comprehensively referenced in historical and mythological literature. mhd traditional Liles of Pelts migration to Hawaii from Kahiki are many and varied. Beckwith( 1970) relates_ The Pec myth is believed to have d eveloped in I awai- i. w here it is closely associated with auma kua worship of the deities of the volcano. with the development of the hula dance, and with innumerable stories in which odd rock or cone formations arc ascribed to contests between Pele and her rivals, human or divine. The myth narrates the migration or expulsion of Pele from her distant homeland and her effon to dig for herself a pit deep enough to house her whole family in cool comfort or to exhibit them in their spirit forms of flame and cloud and other volcanic phenomena. [ Beckwith 1970- I63i According to one version of the migration legend, Pele, daughter of flaunted and Aloemoe- a- aulii, was tempted with the urge to ( ravel. Nestling her favorite sister( who was horn in the shape of an egg). Hi' iaka- i- ka- poli-o- Pele. safely under her anup it, Pete traveled to the Hawaiian islands with aid from her brothers Pu-ahi u h iu lwIn rlwindl. Kc- au- lawc' Ne- mianiki l tide), and Ke- au- ka( current). She landed on the island of Kauai. and became enamored with a young chief nanhed I ohi- au. She then continued her journey through the islands in an attempt to secure a location where she could dig a home for her and her new lover( Beckwith 1970)_ Beckwith 11970. 1721 presents a mu' ole/ n that recounts the migration of Pele and company from Kahiki to Hawaii: The woman Fele et n es trout Kahiki, From the land of I' olapola, Vr, kahr, r mai Au Hakim: a Pe/ c From the ascending mist of Kane Rona the clouds that move in tin Au aina mai a Pulapulu the Ay that Ad pooh'? e Kane mai ke no lupa I Fa From the pointed clouds horn at Kahiki. lent The woman Pele was restless for law a i' i_ the Aa upuu lupi i AahzAt Fashion the canoe I Ionua- ia- keit, Iap sAu i I/ muni' t kit wahine a Pole As a canoe, 0 Kamohoal' i i, for venturing to the island Kali i Au ti a a o Honua- tmAru Completed, equipped, is the canoe of the gods, Aa II 4: rlai II:moua- mean hula The canoe for) Pete)- of- the- sacred- earth to sail in. Ilei k. an h. le a' e, ue tie An/ ani frum the straight course the heavenly one turned I puri ma: 4, 1 urakuas a klni n Ad ' Ara And went around the island, and the multitude of gods lamer Au hopekit uh o Au a ,' u' stepped ashore nit houli' i a Pete a e hue e Who were behind at the stern of the canoe"' Ile In hum Au kr. Ado ho' onoh. r Aar hoe The household of Pele and her company, and a 4a ua ci n O/ Ku ma lam u tone Those who bail. those who work the paddles. Itch? i bona ainakat akn On the canoe were Ku and Lono.' ho ghat , Aa rnoku a e a' e Hi' iaAu na' i cm It came to land. rested there. Ac ' kua the island rose before them- IIfiaka stepped ashore seeking for licit u e a Aomo I Ao hale a Pele increase of divinity, l/ u. Jun r Kuhikt lapa udu Went and came to the house of Pele. l lin Pelee haul a The gods of Kahl ki burst into lightening flame with mar and I hm' inu hot e tumult. Lightningflames gushed forth. Burst forth with a mar" Kalakaua places the arrival of Pele and I li' iaka during the reign of Kamiole, or more specifically, in approximately Au( 1175, and notes that" every tradition refers to them as deities at the time of their arrival at Hawaii' Kalakaua 1972: 1101. Pele' s initial landing on Hawaii Island is said to have occurred at Keahialaka IWestenelt 1916), the ahupua' a neighboring Pohoiki to the south. When Pele arrived on the shores of llawai' i. she discovered that a foe god by the name of' Ai La' au already had jurisdiction of the island. Westervelt explains: AIS of I tK ( 3) IA- 008 Pohoikt. Puna Hawaii 2. Background When Pele came to the island Hawaii. she first stopped at a place called Ke- ahi- a- laka in the district of Puna. From this place she began her inland journey towards the mountains, As she passed on her way there grew within her an intense desire to go at once and see Ai- laau, the god to whom Kilauea belonged, and find a resting- place with him as the end of her journey. She came up, but Ai- laau was not in his house. Of a truth he had made himself thoroughly lost. He had vanished because he knew that this one coming toward him was Pele. He had seen her oiling down by the sea at Ke- ahi- a- Iaka. Trembling dread and heavy fear overpowered hint Ile ran away and was entirely lost. When Pele came to that pit she laid out the plan for her abiding home, beginning at once to dig up the foundations. She dug day and night and found that this place fulfilled all her desires. Therefore, she fastened herself tight to Hawaii for all time. [ Westervelt 1916: 3] According to Kalakaua, Pele' s" favorite residence was the vast and ever-seething crater of Kilauea, beneath whose molten flood, in halls of burning adamant and grottoes of fire, she consumed the offerings of her worshippers and devised destruction to those who long neglected her or failed to respect her prerogatives" ( 1972: 139). Ile oulumahiehie( 2006) indicates that on her way to Kilauea Pele initially carved out a crater called Malama inland of her landing place at Keahialaka. Pale was dissatisfied with this crater, and proceeded to excavate another nearby crater called Pu ulena. which she was also displeased with. Yet another crater due by Pele was called Poho- iki, translated as" small depression"( Pukui 1974: 187). This crater was also abandoned as she continued her pursuit for a suitable home. Ke- ahi- a- Laka literally translates as the fire[ made] by Laka( a hula goddess)"( Pukui 1974: 100). Keahialaka is referred to by Emerson ( 1915) as" Ahi- a- Laka,- who argues the meaning is purely metaphorical, likening it to' The fires of passion." The actual origin of the name Keahialaka is unknown, but it may be affiliated with Pele' s sister Laka, the ancestral goddess of hula. Emerson( 1915: 190) presents an excerpt oil mete sung by Hi' iaka that describes the District of Puna and mentions the fires of her sister Laka: Sec the cape that' s a funeral pyre: TO la, lelen, I a iloka- hm a- Ina The tongue of ohi' e' s grief-smitten. Oni arca kr tae( Mi Beyond. at peace, lies Maiie: Aa lie upon, mauka a ka lue 11anieoie. Above rage the fires of Laka. I uka a Ke- ahi- a- Luka The cape is passion- moved: how human Om ora ka tae, a me he knnapn le The groan of rocks in the fire- pit! Ka leo a ka prhaku i Ailouca Thatcauldrono( vaporandsmoke— aaisklauern pan kekahi uoao a Au rnnhu nut. One side- wall has broken away.— hlahu- nui- akeu EliLnmianikeahiakrpnhakar That covers the earth and the sky Out pours a deluge of rock a- flame. Puna au. no ka hiking a Au la i f/ ae' eh,' e. My home- land is Puna, sworn guard At the eastern gate of the Sun. lt(! Heart Stirring Ston alKa-,tli/a A traditional mo' ole/ o, - The Heart Stirring Story of Ka- btiki- ( Auao Mantua Puuwai no tia- dhki), originally appeared in Ka Haku o Hawaii( a Hawaiian language newspaper) between 1914 and 1917. This tale tells of the two supernatural brothers, Ka- Miki and Maka-' tole, who were skilled Voile ( competitors/ fighters) and their travels around Hawaii Island by way of the ancient trails and paths ( ala Ion and ala hele), seeking competition with other nlohc. As described by Maly: The narratives were primarily recorded for the paper by Hawaiian historians John Wise and Lti' H. I. Kihe( with contributions from Steven Desha Sr.). While Ka- Miki isnot an ancient account, the authors set the account in the thirteenth century( by association with the chief Pili, who came to Hawaii with Pa' ao). They used a mixture of local stories, tales, and family traditions in association with place names to tie together fragments of site specific history that had been handed down over the generations. Thus, while in many cases, the personification of individuals and their associated place names may not be" ancient' the site documentation within the" story of Ka- Miki" is of both cultural and historical value. ( Maly 1998: 17] 14 AN of I'MK:( 3) 1- 3- 008. 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hmmi' i d. Background A portion of the legend set in Puna, published between October 2I and November I8. 1915 and translated by Maly. n1998: 17- 251, describes many people and places within the district, and mentions a young chief of Puna named Keahialaka l he Maly 11998) translation of the story is summarized below. During an expedition through the uplands of Puna, Ka- kliki and Maka-' Tole encountered El man named Pohakuloa who was intensely working on a targe koa log. They were headed to Kea- ail. hut had lust their wayThey stopped and asked Pohakuloa for directions, but Inc was startled by the unexpected appearance of the brothers_ and replied impolitely. Tennis were exchanged between the two parties, which led to a physical altercation. It was at this point, that Pohakuloa realized that these two men were extraordinarily skilled as well as spiritually protected. and he admitted his defeat. Pohakuloa wished to prepare a meal and drink of' awe with his newfound friends, and solicited the help of his brother in lass- an ' Mahn chief named Kapu euhi. However, Kapu' euhi had plans of his own- He intended to compete with and conquer the brothers. but was defeated by them instead. Kapu' euhi was infuriated by his defeat, and also by Pohakuloa- s refusal to aid in retaliation against Ka- Miki and Maka-' iole. Kapu' euhi incited the brothers back to his house to partake in a meal and a particularly potent type of tore, scheming to get than drunk. Unbeknownst to Ka- Miki and Maka-' iole, this was common practice for Kapu' euhi. who often housed weary travelers in his guest house. intoxicated them with un a. then killed them and stole their precious belongings. Kapu' euhi waged a bet with the brothers: ifthey couldn' t drink five cups ofthe 411a, then he would throw them out and they would be at the mercy of the Puna forest. Ka- Miki and Maka-' idle agreed, and counteracted his bet with one of their own; if they were able to drink live cups. they would throw Kapu' euhi out of his own house, The brothers prayed and chanted to their ancestral goddess, and were able to consume the entire quantity. of 'au a. taboo, getting drunk. As agreed upon. Kapu' euhi was thrown nut. Stunned, and angered that he was thwarted once again. Kapu-' euhi requested assistance from Kaniahiku ( a much feared Puna Voile and forest guardian) and her grandson Keahialaka. " At that time. Keahialaka was under the guardianship of Panau and Kaimu.. and he enjoyed the ocean waters from Nanawale to Kaunaioa, Puna'.( Ku Hok u o h a. a' I October 28, 1915; translated by Maly 1998: 201, which Maly( I 998) suggests is symbolic of controlling those regions. 7 ogether. Kapu' euhi and Kaniahiku conspired to lead the brothers deep into the Puna forest, where Kaniahiku would he able to murder them. all the while maintaining the facade that they were taking them to rine - On a grove of Mauanuikananuh. n Once Ka-' vii and Ka-' iole were well within the domain of Kaniahiku. she created a dark and murky envirnmmnt spreading gloomy mists and an overgrowth oftwisted vegetation intended to ensnare the brothers. Ka- Miki and Ka idle were overcome. and left for dead by Kapu- euhi. who made his way hack to safety, led by Kaniahiku' s sister. They prayed to their ancestor, Ka- uluhe- nui- hihi- kolo- i- uka for help All at once. her presence became apparent. and the brothers were able to continue on to the ' awa grove. Another attempt by Kaniahiku to kill the brothers was made- however. Ka- uluhe' s protection ow: them was mo strong. and the endemor failed. Ka-Miki and Ka-' iole realized that Kane- chi had deceised them and had been in affiliation with Kaniahiku. 1fluty were angered, and trapped him in ( lie ' ms a grove_ In an effort of retaliation, Kaniahiku summoned fur her grandson. Keahialaka, and readied herself for a battle Ka- Miki and Maka-- iole reprimanded Kaniahiku hx her deceitful action' s, which only served to anger her even further. Aggressively. Kaniahiku attacked Ka- Miki with her tripping club and spear. but Ka- kliki was far too elusive for her. He swifily evaded each attempt at injure made on his behalf In desperate need of assistance. Kaniahiku beckoned to Keahialaka by playing her nose flute, urging him to hurry to her side. Although Keahialaka was strong and skillful in the arts of i 2 Background History After Contact The arrival of Western explorers in Haw ai' i signified the end of the Precontact Period, and the beginning of the Historic Period. With the arrival of foreigners, Hawai' i' s culture and economy underwent drastic changes. Demographic trends during the late Prato- Historic Period/ early Historic Period indicate population reduction in some areas, due to war and disease. yet increase in others, with relatively little change in material culture. At first there was a continued trend toward craft and status specialization. intensification of agriculture. a/ i' r controlled aquaculture, the establishment of upland residential sites, and the enhancement of traditional oral history ( Kirch 1985; Kent 1983). The KC cult, luakini heiau, and the kapu system were at their peaks. although western influence was already altering the cultural fabric of the Islands( Kirch 1935; Kent 1933). Foreigners very quickly introduced the concept of trade for profit, and by the time Kamehameha 1 had conquered Oahu, Maui and Molokai, in 1795. Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy( Kent 1983). Some of the work of the commoners shifted from subsistence agriculture to the production of foods and goods that they could trade with early visitors. Introduced foods often grown for trade with Westerners included yams, coffee, melons, Irish potatoes, Indian corn, beans, figs, oranges, guavas, and grapes Wilkes 1845). Later, as the Historic Period progressed, Kamehameha 1 died, the kept system was abolished, Christianity established a firm foothold in the islands, and introduced diseases and global economic forces began to have a devastating impact on traditional life- ways in the Hawaiian Islands. This marked the end of the Proto- Historic Period and the end of an era of uniquely Hawaiian culture. The Arrival id' C aptain James Cook and the End pf Kalrrni' opu' u e' Reign( 1778- 17821 British explorer Captain James Cook, in command of the ships 11 MS. Resolution and 11, 11. S Discover, landed in the Hawaiian Islands on January 18. 1778. The following January 174 [ 17794 on a return trip to Hawaiian waters. Cook anchored near Ka' awaloa at Kealakekua Bay in the South Kona District to resupply his ships. This return trip occurred at the time of the annual Ilakahiki festival, and many of chiefs and commoners were gathered around the bay celebrating. According to John Ledyard. a British marine on board Cook' s ship, upward of 15,000 inhabitants were present at the hay, and as many as 3. 000 canoes came out to greet the ships ( Jarves 1847'.59). It has been suggested that Captain Cock was mistaken for the god Lono himself returned, as men would not normally be allowed to paddle out during the.{ lakehiki without breaking the tape; and forfeiting all of their possessions( Kamakau 1992). On January 26°' Kalani' noun), the reigning chief of Hawaii Island, visited Cook on board the/ l.11. S. Resolution, where they exchanged gibs. Kamehameha the future ruler of all ofHawaii. was present at this meeting I larves 1847). On February a", Cook set sail from Kealakekua Bay. but a storm off the Kohala coast damaged the mast of the f! t1S. Resolution. and both ships were forced to return to Kealakekua to make repairs. With Cook' s return many of the inhabitants of Kealakekua began to doubt that he was actually the physical manifestation of Lona( Kamakau 19927 On February 13', several natives were discovered stealing nails from the British ships. They were Bred upon by the crew, and a chief close to Kalani' Oran named Palea was knocked down, and his canoe taken. That night one of Cook' s boats was stolen, and the following morning Cook set ashore at Ka' awaloa with six marines to ask Kalani opu' u for its return. Kalani' opu' u. however, denied any knowledge of the Oct Cook decided to hold the chief captive until the boat was returned ( Kamakau 1992). When Cook tried to seize Kalani' opu' u, however, a scuffle ensued and Cook was killed( along with four of his men and several natives) thereon the shores of Ka' awaloa, struck down by a metal dagger. When Captain Cook fell, the British ships fired cannons into the crowd at the shore and several more natives were killed. Kalani' opu' u and his retinue retreated inland, bringing the body of Cook with them. In March of 1779, after Cook' s death, Captain King sailed along the Puna shoreline and described the district as sparsely populated, but verdant and fertile( Maly 1998). Captain King, mentioned that Kalani' opu' u had one of his residences there, and he provided the following description of the landscape: the SE sides of the districts of Opoona& Kaoo [ Puna and Ka' u]. The East part of the former is Bat, coverd with Coco nut trees, & the land far back is of a Moderate height. As well as we could judge this is a very fine part of the Island. perhaps the best. Terreeoboo [ Kalani` opu' u] has one of his residences here. On the SW extremity of Opoona the hills rise abruptly from the Sea side, leaving but a narrow border,& although the sides of the hills have a fine Verdure, yet they do not seem Cultivated, & when we saild pretty near & along this end of Opoona, we did not observe that it was equally Populous with the Eastern parts; before we reachd the East point of the Island,& all along this SE side the snowy mountain calls Roa( or extensive)[ Mauna Loa] is very conspicuous. It is flattish at the top or makes what we call Table land,_ [ Beaglehole 1967: 6061 16 AIS of TMMK: 01 I- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna Hawai i liackgruund After the departure of it HS Resolution and I) iscoven, Kal an,' bpu' u moved to Kona. where he surfed and amused himself with the pleasures of dance h Kamakau 19921 While he was living in Kona, famine struck. K elan i' bptru ordered that all the cultivated products of that district he seized. and he then set out on a circuit of the island- Kalan I' d pus' a first went In I Iinakahua in Kapaau. North Kohala where he amused himself with " sports and games such a, hula dancing. fail spinning, nzuihu rolling, and sliding sticks' I Kamakau 1992: 1061. During his stay in Kohala. around 1780. Kalanfopu' u proclaimed that his son Khwla' a would he his successor, and he gine the lust rdianship Of the war god Kaka' ilintoku to Kameharneha( Wornander 1996: Kamakau 19921. It was during hi+ tine in Kohala that an uprising, led by a highly esteemed chief of Puna named Imakakoloa, occurred. Upon hearing of the uprising, Kalani 6pu' u immediately went to Hilo to quell the rebellion. Though customary at the time, to furnish the king' s : ourt with items such as " pigs, fish. taro, fruits and other forms of wealth- ( Elkin 1903: 26), it is said that Imakakoloa rebelled because he was tired of the incessant and exorbitant demands of Kalani' tipu' u. As a chief who loved the people of Puna. and was beloved by them in return. Imakakoloa refused Kalani' opu' u' s demands. He felt that " Iris own people who cultivated the ground should he provided with the necessaries of life, before the numbers of the royal court, who lived in idleness"( Elkin 1903: 261. Rather than allow Kalani' upu` u access to the toils of the people of Puna, Imakakuloa'. seized the valuable products of his district, which consisted of hogs. gray tapa cloth I ' e( en/ i1, tapas made of mamaki bark, fine mats made of young pandanus blossoms 1 ' Ate hinalo). mats made of young pandanus leases 1 ' ahuao. and feathers of the ' a' n and mama birds of Puna. [ Kamakau 1992: 1061 this action angered Kalani' dpu u. who was insulted by the insubordination. He vowed revenge against makakoloa. and devised a plan to kill him. . battle between the two men ensued, and although Imakakoloa was a worthy opponent. his army was no match for Kalan i' upu' u' s superior force. Aller the battle, the Puna chief fled and was sheltered in the district by his people for more than a year. Kalani' opu' u. sworn to vengeance, ruthlessly stalked the fugitive chief for the duration of his emancipation, and in his rage he ordered that Puna he burned to the ground. I' arnander 11960 2021 indicates that the dish ict was" literally laid in ashes" as a result of Kalan' opus' Ws' engcance W hile the rebel Puna chief was sought. Kalani npu' u " went to Ka-' u and stayed first at Punultruthen at VA' aiohinu. then at Kama' oa in the southern part of Ka-' u, and erected a helms called Pakini. or Halauwalua. near Km id in- Kamakau 1992_:108). Imakakoloa was eventually captured and brought to the befall, sshere Kiwala' o was to sacrifice him. " The routine of the sacrifice required that the presiding chief should first offer up the pigs prepared for the occasion. then bananas. fruit. and lastly the captive chief' 1 Pomander 1996: 202). However, before Kiwala0 could finish the first offerings, Kamehameha," grasped the body of Imakakoloa and offered it up to the god. and the freeing of the tabu for the heiau was completed" ( Kamakau 1992: 109). Epon observmu this single act of insubordination. many of the chiefs helieced that Kamehameha would eyenmally rule o' er all of Hawaii. After usurping Kiwalao' s authority with a sacrificial ritual in Ka' u, Kamehameha retreated to his home distticI of Kohala. The Rule of Aumthamehu I 0' 82- LS 9) Aher Kalanldpu' u died in April of 1782_ se+ eral chiefs were unhappy with Kiwala' o' s division of the island' s lands. and civil war broke out. Kiwala' o, Kalani opu' u' s son and appointed heir, was killed at the battle of Moku' bhai. South Kona in July of 1782. Supporters of Kiwala' o. including his halfbrother Keoua and his uncle Keawemauhil i. escaped the battle of Atoku' uhai with their lives and laid claim to the Hilo. Puna, and Ka' u Districts. According to I' i ( 1961) nearly ten years of almost continuous ' carfare followed the death of Kiwala' o. as Kamehameha endeavored to unite the Island of I law ai' i under one rule and conquer the islands of Maui and Oahu. Keoua became Kamehameha' s main al on the Island of I lawal' i. and he preyed difficult to defeat ( Kamakau 19921. Keaw emauhili would ecentuall' give his support to Kamehameha, but Kenna never stopped resisting. Around 1790, in an effort to secure his rule, Kamehameha began building the hrvmr of Pu' ukoholA in Kawaihae. which was to he dedicated to the war god Kuka' ilimoku 1 Pornander 996). Westervelt ( 19161 relates a story of Keoua, Keawemauhili, and Kamehameha that begins after the battle of Moku' ohai_ but tells of another battle in ca. 1790 when Kamehameha routed Keoua at Waimea and llamakua and then sent men to attack Ka`"u. As Keoua attempted to return to his home district a portion of his army was killed by an eruption from Kilauea Volcano. Westervelt writes: K iwalao' s hal f-brother Keoua escaped to his district Ka- won the southwestern side of the island. His uncle Keawe- mau- hili escaped to his district Hilo on the southeastern side. 17- 17 AIS of 11K:( yt VOR 0( 15, Pohuiki. Puna. Hawaii 2. Background For some years the three factions practically let each other alone, although there was desultory lighting. Then the high chief of Hilo accepted Kamehameha as his king and sent his sons to aid Kamehameha in conquering the island Maui. Keoua was angry with his uncle Keawe- mau- hili. He attacked lido. killed his uncle and ravaged Kamehameha- s lands along the northeastern side of the island. Kamehameha quickly returned from NI dui and made an immediate attack on his enemy, who had taken possession ofa fertile highland plain called Waimea. Hon] this method of forcing unexpected battle came the I lawaiian saying.' The spear seeks Waimea like the wind" Keoua was defeated and driven through forests along the eastern side of Mauna Kea( The white mountain) to Hilo. Then Kamehameha sent warriors around the western side of the island to attack Kenun' s home district. Meanwhile, after a sea fight in which he defeated the chiefs of the islands Maui and Oahu, he set his people to building a great temple chiefly for his war- god Ka- iii. This was the Cast noted temple built on all the islands. Keoua heard of the attack on his home, therefore he gave the fish- ponds and fertile lands of Hilo to some of his chiefs and hastened to cross the island with his army by way ofa path near the volcano Kilauea. He divided his warriors into three parties, taking charge of the first in person. They passed the crater at a time of great volcanic activity. A native writer, probably Kamakau, in the native newspaper Kuokoa. 1867, describes the destruction of the central part of this army by an awful explosion from Kilauea.( Westervelt 1916', 140- 141) The untimely eruption of Kilauea, as Keouas army attempted to return to Ka' u to stop Kamehameha' s warriors from ravaging their home district, cost him about 400 fighting men along with an untold number of women and children( Fornander 1996). Kamehamehas prophets said that this eruption was the favor of the gods who rejoiced at his building of Pu' ukohols Heiau. According to Westervelt. " The people said it was proof that Pele had taken Kamehameha under her special protection and would always watch over his interests and make him the chief ruler' 1916: 146). Unable to defeat Kedua in battle, Kamehameha resorted to trickery. 1\' hen Pu' ukohola Heiau was completed in the summer of 1791. Kamehameha sent his two counselors. Keawcaheulu and Kamanawa, to Keoua to oiler peace Keoua was enticed to the dedication of the Pu' ukaholii Heiau by this ruse, and when he arrived at Kawaihae, he and his party were sacrificed to complete the dedication( Kamakau 1992). It is widely thought that Kedua knew the likely outcome of his visit to Pu' ukohola Heiau, but sacrificed himself any way to spare the people of Ka' u further bloodshed. The assassination of Keoua gave Kamehameha undisputed control of Hawaii i Island by 1792( Greene 1993). By 1796, with the aid of foreign weapons and advisors. Kameherneha conquered all of the island kingdoms except Kauai. In 1810. when Kaum ualifi of Kauai gave his allegiance to Kamehameha, the Hawaiian Islands were unified under a single leader( Kuykendall and Day 1976). Kamehameha would go onto rule the islands for another nine years. I Ie and his high chiefs panicipated in foreign trade, but continued to enforce the rigid kapu system. Earl} Il rifles Accounts of Yana( 1820- 1847) Following the death of Kamehameha 1 in 1819, the Hawaiian religious and political systems underwent a radical transformation; Ka' ahumanu proclaimed herself" Abrhina nut ( Prime Minister), and within six months the ancient kapu sy stent was overthrown. Within a year. Protestant missionaries arrived from America( Fornander 1969; 1' i 1963: Kamakau 1992). In 1823. British missionary William Ellis and members of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions( ABCFM) toured the island of Hawaii seeking out communities in which to establish church centers for the growing Calvinist mission. Ellis recorded observations made during this tour in a journal( Ellis 2004). Walking southwest to northeast along the southeastern shore of the District of Puna with his missionary companions Asa Thurston and Artemas Bishop. Ellis' writings contain descriptions of residences and practices that are applicable to the general study area: The population in this part of Puna, though somewhat numerous, did not appear to possess the means of subsistence in any great variety or abundance; and we have often been surprised to find desolate coasts more thickly inhabited than some of the fertile tracts in the interior; a circumstance we can only account for. by supposing that the facilities which the former afford for fishing, induce the natives to prefer them as places of abode; for they find that where the coast is low, the adjacent water is usually shallow. 18 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, PunaHawaii 2 Background We Sans several fowls and a few hogs here, but a tolerable number of dogs, and quantities of dried salt lisih, principally albacores and bonitos. This latter article, with their pot[ pod and sweet potatoes. constitutes nearly the entire support of the inhabitants, not only in this vicinity, hut on the sea coasts oldie north and south parts of the island. Besides what is reserved Ibr their own subsistence, they cure large quantities as an article of commerce. which they exchange lir the cegclahle productions of Hilo and Alamakua I113makual. or the tnomuk: and other tapas of Ora 1' Ola' a 1 and the more ' mile districts oil' await. When ane passed through Punau ( Pnnaul, Leapuki j . aeapuki], and Kmnonhoa IKamoamoai. the country began to wear a more agreeable aspect. Groves of coca- nuts ornamented the projecting points of land, clumps of kou- trees appeared in various directions. and the habitations of natives were also thickly scattered over the coast. Ellis 2004: 263- 264j Continuing their journey northeastward along the Puna coast. Ellis' party arrived at the village of Keahialaka where they found the chief Kinao sick in bed at his residence. Ellis writes: ear five p. m. we reached Keahialaka, the residence of Kinao, chief or governor of Puna. We found him ly in; on a couch of sickness, and felt anxious to administer to his comfort. yet did not like at so early an hour to halt altogether for the night. I therefore remained with the suck chief, while Messrs. Thurston and Bishop went on to a village at the east point, about two miles distant. V. hen they reached Pualaa. the above mentioned village. they were kindly welcomed by the headman_. he chief furnished the travelers with a hospitable supper and comfortable lodgings. [ Ellis 2004:004279-279- 28012801 One year after L'Ilii tour. the ABC'- M established a base church in Hilo. from that church Wadi). the missionaries traveled to the more remote areas of the lido and Puna Districts. A Mission church and school were eventually established at Pohoiki on a lot at the coast. along the eastern shore of Pohoiki Bay. ( Maly 1998). David I.) man who cane to Hawaii in 1832, and Titus Coan who arrived in 1835 were two of the most influential c we regatlo:ial missionaries in Puna and Hila As part of their duties they compiled census data for the areas within their emissions_ ler 1835- 4. 800 individuals were recorded as residing in the district of Puna( Schmitt 197:): the smallest total district population on the island of Flawai i. In 1841- Titus Cin recorded that most of the 4, 371 recorded residents of Puna hced near the shore, though there were hundreds of individuals who lived inland plolmes 19851. In 1841. the t' lilted States Exploring Expedition under the direction of Commander Charles ' Wilkes. loured the Hawaii Island and travelled through the Puna District( Figure 143. Wilkes, travelling toward): Kapoho at the eastern tip of the island. provides the following description of his tour of Puna: A lmea a1I of the hills or craters of any note have some tradition connected with them: hut I found that the natives were now generally unwilling to narrate these tales, calling them " foolishness.` After leas, Ing the pahoihoi sick plain. we passed along the line of cone- craters Inwards Point Kapoho. the Southeast pan of the island. Of these cone- craters we made out altogether, large and small. fifteen, trending about east- northeast. the names of the seven last are Pupukai. Poholuaokahowele [ Pu' u- holua- o- Kahawali]. Punonhakal ua. Kapoho. Puukea. Puuku. and Keaha. On some of these the natives pointed Out where there had tbrnterly been slides, an amusement or game somewhat similar to the sport of boys riding down hill on sleds. These they termed kolua[ sic - holuaj This game does not appear to be practiced now. and I suppose that the chiefs consider themselves above such boyish amusements. The manner in which an old native described the velocity with which they passed down these slides was, by suddenly blowing a puff according to him, these amusements were periodical, and the slides were usually filled with dried grass. As we approached the sea- shore, the soil improved very much, and was under good cultivation. in taro, sweet- potatoes, sugar cane, and a great variety of fruit and vegetables. At about four o' clock, we arrived at the house of our guide. Kekahunanui, who was the" head man.' I was amused to find that none of the natives knew him by this name, and were obliged to ask him, beibre they could give it to Dr. Judd... The view from the guide' s house was quite pretty, the eye passing over well- cultivated fields to the ocean, whose roar could be distinctly heard... ! Wilkes 1845: Vol. 4: 186j AIS of FMK:( 3: d- 008: 005. Pohoiki, Puna. Hawaii 19 2. Background During the night, one of the heaviest rains I had experienced in the island, fell; but the morning was bright and clear,----every thing seemed to be rejoicing around, particularly the singing- birds, for the variety and sweetness of whose notes Hawaii is distinguished. ( Wilkes 1845, Vol. IV: 188) Y' jeL11 h:,;r.,. r- 11, 44. s ' Ai.„si, : 4 _. ...-_,._..•_:,:._.- - - 11/ r". •— ---- , . i T... ."". y S S • f1 t j h'$ t let . '...... T< rt C to ., ,- is •"?d4,01.. rpt y.,... u. y q., 1 r"" Figure 14. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 424 prepared by Wilkes in 1841. In 1846, Chester S. Lyman, " a sometime professor" at Yale University visited Hilo, Hawai` i, and stayed with Titus Coan ( Maly 1998). Traveling the almost 100 mile long stretch of the" Diocese" of Mr. Coan, Lyman reported that the district of Puna had somewhere between 3, 000-4, 000 inhabitants( Maly 1998). Entering Puna from Hilo, and traveling to Kea`au along the coast, Lyman offered the following observations of the Puna District: The groves of Pandanus were very beautiful, and are the principal tree of the region. There is some grass and ferns, and many shrubs: but the soil is very scanty. Potatoes are almost the only vegetable that can be raised, and these seem to flourish well amid heaps of stone where scarcely a particle of soil could be discovered. The natives pick out the stones to the depth often of from 2 to 4 feet, and in the bottom plant the potato•- how it can expand in such a place is a wonder. Nearly all Puna is like this. The people are necessarily poor—a bare subsistence is all they can obtain, and scarcely that. Probably there are not$ 10 in money in all Puna, and it is thought that not over one in five hundred has a single cent. The sight of some of these potatoe patches would make a discontented N. E. farmer satisfied with his lot. Yet, I have nowhere seen the people apparently more contented& happy.( Lyman ms. Book 1I1: 3 in Maly 1998: 35) Pohoiki, Puna. Hawai' i 20 MS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, 2 Packe round Vier a long day of travel, Coan and Lyman slopped for the night at Pohoiki. Lyman, who described the village and landscape favorably, noted that the population was aging, with only a tint. children present ( in 1848. fifty- two students were enrolled at the Pohoiki school: Maly 1998). He also mentions the Pohoiki church. I- yman' s 1846 description of PLihoiki is as follows: Our stopping place lin the night was Po ho ik L about 7 miles from Koae and nearly the same dlsmooc SW from the I: nstcrri point of the island. The natives brought us the Ki or root baked it was vert sw eel S juicy. There arc fine groves of cocoanut and the situation of the hamlet on an inlet of the sea i3 very pleasant_. Friday July 10th. At low water as mal I spring of warm water issues from the beach- the temperature I found to he 90°. Mr. (ban began his meeting in the church at 8. There being much preliminary business I did not go in till 9 There were several infants baptized, and I noticed a greater proportion of old people than I had observed before. About 200 people were present mostly seated on the ground, as is usually the case except in the larger and more central churches... ( Lyman nts. Book 111: 7 in Italy 1998: 3 I Written accounts left by early visitors to the Island oftlawai' i offer insight into what life may have been like for the earliest residents of Puna. however, by the time HHis visited Puna, less than fifty years after the arrival of the first Europeans, the population of Hawaii was already beginning to decline. By 1850, the population of Hawaii Island had dropped to 25, 846 individuals ( Schmitt 1973: 8). Maly ( 1998) summarizes the reasons for the rapid decline of native populations thusly: Overall, historic records document the significant effect that western settlement practices had on Hawaiians throughout the islands. Drawing people from isolated native communities into selected village parishes and Hawaiian pons- of-call, had a dramatic, and perhaps unforeseen impact on native residency patterns, health, and social and political affairs. In single epidemics hundreds, and even thousands of I lawaiians died in shon periods of time.[, bialy 1998: 36] l egui it/ the( a. ur Ltidrele r/ 8J9- IH731 By the middle of the nineteenth century, the ever- growing population of Westerners in the I lawaiian Islands forced socioeconomic and demographic changes that promoted the establishment of a Euro- American style of land ownership. and the Ildhele became the vehicle for determining ownership of native lands. During the 1laheic. land interests of the King ( Kamehameha I. the high- ranking chiefs, and the low- ranking chiefs, the AonohiAi. wee defined. The chiefs and Aunuhiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive awards lin lands provided ui them by Kamehameha III. They were also required to provide commutations to the government in order to receive royal patents on their awards. l he lands were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed. This process expedited the work of the Land Commission( Chi nen 1961: 13). During the I f:7/ re/ e ' aloe of 1848. all lands were placed in one of three categories: Crown Lands( for the occupant of the throne). Got ernment lands, and Konohiki Lands. Pohoiki Ahupua` a was claimed as Crown Land by William Charles Lunalilo. the future King of Hawaii. however, the entire ahuprm' a ( 652 acres) was commutated to the Government in lieu of fees on other awards. All lands awarded during the 1@hole were subject to the rights of the native tenants therein. Native tenants of the lands that were divided up among the Crown, A-nnohiki, and Government could claim, and acquire title to. Ardeane parcels that they actively lived on or farmed. The Board ofCommissioners oversaw the program and administered the Auleanu as Land Commission Awards t I- CAw. 1. In Puna however, very few claims for ku/ eann were submitted. Maly 1998- 37) notes that, with the exception of the islands of Kaho' olawe and Niihau, no other land division of comparable size, had fewer claims for kuleurza from native tenants than the district of Puna. Two claims were made for kuleana in Pohoiki Ahupua' a, one by Nalima( LCAw. 2557) and another by J. B. Kane( LCAw. 8748). neither of which was awarded. Although the specific locations of these two claims is not known, the claim documentation indicatesland claimsthatarebothreproducedwere housebelow.lots located at the coast of Pohoiki Ahupua' a. Testimonies describing each of these AlS of TMK: m I d- o118: Up5, Pohoiki. Puna, Hmva,' i 21 2 Background Nalima' s claim for LCAw. 2557. recorded at Kailua, Ilawai i on December 29, 1347( Native Register, Volume 3. page 554), reads as follows: Greetings to the Land Commissioners: I hereby state to you my claim for a house lot in the land of Pohoiki in Puna. The length is 25 fathoms and the width is 20 fathoms. That is my little claim at this place. Thereis no one else there, only myself. The names of the true witnesses at this place are below: I. Kaiwiliilii, 2. Kanakanui, 3. Pehe. 4. Nab, 5. Waakeleaulani. NALI1fA Information regarding J. B. Kane' s claim for LCA,. 8748 was found in both the Native Testimony and the Foreign Testimony. The Native Testimony( Volume 4, page 438) reads: No- 8748 Kane Kanakaole sworn He has seen in the iii land of keawa, in Pohoiki ahupuaa of Puna Hawaii a house lot. Menke islw[?] land East Nalima' s lot Makai Ocean Kau Kawaiuelawela land Enclose 1 house for Kane, Interest from Kanakaole in 1841. Kane now lives there. no objections from Kanakaole. The Foreign Testimony( Volume 5, page 15), presented by Kanakaole for Kane' s claim, reads: 8748 1. B. Kane Kanakaole sworn, deposed that the claim of.I. B. Kane was situated in the See to this- District of Puna( Iiavail) in the Ahupuaa Pohoiki on the Ili Keaiiwa that is consists of an house lot and was bounded on the West by Konohiki on the North by Konalima' s fence, on the East by Sand Beach on the South by Waiwela, it is enclosed by a stone all and has I dwelling house belonging to him, he holds this lot from Kanakaole since the year 1841 and I shall never dispute his claim. [???) Kanakaole the Konohiki The above documentation provides insights into the land use and residency of Pohoiki during the 1840s. From these claims we learn that Kanakaole was the konohiki of Pohoiki, that Keawa ( Keaiiwa) and Waiwela are two ' ill lands of the ahupva' a, and that in addition to Nalima and J. B. Kane, Kaiwiliilii, Kanakanui, Pehe, Nab, Waakeleaulani. and Kawaiuelawela were also either residing at Pohoiki or on a nearby land. Nalima' s claim is not specific about the location or the number of houses it contained, but Kane' s claim for one house enclosed by a stone wall indicates that Nalima' s lot bounded his to the northeast, was enclosed by a fence('[ Ko] nalima' s fence"), and that both lots were situated near the" sand beach" at the coast of Pohoiki. In conjunction with the 1lahele: 4ina of 1848, the King had authorized the issuance of Royal Patent Grants to applicants for tracts of land, larger than those generally available through the Land Commission, The process for applications was clarified by the" Enabling Act,' which was ratified on August 6, 1850. The Act resolved that portions of the Government Lands established during the halide should be set aside and sold as grants. The stated goal of this program was to enable native tenants. many of whom were not awarded kuleana parcels during the Slaheie, to purchase lands of their own. Despite the stated goal of the grant program, in reality, many of the Government Lands were eventually sold to foreigners. In 1855 and 1856 two roughly ten acre grant parcels located near the coast in the Government Land of Pohoiki Grant No. 1895 to Mohala and Grant No. 1940 to Mauae) were sold to individuals with Hawaiian surnames. Although the specific locations of these two grants properties are not known( both grants were absorbed into a larger grant for the entire ahupun' a of Pohoiki in 1879, and they do not show upon any maps of the later Historic Period), descriptions of their boundaries contained in the grant deeds indicate that they were situated adjacent to one another at the coast of Pohoiki Ahupua' a. The boundary of Mohala' s land( Grant No. 1895) is described as commencing at a stone mound, adjoining the beach at the eastern corner of this[ land] and heading upland along the Government' s land( Grant Book. Vol. 10, pages 195- 196). Mauae' s land ( Grant No. 1940) is described as a" certain piece of land situated at Pohoiki and Kanani, Puna"'. that is located between Mohala' s land and Mokumaili' s land, with boundaries, commencing at the 22 XIS ofTMK:( 3) 1- 3- OOSMOS, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 2 ! 3a. kermeJ southern corner adjoining the stone mound at the southeastern comer of Mok um aili s land. adjoining the( ins ernment Road. and heading along the boundaries of Mokumail is( Grant Book, Vol. 10, pages 285- 2861. Although it is not clear what became of these two grant lands, or why they were not retained by the original o tiers. it is possible that they. or their family. like man) of the residents of Puna simply moved away and stopped pay ing taxes hiring the mid- I800s, out- emigration from Puna was well underway. and trait e populations along the coast of the district at the traditional village areas. were gaming ( Maly 1998)- By 1865, attendance at the Pohoiki School had dropped m thirty-seven students ( Maly 1998). the school and church site were briefly described in the Public Instruction School Reports for 1865. Pohoiki. a stone concern standing on original ground. including a church site. Reading. writing. and geography were good, but arithmetic was not so good. 37 scholars. There is an ancient school lot at Aahalanui, not far off, which should be occupied as working grounds for the children. or else exchanged for a nice site mauka of the road near the present school house... ( Archives Series 262 Rawai' I Folder 1865 in Maly 1998: 48) In 1868 a volcanic eruption emanating from Mauna Loa volcano shook Hawaii Island, bringing with it lava flows. earthquakes and a tsunami that transformed the landscape the southern pan of island forever. and further contributed to the depopulation of the District of Puna. Cean t 1882) recorded that on April 2: a terrific shock rent the ground. sending consternation through all Hilo, Puna. and Kau. In some places fissures of great length. breadth, and depth were opened... Stone houses were rent and ruined. and stone walls sent flying in every direction._ the sea rose twenty feet along the southern shore of the island. and in Kau 108 houses were destroyed and tiny-six people drowned... Mans houses were also destroyed in Puna, hut no fives were lost. Durilie this an hour the coast of Puna and Kau. for the distance of seventy- five miles subsided seven feet on average. submerging a line of small villages all along the shore. One of my rough stone meeting houses in Puna[ Kapoho- Koa' c]. where we once had a congregation of 500 to 1. 000 was swept away with the influx of the sea. and its walls are now under water. . ( Coan 1882. 314- 316) lionratan f' ommi ssi., n Ilcarings frr Pohnike ihurtua a(/ N76,/ The Commission of Boundaries( Boundary Commission) was established in the Kingdom of f lawai' i in 1862 to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua' a that had been awarded as a part of the 3 lahele. By 1874, the Commissioners of Boundaries were authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents of the lands, many of which had also been claimants for kuleana during the ilihere phis information was collected primarily between AD. 1873 and 1885 and was usually given in Hawaiian and transcribed in English as they occurred. On February 29. 1876. hearings were held regarding the boundaries of the ahupuu' a of Pohoiki. Kaluahine. a resident of Pohoiki at that time who was horn in the neighboring ahupm' o of Keahialaka. served as the primary wimess for the Boundary Commission( Maly 1998). lois testimony, regarding the seaward boundaries of the ahupua' a. is as follows: Kaluahine, Kane. sworn, 1 was born at Keahialaka. Puna, Hawaii. al time of the death of Kamcemeha I IMay 1819]. I now live on Pohoiki. I have always lived on these two lands, and ani a kamaai na of these lands. I know part of the boundaries of Pohoiki_ There are old ahupohaku[ stone cairns] on the boundary. Kaulana an old kamaaina of these lands pointed out pan of the boundaries to me. I Ie is dead now. The land of Keahialaka hounds Pohoiki on the Kau side. The boundary between then at the shore is at a point called Kahuna.,. thence to place called Paakoi, where Keahialaka and Kapoho cut this land off. This place is mauka of place called Punanaio. Thence the boundary between this land and Kapoho runs makai along old trail. Pohoiki ends at Oioina Pakoi[ the Irailside resting place. Pakoif: and the boundary runs makai along trail along land of Taepaoo, until come to pahoehoe at the mauka corner of land of Oneloa. Pohoiki being on Aa, and Oneloa on / filo side of Aa. Thence boundary runs makai to place called Kupakia. Thence makai, both lands being on Aa to ahu at place called Paliuli_ Thence makai into uluhala[ pandanus grove: located at the approximate location of the current study areaj called Kaena to an old pile of stones. Thence makai to Govt. road on ( filo side of church. Thence makai along land on Oneloa, sold and patented to Makaimoku, to place called Palipoko. Bounded makai by se& ancient fishing rights extending out to sea.( Boundary Commission, Volume B. pages 408- 409) AIS of I MK: Flit I- 3- Ua8: 005, Pohoiki, Puna. l lawaii 23 2 Background Robert Rycro( I al Pohoiki( 1877- 1899) On June 13, 1377 Robert Rycroft. an Englishman. obtained a lease for land in Pohoiki from R. Oliver( Maly 1998). According to Bureau of Conveyances documents contained in Maly( 1998'. 48- 59), the land included the store of the grantor, out buildings, fixtures and appurtenances. twenty acres of pastureland, cultivated and uncultivated ' acro. and one half interest in the Awa License at Hilo'. 9111 of.Nal) R. Oliver, having obtained a lease on an area of about 2 acres of land in Pohoiki. grants said lease to R. Rycroft. The parcel included the store of the grantor, as well as out buildings. fixtures and appurtenances( stock and trade in the store valued at$ 1896. 244 Also included in the Bill of Sale were: About 20 acres of pasture land in Pohoiki, All, awa belonging to the grantor. cultivated and uncultivated in the Detract[ sic] of Puna; guaranteed to be of an amount not less than five thousand walus:" Also one half interest in the Awa License at Hilo... [ Bureau of Conveyances Lib. 51: 80- 81 from Maly 1998: 55- 56] Rycroft, who was born in Leeds, England in 1843, emigrated to the United States in 1860 at the age of sixteen, where he served for sixteen months in the 2n1 U. S. Cavalry fighting in the Civil War( Shigeura and Bullock 1983). After his discharge, he went first to San Francisco, and then travelled to Honolulu. The March 9, 1900 edition of the The Pacific Commercial Advertiser contains the following account of Rycroft' s early years in the Hawaiian Islands and his business in the Puna District: Mr Robert Rycroft[ Figure 15].. came to Hawaii i in the bark Comet, Capt. Smith. Steward Charlie Long. which upon that trip brought the news of the second election of President Lincoln. in the fall oil864_ I le first went to work in the Honolulu Iron Works and afterwards went into the plumbing business [ Figure 16], which was his profession. He was also proprietor of the Fountain restaurant and temperance saloon on Fort street in an old one story frame building then standing on the present site of Thrums book store. Mr. Rycroft was at this time also proprietor of the old Honolulu Ice Works, at the Cummins' place in Nuuanu valley, which he afterwards sold to the late S. G. Wilder. Mr. Rycroft then went to Australia, where he erected an ice machine at Brisbane, which was the first ammonia machine there using a pump to compress the gas. After remaining there about two years he returned to Honolulu and soon after removed to the Island of Hawaii in 1877. There he went into the awa shipping business. The trade in awa at that time was so large that many tons were handled each year. much of it going to foreign ports. mostly to the United States, for medical purposes. About the year 1884 Mr. Rycroft went into the cattle business, having purchased the Pohoiki and Keahialaka tracts in Puna, Hawai i, containing about nine thousand acres. He also erected a large saw mill at Pohoiki and furnished the Government with all of the hard wood used in the public works. He also furnished the wood supply of Honolulu for several years by the Allen !: Robinson line of schooners. The ties of the O. R.& L. Co. came from this mill. Soon after things were running smoothly Mr. Rycroft again branched out and was one of the first, if not the very first, who went into the systematic cultivation of coffee. upon a large scale. When he sold out in 1899 he had in lower Puna sixty- five acres and in Olaa 170 acres of bearing coffee. This venture, however, did not prove as profitable as most of Mr. Rycroft s enterprises. Messrs. H. Hackfeld and Co. purchased his Olaa property of 200 acres and the Puna Sugar Co. lately secured his holdings in lower Puna. [ The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Honolulu, March 9, I900: page 5] Around the time of Rycroft' s arrival at Pohoiki, an 1877 report prepared by the missionary H. R. Hitchcock for the Board of Education found that- the schools of Opihikao and Pohoiki are in the hands of inexperienced teachers and have rather retrograded" ( Archives Series 262 Hawaii Report 1877 in Maly 1998: 48). The report goes on to describe the scourge of free- roaming animals in Puna at that time and their effects on the students of the district: Puna is a district overrun by goats and hogs, which regard not stone walls, and patiently wait until the crops begin to be valuable, then appropriate them largely to their own use. This has a depressing effect upon the little workers, who add cubits to the height of the walls, until it becomes a matter of peril to the inspector to climb over them in order to enter the school house... ( Maly 1998: 48) Ilawai' i 24 AIS of TMK'.( 311- 3- 008: 005. Pohoiki. Punt 2. Background or . i ligi ter ,,•• if i•r+/ 0 ; 1.‘ i Ituliti&T atm. Figure 15. Drawing of R. Rycroft from The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Honolulu, March 9, 1900( page 5). Kr OB ilvcnOIni P 14 U I%f J Imo: l ! BEGS TO 1.: 11FORM TUE PUBLIC A4;..:.. of Honolulu that he has established himself in the above business on King Street, next door to City. Market. Where he will be found ready to attend on all customers in his line. N. II.---IIe begs to call attention to his Superior and Cheap iii. 1 1-- g-5: ,.---- t:- 1*. Aill),,,,, . T., 10.2.1i4.1..„, ,,,, , 4 . k in ' r . t;>_•` .' LINED WITH ZINC. ';. Charges reasonable and work done promptly and sat: sfaetc, rily. Figure 16." Robert Rycroft, Plumber!" advertisement appearing in the Pacific Comm tat. t< n. February 17, 1866. of TMK:( AIS 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna. Hawaii 25 2 Background On September Sept. 12. 1878 the surveyor 1. S. Emerson wrote to Cl Lyons of Government Survey Division from R. Rycro It' s at Pohoiki, stating that. We arrived here all right Friday evening, Sept. 6. and have been very kindly provided for. Saturday, Monday& Tuesday morning I went with Mr. Rycroft& a kamaaina around Pohoiki fixing the corners of the land. Since then have proceeded with the regular survey. As the place is densely cosered with trees and brush so as to shut out the view. I can but guess roughly at the area. It Is probably over 350 acres. most of it very rough aa, some pasturage. and considerable fine Ohia lehua timber, with a good supply of cocoanut trees. The only landing between Hilo& Keauhou[ Kai]] is in the little hay makai of this land. The whole country here is fearfully rough on shoe leather. Scarce any soil. Cocoanuts, potatoes, breadfruit& awa do well. The best awa in the country. The timber would be valuable if it were accessible. Mr. Rycroft thinks the land is worth$ 300. The native judge says it is worth 50 cents an acre.,.[ Hawaii State Archives, FIGS HAGS 6, Box 10 in Maly 1998: 65] In 1879. for the sum of$460, Rycroft purchased the entire ahupuo' n of Pohoiki containing roughly 652 acres as Grant No. 3209( Figure 17). No mention of the two earlier grants sold to Mohala( Grant No. 1895) and Mauae( Grant No. 1940) in Pohoiki was found in Rycroft' s Royal Patent deed, nor do these earlier grants show up on any Historic maps from the late nineteenth century. indicating that both of the ten acre parcels were likely included in the purchase of Grant No, 3209. The schoolichurch lot at the coast in Pohoiki was excluded from Rycroft' s purchase, and on May 5, 188 I Rycroft deeded a 0. 411- acre portion of Grant 3209 located near the coast to the Minister of the Interior Registry of Conveyances, Liber 69, page 485) for the Pohoiki Courthouse and Jail. A notice in the October 9, 1880 edition of the Pacific C' ommercial. 4dverliser, Honolulu. indicates that Rycroft' s retail license at Pohoiki was due to expire at the end of that month. The license is likely the same one that came with the store purchased from R. Oliver at Pohoiki in 1877. Although no information regarding Rycroft' s renewal of the license was found, an 1882 advertisement for" Puna Awa" in the in the Pacific(' ommercial Advertiser, indicates that he was still selling awa from Pohoiki two years later( Figure 187. By 1884 Rycrofi had also purchased at auction the neighboring ahupua' u of Keahialaka from the estate of William C. Lunalilo_ An advertisement in the December 24, 1881 edition of the Daily Honolulu Press( page b) for the auction states that Keahialaka Ahupua' a contained grazing land and coconut trees near the sea, and timber in the upper part. In 1882, Rycrofi petitioned for, and was granted. a year- to- year rental for the remaining unoccupied lands of Oneloa. Laepaoho. Ahalanui, S1alama and Kaukulau in the District of Puna located adjacent to( north of) his Pohoiki lands. However, J. E. Eldcrts of the Kapoho Ranch disputed Rycroft' s right to use the land. In a series of letters dated January to July 1884, Eldcrts discusses the Kapoho Ranch claims to the land and his dislike of Ry croft' s tactics in laking the land. On April 26. 1884 Elderts wrote to Chas. Gulick. Minister the Interior, complaining that: You say that under date of May 9th 1882. Mr. Rycrofi became Tenant at will. from or by your consent. of the unoccupied, or rather, remaining unoccupied portions of Oneloa. Laepaoho, Ahalanui. Malama and Kaukulau in Puna. Now, Mr. Rycrofi knew that I had been. and was occupying and paying the rent year after year for the whole of the lands of Oneloa, Laepaoho, and Ahal-anui. For when he first came to Pohoiki to live, the natives wished to make him trouble fur allowing his stock to run on the above three lands, but as I saw him soon after that. L told him that I had all the Government Lands between him and me rented [ the lands from Oneloa to Kapoho], and that I was willing for him to let his stock run without any charge to him for it... Mr. Rycrofi claims the whole of the lands of Oneloa. Laepaoho, and Ahalanui, and says that he has a written lease of them, but that he could not show it to me, as it is in Mr. M. P. Robinson' s safe in Honolulu. And further, he has ordered my men off those lands when they were sent by be afler Breadfruit and Cocoa- nuts, and taken all to himself for his own use... [ letter dated April 26, 1884; Maly 1998: 51] Hawaii 76 MS afTMK:( 3) t- 3- 008: 005. Pohoiki. Puna. 2 Ilu. AgmunJ Ac S,{ L c. AIS ofIMA 0) I- 3- OOS005. Pohoiki. Puna Fiaeai' i 2. Background AWA. ANY ONE WISHING-ISHINGt- PUNS PUNS UKWtEKEU AT Maalaea Bay, Lahaina or Honolulu. A Pt7. Y TO R. RYCROFT. 1. 10 am Popolkl, Pons. Wawatl. Figure 18. August 19, 1882 advertisement in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser for Rycroft' s" Puna. Awa'. On July 28, 1884 Elderts wrote to C. J. Lyons, Government Surveyor, stating his intention to relinquish his lease on the lands of Oneloa, Laepao`o, ` Ahalanui, but urging that Lyons help Kapukini, the constable and jailer for the district, obtain a lease within those lands. According to Maly( 1998) Kapukini( John Kapukini) was a native of Maui. who moved to Puna sometime in ca. 1884. Elderts' letter reads as follows: Now, I cannot get a lease from the Govt. to show that I am entitled to the land and what Cocoa- nuts, breadfruit,& c grows on it, to them, and as I cannot get them without being in trouble and hot water all the time the aforementioned R. Rycroft, and as I prefer to live in peace with my neighbors, I now hereby notify you that 1 give up and relinquish all my rights to the aforesaid lands. And in doing so, I would ask that you will use your influence to obtain a lease of them for a native named Kapukini( K.) who is now living on the land, and who is a constable and the Jailer ofour jail in the district, and a good man to have the lease, and I think if it is possible to obtain a lease of said lands the he, Kapukini is entitled to, and should have the first chance to lease them. Any information 1 can give you in addition to what I have already written, I shall be pleased to impart, and any communication you may wish to send to the said Kapukini, through me, I will see that he gets it... [ letter dated July 28, 1884; Maly 1998: 5 I] In 1884 Rycroft began building a wharf at Pohoiki Bay, but it was swept away before completion, and not rebuilt until 1887. Upon completion ofthe wharf, to allow for public use of the landing on his private property, the Territory of Hawaii paid Rycroft a portion of the cost of building it( Maly 1998: 52). The completion of the Pohoiki wharf is the subject of an August 17, 1887 letter from J. A. Hassinger, Chief Clerk, to C. N. Arnold, Esq., R. S. in Chief Hilo: the landing at Pohoiki Puna- which was built or being built in December 1884, by Mr. Rycroft and for which he was to receive 8350... and which wharf was swept away before completion. Mr. Rycroft now reports the wharf rebuilt... Mr. Rycroft also giving a written agreement that the landing which is on his private property shall be allowed free for the use of the public as a consideration for this assistance_.[ Aug. 17, 1887 letter, Int. Dept. Book 30: 206 in Maly 1998: 52- 53] By the mid- I 880s, in addition to the wharf, Rycroft had built a house, saw- mill other out- buildings, and two roads including the present alignment of Pohoiki Road) on his Pohoiki property near the landing. The June 20, 1885 edition of the Daily Honolulu Press( page 3) contains an article entitled" PUNA: It' s Present Condition- Its Prospects- Its Possibilities", in which the author( R. S. S.) describes Rycroft' s lands at Pohoiki and his improvements to them in detail: Nine miles north- east of Kalapana- a long, hot, thirsty nine miles- is Pohoiki, one of the most interesting spots on the Hawaiian Islands. It is there that Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rycroft live- not as feudal lord and lady, but, far better, as a modem knight of labor and his efficient helpmeet. Sooner and I were never more glad to be welcomed than on the broiling noon of Sunday, April 12'", and our welcome could not possibly have been more pleasant. 28 AIS of TMK'( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 2. BacAgr' i and Pohoiki is a place of many possi hi t ides. As a point for firewood shipment it had no equal on Ilan at' i: and. as far as I know, no equal on the islands. Pohoiki Bay is a cup- like cove. That might he nude, by a little blasting and a little break- water building, a safe landing- in all ordinary weathers. for an nfthe inter- island steamers or schooners_ With such harbor improvement Pohoiki would he the hest landing between Kealakekua and Ilil , and the amount of firewood That it could furnish Ionrltlu or the plantations %y fluid he practically unlimited. VIr. Rycroft' s dwelling house. saw- mill and other buildings. are on the outer edge of what seems from the shore to he an impenetrable and interminable thicket of Pandanus. But a miniature clearing has been made around the buildings, and hack from that clearing run two roads, broad enough for Tour wagons to he driven abreast, level enough for the bed of a railway and one of themI level enough for the trundle path ofa baby carriage. Mr. Rycrofi takes much pardonable pride in these roads. They have been built altogether over an old aa flow, the seaward edge of which is a Pandanus grove, and the inland portion a thick forest of ohia. breadfruit, kopiko. nehe. kolea, holei. olomea, naio, aaka and other native trees, a few fretting ohias and some fig. coffee and papala tree; grown wild or planted among them. On the north side of Pohoiki Bay is a beautiful grove ofkamani trees of which one tree grows in the yard of ex- Marshal Parke on Kukui Street - and the cocoanut trees in the vicinity may he counted by the thousands. The bird' s- nest fern grows around the Pandanus trees luxuriantly, and in the places bean- bearing v fines climb in maned masses almost to the exclusion of both air and sunlight. Robert Rycroft is an Englishman who lookstalks. thinks and acts like an American like a new Englishman," as Sir Charles Dilke has it. Strange as it may seem. Pohoiki is one of the most American looking places on the islands. Pluck. etterg, talent. taste and mechanical ingenuity arc obsenaisle at every turn. The smooth roads have been made by a traction engine moving over a roughly laid road- bed. This same traction engine draws the landing all the firewood shipped. Two utiles of smooth road have been built already, and several rough wood roads cut out. The ease and inexpensiveness with which these roads are built fentirch over au flows so fan can scarcely he created w it hoot ocular demonstration. Th ere are fes such! mod mads on the island. 11r Ry croft believes than a carriage road a railway even - may he constructed from Pohoiki to the A olcano House more advantageously than from another point. the actual distance is less than 24 miles, and the route is so direct that a road may he built there. including turns. of less than 27 miles in length. and with so gradual a rise as to be almost a' trotting grade" all the way. It is worth noting that in the 2 miles of completed road at Pohoiki, running straight towards the hilts. there is only 212 feet rise. VIr. Rycroft so firmly believes in the practicability of making such a road that he is v II ng to undertake a contract to complete, and keep in order for two years, a road of the character above described. at least 18 feet wide, for 52. 000 a mile. Of it is for legislators to determine whether the country can afford to make such an investment as the Kilauea- Pohoiki road would be The value of a direct earnage way less than 30 miles long. and most of it through a wooded and beautiful region would be great. But it is not for newspaper writers to decide. In my opinion the road would he worth the building for the above- stated reasons alone. But there are other and better reasons. Back of Pohoiki is much open country. on which Portuguese and other settlers might be located. I cannot do better than print a letter written by In. Rycrofi on this topic during last February and printed in the Advertiser: I have seen several references made in the newspapers lately relative to the settlement of Portuguese immigrants who have finished their contracts_ Of course, it is of vital importance to the country_ as we all know, to offer inducements to these people to settle as small farmers among us. Vow, in the district of Puna. there are thousands of acres of good land lying unoccupied which could be obtained for a reasonable price. Though a rough volcanic country, there are numerous kipukas. or openings of good, deep soil, surrounded by aa, thickly studded with timber there is one within three miles of the boat- landing of Pohoiki. at an elevation of 1, 000 feet. containing 500 acres in one patch. and several smaller ones close at hand. Of the largest one pan is owned by natives, part by the government and pan by myself- It is good and for growing Irish or' sweet potatoes. bananas, oranges. taro, corn, pia. awa. or in fact anything that will grow on the islands, and could be cut to advantage into small farms or homesteads. AlsofI' SIK: 1 14- 00S: 005. Pohoiki. Puna I lawaii 29 2 Background There is a good wagon- mad already halfway from the landing to this place, and the balance could be made easily. Surrounding these ' openings' is a natural formation ( viz., rich soil and aa for the cultivation of coffee. olives. the grape vine. or figs( the drying of which last- named article would make a good business 1. It the Portuguese are inclined to settle on the islands. a small colon) could he started in this place without much difficulty. Frequent rains ensure plenty of water. This is only one place; but it is the nearest to a road and landing that is available. To my personal knowledge, there is enough good land in Puna lying idle to settle every Portuguese family in the kingdom." I visited the large kipuka of which Mr. Rycroft writes. In part of it was growing the most luxuriant tangle of ti plants and climbing ferns I have ever seen, On the sides of one or two gullies, where heavy rains had made temporary streams. I noted a reddish- brown soil fully two feet deep, oranges, mangoes, rose apples, coffee. awa and upland taro were growing in places. I am told by Mr. C. N. Arnold that there is much similar country among the hills towards Hila Others tell a like story. I hope Mr. Canavarro and those interested in keeping the Portuguese in the country will visit Puna and look into its possibilities. Pohoiki is said to he a remarkably calm landing place. Mr. Rycroft says that during the past seven years vessels attempting to land have been prevented by rough weather only twice. In addition to his firewood cutting. Mr. Rycroft does a little timber sawing. He is able to get out ties. posts or planking for vessels. Ohia and kamani are his best timber woods. He has a small mulay saw- mill begun in 1882, employing a side- cutting saw, made by Chandler& Taylor, Indianapolis. Indiana, driven by a 10 horse- power engine. made by the Honolulu Iron Works[ Figure 191. What astonished me more than anything else at Pohoiki was the apparent fertility of the old aa now, in which so many trees, self-planted and transplanted. were growing thriftily. The mystery was Silo ed by Mr. Rycroft. who removed a few of the bare upper rocks and showed me a thin but evidently rich layer of black aluvium beneath the surface rocks. ' The leaves and grasses fall. wither. decay and are washed down by the rains below the surface rocks, making a rick. warm yet moist soil. needing no cultivation after planting." From what I have seen of the fruit trees growing in Puna, I should say that many a ton of tropical fruit might he grown there at a profit ifsteain communication with northern ports offered. Near Pohoiki. on or not far from the proposed road to the volcano. I saw two extinct craters. bowl- shaped and completely in-grown with ohias and other trees. I have no dimensions of them, and shall not attempt to-" guess'; but the ride to see them is well worth taking by any one who chances to pass Pohoiki. At Pohoiki I saw why the laziness and the as erage Puna native are pretty nearly synonymous. Twill take a deal of( even to leven that lazy lump. On my way to Hilo I spent a night with Captain Eldart and had a bath in his justly noted warm spring. Captain Eldart' s stock ranges include some 20,000 acres, two- thirds of it lava partially timbered. Of all there is about 6, 000 acres of good grazing land. Near Captain Eldart' s I saw the famous " sculptured tablet' of Professor Woods, If there be anything Spanish or foreign about it, I am much mistaken. Sooner and 1 made the 23 miles to Hilo in just I I hours greatly to the disgust of my young friend Harry Rycroft, who lent his kind companionship to what would have been otherwise a dreary ride- despite the beauty that made much of it delightful. R. S. S. Honolulu, May 20, 1885 It appears that by 1886- 1887 the Pohoiki School was no longer standing. According to the Reverend William Kama' u," in the year 1887 I became a regularly installed pastor of the United churches of Kalapana and Opihikao and it was my regular duty to go on Sunday to Pohoiki for six years...) do not remember any school house or any teaching there"( Hawai' i State Archives, Public Instruction, Folder 26I.: Nov. 19, 1907 in Maly 1998: 77). Hawaii 30 AIS of IMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna 2 linceemund T. E. CEANDLER. YULEY SAW- KILL. Nc. 190, 822 Patented May 16, 1877. a 01 1`j ;` r P dry - IS' m oe T 1 w.! r 1 0 1 C F i 4 0) i 1-r-1-1,1\ I w , r rl x I iiIs 0 OC' r: in 51 a 17/6/77r Figure 19. Diagram of a(' handler& Taylor mule - saw mill ( Patent No. 190. 822, dated May 15. 1877) AIS or I Alk_ I? I I- LOOS 005. Pohoiki, Puna. l lanai i 1 2. Background By November 30. 1886 Rycrofi was advertising his" Mulay Saw Mill and a 10- H. P. Engine & Boiler made by Honolulu Iron Works`( sec Figure IS) for sale in the Hawaiian Greene newspaper( page 5). The one side cutting Chandler& Taylor saw, along with the engine and boiler. was advertised as being nearly new and able to cut log 4 feet in diameter by 22 feet long," In the advertisement, Rycroft invites any interested parties to Pohoiki to see the sale items in operation. Despite advertising his mulay- saw mill for sale, Rycrofi continued to manufacture wood products at his Pohoiki property as indicated by an adt ertisement in the February 24. 1891 edition of The Hawaiian( la_e¢ c. Honolulu( page 10) that reads: FOR SALE At POHOIKI SAW MILL, Puna, Hawaii, about 2, 500 Ohia R. R. Ties 4x6, five and six feet long. These are the very things to put on curves on plantation railroads, as the spikes do not loosen in this timber. Can be sold cheap. R. RYCROFT Pohniki, Puna, Hawaii. An April 20. 1891 article in the Daily Pacific Commercial Advertiser describes Rycroft' s burgeoning coffee plantation and indicates his intentions to build a new coffee' saw mill on the Pohoiki property: Mr. Rober[ sic] Rycrofi has quite an extensive coffee plantation in Puna district in Hawaii. He has 8, 500 trees planted on land at Naeo, and about 3, 000 at Makaola. The soil where these trees are growing is decomposed or disintegrated a-a, which is quite rich and doubtless will produce a good coffee plantation in a few years. Besides the coffee, Mr. Rycroft has a number of lime, fig. mango and pear trees all gru. ci ng as finely as the same kinds of trees in any other part of the Island. The owner of the plantation intends constructing a new mill of concrete. 80x30 It., and two stories high. The mill will be for the double purpose of preparing the coffee for market and for the manufacture of lumber into railway ties, etc. Some of the machinery, especially the saws, are from the firm of Messrs. Chandler& Taylor of Indianapolis, Indiana- The lumber mill will have an engine of seventy- five horse power. with a capacity of making 250 tics a day. A few more such enterprises in Puna will open up that district with a considerable increase in the products of the Islands. ( Dolly Pacific Commercial. Idverliser', Honolulu. April 20, 1891, page 3) Rycroft himself describes the labor of planting his coffee orchard in a letter published in the November 1891 edition of The Planters' itooth/y. In that letter Ryer-oft reveals that he had also recently planted 400 cocoa trees and that he was interested in planting nutmeg. RycroR' s orchard was located across Pohoiki Road from the current study area. The Rycrofi letter. written on October 3. 1891, reads as follows: Mr. C. Koelling, Dear Sir: - I have received yours of the 19th ultimo, and have noted contents. I do not know that my observations on the subject will be worth much to you as my actual experience in Coffee Culture is very limited, but such as it is you are welcome to it. It is only seven months since I planted my first trees, though 1 have been very much interested in coffee for many years, and have given the subject much thought. I first commenced by planting 3/ acres with wild young coffee plants taken from shade and planted out In the open, and found just as Mr. Miller says in his late report that about two thirds of the plants proved too delicate to stand the exposure and died. What survived are fine young trees now. two feet high, strong and thrifty; so much for wild young plants from shade. My next venture was a thirty acre piece which I planted with 30, 000 stumps from about the size of a lead pencil to an inch in diameter cut off about four inches above the root, and when the plant was well rooted( that is with plenty of fine roots, as some roots resemble a carrot in appearance and these I frond to be useless.) f had no difficulty with them. They started in about six weeks and threw out fine shoots, anywhere from three to twenty. The finest of course I kept, and the rest were rubbed off. At the time I planted the stumps, I made some nursery beds right out in the sun- no shade at all, with the idea of filling up misses with these young nursery plants. My seed was not prepared for planting, it was too old, but what did come up are fine. I have just planted them out filling up vacancies and they never seem to realize that they have been moved at all. Still f am rather in favor of stump for several reasons, if they can be had- my choice of size would be about 31 ofan inch in diameter. 32 MS of TMK:( 3.) 1- 3- 008: 005. Pohoiki. Puna, Hawaii 2 Itaxkgruund In the first place one has a crop in eighteen months or two years sooner than nursery plants. which is an item for people starting in with limited means; again the tree grows more compact and the primaries start closer to the ground. My six months old shoots are sturdy and thrifty looking. two feet high with six and seven pairs of primaries. and thirdly. they make a stiffer tree and will stand the wind better in an exposed place. Sr tar. I: nn ' Cr) well satisfied with the appearance of these thirty acres of coffee. I lime seen no hener any where and I have seen it in many places on nearly every Island of the group. You must understand I plant um in the open- no shade at all. and I am of The opinion that is the proper way to plant in Puna. any how. as we have sufficient rain- fall to keep the roots always moist. 1 have also put in a small nursery of cocoa about 400 plants tall the seed I could get). This I also planted in the sun not knowing any thing about it. Since then I saw an article in the PLANTERS' MON!" ILV about` cocoa.' and it says it should be planted in the shade and in transplanting I shall follow the advice given in that article. At the same time, my cocoa plants look very One. and when properly planted I think they will do well here and intend putting in more as soon as I can get the seed. I w Ish some one who knows x ould write an article on nutmeg culture, what are its requirements and how propagated. l has already written to the Botanical Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica, in regard to nutmegs. I hope this will reach you in time to he of some sen ice to ymI in getting up your paper and shall he happy to do anything in my power to further the interests of coffee in this country. I may say that I know of a good many persons yvho are anxious to plant coffee in Puna and will do Si) as soon as the gay orn meet his ides its lands up for sale, and puts a good road through the district, the SU nay of which is already made. I remain. yours truly, R. RYCROFT. The Pianlers' lfonthiv Vol. X. Nov. 1891: pages 501- 5041 I he August 27, 1892 edition of the Daily Pacific Commercial a drerliser, Ilonolulu contains an article unit) I law ai' l' s Wonderland: A Hundred Miles in the Saddle Through Puna". in which the author t unknown) w isits with the Rycrofts and describes the Poho iki property as follows. enmrged on the coast road and soon found ourselves at Rycroli' s. Here a warm welunne. a nice bath. hot dinner and comfort- able beds awaited us both. hut \ 1r. Loebenstein' s zeal in the Government service would not permit him to wait, and he pushed on several miles further. l he hospitality of Mr. and VIrs Rycroft is of the good. old fashioned son, and puts the guest thoroughly at his case Early in the dawn we drove afield on a visit to the coffee plantation, which was reached over a stretch ofroad as tine as any in the Kingdon. This is probably the only carriage road in Puna, except that to the Volcano Mr. Rycroft has over thirty acres in coffee, which is all doing finely. None of the trees are more than seventeen months old, hut some have already attained a height of about lour feet. and a number have herries on them. The trees are set out on a gently sloping hillside. which is thoroughly cleared. The) are planted in the open, Mr. Rycroft not being a believer in the shade theory. There is sonic blight which is promptly suppressed as soon as it appears. and some of the trees were being sprayed at the time of our visit. The formula for this spraying has already been published in the . Advertiser and Planter' s Monthly. It is cheap and efficacious Mr. Ry croft also has 1700 young cocoa plants waiting to be set out, besides large numbers of limes, oranges. citrons. ctc.. and thousands upon thousands of young coffee trees in his nursery, all planted in the open. The return makai was effected on the smooth road at a two- forty gait. Arrived, Mr. Ry croft's large saw mill was inspected: erected under his own personal supervision by ordinary day labor. The business of making rail- road ties is dull just now, but it will probably pick up again. A fine boat, 30 by 7 feet 6 inches beam. built by Mr. Rycroft and Mr. Lynch was also inspected, after which we were very ready for a hot breakfast and a delicious, smoking cup of Puna coffee. This spot, situated directly on the shore, was so delightful, and the trade wind sweeping in from the sea was so cool, that one was almost ready to believe Mr. Rycroft' s assertion that the people never die in Puna, hut merely dry up and blow away![ Dail) Pacific Commercial drfierrixrr. August 27. 1892. page 61 AIS of I 3- MK13s I- 008- 005. Pohoiki. Puna Nawufi n. 2 Background By 1893, Rycroft was regularly advertising in The Hawaiian Vat-newspaper. Honolulu, the sale of coffee seed lion his cultivated trees at Pohoiki. Rycroft' s advertisements state that the seeds are" put through the proper process of preparation. viz: Picked when Cully ripe, put through the water test for unsound berries, hand pulped and dried in the shade in quantities to suit", and that every seed is " guaranteed to produce a strong health tree, with proper management' I lawai' i Registered Map No. 1777, prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in 1895. shows the infrastructure present within Pohoiki Ahupua' a at that time( Figure 20). On that map. Rycroft' s Road( now Pohoiki Road) is labeled " Road Over Aa Fields( Timber Cut)", and is. shown extending inland along the northeastern boundary of the ahupua' a to a stone wall enclosed " Fruit Orchard& Pasture"( Hawai' i Registered biap No. 1778 prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in 1895 lists this enclosed area as" Rycroft' s Orchard"; Figure 21) located directly across the road from the current study area. Beyond the orchard the road shifts to the middle of Grant No. 3209 and continues inland past a" Camp" and a" Water Tank"( near a split in the road), and extends to an area labeled" Rycroft' s Coffee Patch". The coffee patch is located near the inland extent ofPohoiki Ahupua` a at" Puu Nanaio" along the Pohoiki/ lieahialaka boundary, but mostly within Keahialaka Ahupua' a. A" Laborer' s Camp", accessed by the split in the road, is shown to the south of the coffee patch within Keahialaka Ahupua' a. During the early to mid- 1890s Rycroft, who was elected as a State Representative from the Puna District in 1894. acquired two additional tracts of land in Oneloa Ahupua' a adjoining the coastal portion of his Pohoiki property to the northeast. On November 16. 1893 Rycroft purchased at auction Grant No. 3670 containing 4. 12 acres located near the coast adjacent to his earlier grant parcel in Pohoiki ( Figure 22). On July 3. 1895 he received Grant No. 3940 encompassing 14. 78 acres neighboring his Pohoiki grant and bounding his 1893 Oneloa grant purchase on two sides Figure 23). The maps prepared for these two grant purchases show the infrastructure already extant on Rycroft' s Grant No. 3209 in Pohoiki. The 1893 map prepared for Grant No. 3670 ( see Figure 22) depicts Rycroft' s house ( four separate structures) enclosed by a stone wall, a` Saw Mill" with an adjacent` Engine Shed" located northwest of the house enclosure, and Rycroft' s New Factory" located inland of those structures. Between the house and the saw mill are four additional structures and a large stone wall enclosure that are unlabeled. 1 he Government Road is shown extending along the coast in front of Rycroft' s house part way into Pohoiki Ahupua' a- The Pohoiki Church and a boat house are situated makai of the road near the wharf, and the Pohoiki Court I louse and another building are situated within a stone wall enclosure near the southwestern termination o1' the road. The 1895 map prepared for Grant No. 3940( see Figure 23 shows a similar arrangement of structures as the 1893 map, but on this map a road labeled" Rycroft' s Road" is shown extending inland from the Government Road between Ry crofts house and the saw mill, and the structures in this area are labeled " Store'. " Carp. [ carpenter' s] shop". Laborers' I louse" ( labeled " Engine Shed" on the 1893 map). and " Barn-. A structure shown near the carpenters shop on the 1893 map is no longer present on the 1895 map, but a new structure labeled" Lynch"( possibly the name of the owner) is shown near the PohoikifOneloa boundary. The structure enclosed by the same rock wall as the court house on both maps is labeled" Jail" on the 1895 map. in 1899 Robert Rycroft sold his land interests in the Puna District to the newly formed Puna Sugar Co. The March 9. 1900 edition of The Pacific Commercial. ldverriser contains the following account of Rycroft' s sale and subsequent move to Honolulu: Lest sear upon the formation of the Puna Sugar Co. an offer was made Mr. Rycroft for his 9, 000 acres of land in lower Puna and he determined to sell out and remove to Honolulu. He has such confidence in Puna, however, that he has taken a large block of stock in the new company in preference to cash, which was offered to him. Mr. Rycroft is a firm believer in the great destiny in store for Puna and Olaa plantations, which, he says, are the banner plantations of the big island. He is sure that if they put a 500-ton mill in at Olaa, in from six to eight years hence it will be running the year around at its full capacity, There is land enough at Olaa to do this and they can plant there higher than in any other part of the island, as it is warmer at the same altitude. The Puna plantation has some young cane planted in Paaoa which is as fine cane as can he produced anywhere, not even barring Ewa or Oahu plantations, says Mr. Rycroft, and the Puna people will have in the near future 5, 000 acres ofj ust such cane. 31 AIS of TMKT( 3) I- 3- 00800g, Pohoiki. Pun Hawaii 2. Background Vigi ll.r; l t} A.. T h. it .\ r ma J \ 1 t I. r 1 1, 1 1. 41 ' f. ,, ` 4'•'• l I‘1).. 1 I' j 1 ; 1 - r r;. J • I. e f I t F''''' s,/ <' r• 2 r ti ,- o° t . fir,, E. F sI_ t,4 1-- .__ te , r Figure 20. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1777( prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in 1895) showing the current study area( shaded red). MS ofTMK:( 31 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 35 li . 2. Background t I s C E t c r f• ;1 a fit. 4, r"."-' t, u r• CU o i f r` 5 ji, . 1 ti l ac lsI : 1 I' i '. L ff, CO r Y. y. CO cl 36 ALS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 2. Background ti 0 Cl) ` a 4*•'". NO Q 3 7.V-'''' m 141k'•• . A ? r1. i/ W = > t N:-.....:... 1. Li t - Z v1 t .. f f i 0 E ;¢ U Y A xy o I N' ce Jr, ,+ F., s., 1 I i lot , 1.,j0 f 4, x, / t Ir 1` il 4S?.... J 4' C. I ... 4 C 4” I— iF K p ; c z i 1 Y. a l0 J O 0 i 1 ii - 611 r v r 0 C a CI L } is /' t r[ ,: I • ! t ' h ,.. t. i . . - . - Cu 1.. A. S'!or Li 37 MS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna, Hawaii WZ 2. Background 0 A 1 ti Y f . 1 i./ r it: rp. orsix" Baty 7P. t Tic41.,% - o / i+': rive 1.: i . PT, A31.. 4 S71 A i QW. _ v d.,yrvioa lcrn. v. r o., Ste.>. as o. ONELOA. PUNA HAV A:: AAA... r• revs Ne 699,/ I./Pr.' no. r, rota 7, 2400 ws. ir. wri.. r, S./..,, N IrSt..( va' W•.. ir.• hi i,,. bA. Figure 23. Hawaii Registered Map No. 1856 prepared by A. B. Lobenstein in July, 1895. 38 AUS of TMK:( 311- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 2. Background Mr. and Mrs. Rycroft have a family of six children; three boys and three girls. The eldest is Harry and the youngest is Gladys, the latter now going to school in Honolulu. Harry Rycroft is the head luna at the Puna plantation; the second son, Mark, is also a luna on that plantation. Walter, the third son. is attending school at Punahou. Miss Sopha Rycroft is principal of the English school at Opihikao, Hawai` i, and Alice, the second daughter, will attend school at Punahou. Since coming to Honolulu Mr. Rycroft has purchased six lots in the old base ball ground, where he is now erecting a fine residence, which will be completed as rapidly as the work can be done. Mr. Rycroft will go into business in Honolulu and will become a permanent resident. He has not as yet thoroughly settled upon his future plans. but will make his debut in business circles in the near future.( The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, March 9, 1900, Honolulu. page 5] Around 1899, after the coffee boom had died down in Puna and just prior to his return to Honolulu, Robert Rycroft, and his son Walter, converted the coffee mill at Pohoiki to the commercial production of guava. Shigeura and Bullock( 1983) credit these men with first commercial production of guava in the Hawaiian Islands. Citing first had accounts of guava production occurring at the mill, they surmise that Walter S. Rycroft( 1885?- 1968) remained in Pohoiki after his father returned to Honolulu to look after the guava business. Robert Rycroft died in 1909 in Honolulu, after founding the Fountain Soda Works Co. there upon his return. Shigeura and Bullock( 1983) suggest that guava production at the Pohoiki mill may have lasted until ca. 1910, after Rycroft' s death. They write: Luther K. Makekau of Puna, Hawaii, born July 13, 1890, remembers these men working in the production of guava jam and jelly in the" coffee mill" when he was about 15 years old, suggesting a production date of about 1905. Jack Chong Lee, born in 1900 at Kalapana, Hawaii, to a native Hawaiian and her Chinese husband, also remembers seeing guava jam and jelly being made at Pohoiki, Hawaii, when he accompanied his father from Pahoa to Pohoiki on fishing excursions. Marguerite Ooka, formerly of Kapoho, on her visits to Pohoiki in about 1925. remembers her father, James B. Campbell, pointing to the spot in the abandoned mill where the copper kettle used in the guava operations stood. . Robert Rycroft came to Pohoiki in 1877. After a period in cattle, awa roots, railroad ties, and making `' ohia paving blocks" ( Metrosideros sp., an indigenous tree) for the Honolulu market, he constructed the coffee mill in 1891 to process the coffee then being planted in Puna. However, for some unknown reason, the coffee boom ended in 1899, leaving the mill basically without a product to process. Then, probably, the Rycrofts had to find an alternate crop to process in the new coffee mill. C. Arthur Lyman of the R. A. Lyman Estate in Puna has a lease agreement between R. A. Lyman and J. 1. Kerschberg, documented and signed on January 19, 1904, and filed with the Bureau of Conveyances of the territorial government, permitting Kerschberg to pick guava on the Estate lands at Kapoho, Kula, and Puna for a period of 10 years. Presumably, then, the Rycroft guava business in Puna was started about 1900 to use the coffee mill, and possibly was abandoned after 1910.[ Shigeura and Bullock 1983: 3- 4] Grant: 4"o. 6845 to Robert Napalapalai( 1902- 1917) On September I, 1902, Robert Napalapalai received Royal Patent Lease ( RPL) No. 424 for Grant No. 6845, encompassing 999 acres of pasture land in Oneloa and Ahalanui ahupua' a adjacent to( north of) the current study area Figure 24). These lands had been previously leased by J. E. Elderts of the Kapoho Ranch( prior to 1882), and then taken by Robert Rycroft in 1882, who paid a year-to-year rental to the Hawaiian Kingdom for the unoccupied lands. The grant to R. Napalapalai stated that: He shall allow the Agents of the Territory of Hawaii and the United State at all times to enter and examine said premises. The lessor herein, on behalfof the Territory of Hawaii, reserves the right to take any fifty foot strips across their Lot for Roads, also the right to quarry rock, or reserve a portion ofthis Lot for a quarry, for Road building purposes, whenever the same may be required; and to take same without compensation, if from unimproved land. All trails crossing this Lot are reserved for the use of the Public... [ Sept. I, 1902, RPL No. 424, in Maly 1998: 55] 39 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna. llawai• i 2. l3ackground e. 4 e \ jL ii ` R r; A. r 9 ne ! f V L 1 oa. e f fir rY333bid( t 1 - V d o k is .7-', 1 Q 0 \ sit- 1H\L'\ , \ ii,,, n 1- ' 1 J' s ,( n 1 i ae Q i ti [ 1y- f I }' : y5 • \ r n K n n 4: t 0 r6 i iv 1 V 0 q' y Q. r LZ t r x1 ,- K. P `• 5 4 io'T. Q i r 41,. L _._.- w Mlt. 5 r v 61/4 G QV411trr rrrtrs+ L. arsd cee ONML. 4A — At-1ALAt- 4ut C. S. F. rte. 2745 Pu rscal , 1- iwwat 11 . Figure 24. April 16, 1917 map( C. S. F. 2765) showing grant No. 6845 to R. Napalapalai in Oneloa-Ahalanui ahupua' a. 40 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna. 11awai' i pYQ'pi 2 I4, tk rounJ Napalapalai did not comply with all ofthe terms of lease however. and on January 70, 191 I. the Commissioner of Public L. ands IC PL.) applied to Governor hear asking to lake possession of the lands for non- compliance lA lar) 19984 The( i twernor' s approv al was granted and the lease was withdrawn. but Napalapalai subsequently appealed the loss of RPL 424 ( Grant No. 6845). In a Januar 8. 1917 letter. Eugene Lyman provided the following witness testimony regarding N'apalapalai' x use of the subject property I base knower R. Napalapalai since hoy hood. lis ing first at Pahthhart. Hilo. then on I1mm: stead, then VA aimed_ Mete ! late& Alaunakca hay c residences mar this lot. Ile uses it for pasture. Napalapalai has been a cowboy at I f ilo for Lyman&( o., then a homesteader since 1906. a laborer for Parker Ranch. His family lived on the land from 1903 to 1906: they now reside in Waimea. 1 heir house on the land is a frame building 16820 ft.,. 3 rooms - value$ 50, 00. There is no cultivation because it is classed as pastoral. There are quite a number of cocoa- nut trees pandanus. [ Jan. 8, 1917. RPL No. 424- Grant 6845, in Maly 1998: 591 In the same letter R. Napalapalai also testified that. I out 46 years of age, and a laborer. I applied for and received the 999 acre pastoral lease and moved on the land in March 1903. My wife and I resided there continually between March 1903 to 1906. At present. we live in Waimea. We built a frame house. 16 x 20 ft.: 3 rooms. iron roofing, and habitable at all seasons of the year. It is v al ued at $ 50. 00. The house was built by myself and a Japanese in January 1903. The house was moderately furnished when we lived there. On m crape. there are over 2000 trees per acre planted and or maintained on the land Because 1 am emplo. cd by Parker Ranch. I have lived at Waimea. I use the land as pasture. Ilan. 8. 1917, RPL No. 121 Grant 6845. in Maly 1998591 On : April 16. 1917 the appeal was granted and RPI_ Nc. 424 for Grant 6845 to R. Napalapalai was reinstated. A Certified Sun cw I(. S. F. 2765: see Figure 241 was then approved. [ he survey mentions several markers along the boundary between Grant No. 3209 to Robert Rycrol and Cirant No. 6845 to Robert Napalapalai, which is also the boundary beuseor Pohoiki and Onelea AIiupua' a. Beginning at the eastern corner ofGram No. 3940 to Robert Rycroli makui of the current study area) and proceeding oma , along the boundary the sun ey notes read as follows: 192211 Rn along Grant 3940 to R. Rycroft. to a Stone marked L and aha:. 24000 Il-et along Pohoiki, Grant 3209 to R. Rycroft, to a large ahu by a hal] tree marked K in Kah: dc ' ela:_. 50 I u. 0 tLet atone Pohoiki. Grant 3209 to R. Rs croft. to ohia Iehua tree marked J and ahu on aa lava flow:_ 5720 0 acct alone Pohoiki Grant 3209 to R. Rycroft to an ohia Ichua tree marked Ijust makai of a Targe boulder by path:... ( CS. F. 27651 Pnhuekt ILmpuu'. i raving the ' fivenrieth( emus As predicted by Rycroft during his) ears at Pohoiki, by 1900 Puna was on the verge of major economic growth. During the early 1900s the burgeoning Puna Sugar Co.( incorporated by the founders of the ' Ola a Sugar Co.) had uprooted many of the coffer trees in the district and established cane fields all over lower Puna from Kapoho to Pahoa. I lindering the growth of the sugar industry in Puna was the wide dispersal of suitable agricultural lands, and the lack of a reliable transportation system. which made it expensive to collect and transport the cane from the scattered fields to the mill. To alleviate this problem, when the Hilo Railroad Company( granted a 50 year charter on April 8. 18904 proposed to lay Ebur miles of track from Kapoho to Pahoa, the Puna Sugar Co. paid for half the cost( Clark et al. 2001). With the construction of the railroad new economic opportunities opened up in the District of Puna. and the small landing at Pohoiki became a backwater of the large harbor facility at ! iib. By 1905 the harvests of the Puna Sugar Co. were being ground at the ' Nara Mill, and the Puna Sugar Co. was operating as a division ofthe ' Ola' a Sugar Co. Laurance and Morgan 2000). Another growing industry on the island of Hawaii during the early 1900s was the lumber industry: an industry first realized in the Puna District by Rycroft. In 1907 the Hawaiian Mahogany Lumber Company signed a five- year contract with the Atchison, Topeka. and Santa Fe Railroads for the delivery of 90, 000, 000 board feet of' Ohi' o railroad ties from the vast forest reserves of Puna I Clark et al. 2001). Subsequently. in 1908 the Hawaiian Mahogany Lumber AIS of[ Mk: ) I- 3- 008. 005. Pohoiki, Puna. Hawaii 41 2 Background Company erected a lumber mill at Pahoa. Lorin A. Thurston, president of the Hawaiian Mahogany Company. was on Hawaii Island in August of 1908 dealing with the increasing business interests of the company when a reporter interviewed him for the Kilo Tribune. In an article, dated September I, 1908, Mr. Thurston states, " Puna is mm becoming one of the liveliest places in the Territory. especially in the vicinity of Pahoa, where the new tie mill has been erected. Several ' sky scrapers' of two stories in height hare gone up there, the mill itself is the largest tic mill in the world and about 700 men arc engaged share in the work of logging and milling." During this period the Puna District was rapidly transformed from a place where people looked at timber as a nuisance to be burned or given away into a thriving participant in the timber industry. In 1908 prices for Hawaiian forest lumber ranged in value from 525- S100 per acre( Clark et al. 2001). In a three- part article entitled" Sawmilling in Hawaii' published in the 1908 edition of The Rood- ftbrker( Vol. XXVII, Nos. 8, 9, and 10), Harry C. Haner described visiting the Pahoa lumber mill and travelling with some of the workers to Pohoiki. Haner describes Pohoiki village in the article and even includes some photographs from that year. Ile writes: Another diversion we have is the Sunday" luau"( loo- ow), or native feast. We go down to" Po- ho- i- ki," a little village` makai" from Pahoa, our mill site, and take our dinner with us. The natives around are very hospitable. and after a bath in the surf[ Figure 25] we have our lunch. Our fare is augmented by the contributions of the natives, who brine fresh' poi" the native food, and " 0- pee- hee," a sort of single- shell oyster, and a small fish that looks like the American" sheep- head,' but is eaten raw. It might sound queer to talk of eating raw fish, but these taste all right after you get used to them. and they are a great luxury here. Down at the cove, where we eo for surf bathing, there is an old Oregon fir or sugar pine log- one of the derelicts of a raft broken up some years ago. ft is white with age. but sound as a 16- to- 1 dollar, and is one of the many hundreds stranded on these shores. Its companion was torn to pieces by a storm before landing up on the volcanic rock on which this log rests. This log is 5- ft. diameter by 30- ft. long. Right back of this log. but hidden by the guava trees showi rig in the photo [ Figure 26]- is the old courthouse now but a relic of what was once kingly days. This court, about 16x24. once represented the dignity of a king. even if he was but a semi- savage opera- bouffe one, and while it is nothing but a small ordinary room- it holds within it memories of days that were of" royalty.'- That is all passing, for with the recent death of Prince David. at San Francisco, passed the last claimant to the throne. Queen Lilli uokilani ( Lil- li- wo- ke- Ian- e) still surviy es, and her occasional visits here are made much of by those who still cling to the old traditions_. The flood- Ifbrker, Vol. XXVII. No. 8. October 1908: 26- 271 While the ahupaa' a of Pohoiki was pan of the Puna Sugar Co.' s land holdings, and was partially planted in sugarcane during the first halfof the twentieth century, the current study area was not. A photograph from the archives at the Lyman Museum shows the coast of Pohoiki Bay in 1911 ( Figure 27). Visible in the photograph are several wood framed structures clustered near the landing( probably Rycroft' s house and related out buildings), and what appears to he a thatched structure enclosed by a rock wall located in a grove of coconuts to the southwest( to the left in the photograph). According to oral information from John Hale( b. 1919--d. 2004). contained in Maly( 1998), after Robert Rycroft left Pohoiki his grandmother, Mele( Mary) Kapukini Hale moved into his old house. Mele Kapukini Hale( b. 1860- d. 1927) was the daughter of John Kapukini, the former constable and jailer at Pohoiki who lived in Oneloa Ahupua- a on a property that was absorbed into Rycroft' s Grant No. 3670. A photograph from the archives at the Lyman Museum shows the Rycroft house standing at Pohoiki Bay in 1916( Figure 28). In 1928, after his grandmother passed away. John Hale' s father, Isaac Hale( b. 1884- d. 1940) tore down the Rycrofl' s old house to bui Id a new house. After John Hale' s mother, Hannah Kawaiaea Hale ( b. 1890) died in 1929, his father never finished the new house Devereaux 1998). John Hale' s brother, Isaac Kepo` okalani Hale( b. 1928) was the first native Hawaiian killed in the Korean War( in 1951). and the Isaac Kepo' ekalani Hale Beach Park( makai of the current study area) is named in his honor. By the mid- I 950s the Puna Sugar Co., which had officially merged with the ' Ola' a Sugar Co. in 1936( under the name ' Ola' a Sugar Co.) and was now operated by Amfac Inc., had ceased operations in the lower Puna District. In 1955 a volcanic eruption covered thousands of acres of land near Kapoho, and removed any possibility of harvesting cane again from the former Puna Sugar Co.' s lands( Dorrance and Morgan 2000). Soon after this eruption, the Puna Sugar Co.( the ' Ola' a Sugar Co. name was changed to the Puna Sugar Co. in 1960) began subdividing its Pohoiki and Keahialaka lands into smaller lots that were eventually sold to private interests( Land Court Application 1800). 42 AIS of TADS:( 311- 3- 008: 00S. Pahoiki, Puna, Hawai` i 2. Background 1 1; iC . ,• - ii I 4. Figure 25. I908 photograph in The Wood-Worker( Vol. XXVII, No. 10: 47) with the caption," At Pohoiki in December." 1r; I 7' Irig 7 r, N •.: . . ILIOk .( t")," 4: it: .' t 4.. • 1 ,•• .. 4Iggit* T' r1 7 71- t."-'- i. M•?A'{. f. w y_ Figure 26. 1908 photograph in The Wood- Worker( Vol. XXVII, No. 8: 27) with the caption," Derelict Log From Oregon—Pohoiki, Hawaii." AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 43 iii'. 2. Background 4), ; .. rtj. G ' V S t '' 1 1 1 N fl- ti t . Z 1 Jf'.'.. sft L , r a. fit ate.,_ 9r i 3: . c. t 4' y hoc; 4,= , r 01,, 41 ' Std4V',.:',- 4 4t..;: "-. 4?4,..rtt.11x,..- , Figure 27. Beach and village at Pohoiki, Puna in 1911 ( Lyman Museum Archives print P 1911. 1. 39). 1 i Nq b1 ,• w jam.,... 7 .? 4 y . f .. . 4:41.4..,,,,,,•,:.,-..-., Figure 28. Pohoiki Village, Puna, 1916( Lyman Museum Archives photographic negative P* P191). 44 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna. Hawai` i Ti 2. Background As a result of the subdivision the Pohoiki Ahupua' a lands situated north of Pohoiki Road, including the current study area, became part of a roughly 152 acre lot referred to in Land Court Application 1800 as" Lot 3- A." After the subdivision was completed, many of the subdivided lots were cleared of forest and put into agricultural use, primarily for the cultivation of papaya. This includes the mauka( western) portion of the current study area, which was cleared and planted in papaya( along with the rest of Lot 3- A) during the 1970s( Figure 29). The parcel remained in agricultural use until the early 2000s, when Continental Pacific, LCC further subdivided the roughly I52-acre Lot 3- A into nineteen smaller lots ranging in size from approximately 5 to 12 acres each( Figure 30). Most of these lots have since been developed for residential purposes. 4111 y w Web ti 1.44 4. S 44 t N r. t X1. '. 4,` Figure 29. Portion of a February 19, 1977 USGS aerial photograph showing the current study area shaded red. MS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 45 2. Background i i" i 1.:;• 1 wr1111, x 8.' 4e= 46A— nrol ..., 4 -,,,, At g grq • .. ti 4 f 2 i PiiiiiIIIPOgige hg ! 0 i E 2 vq, ; I ‘,.Ile %6 U x 6 6 1^ ft 9 t g 66J0:1 , i., om9e2+ 9/% 111tAt e. ,„ 1 6 radter. e M ; I ti 5~ q '--- Im dtillo '' l ! 4fir It5 .1SNIIii31) AgE ‘& :, i 01111084 1 ': 9 I 19 y f1 t 5 1 131flithrds Pit 1 t 1 , h S er I zi' ' tit ? g F: t'. I riitti , i,..' I -,. P.;, 117... 1 • V;.;;': 1,, c ,. 114.t..i :•!; hi,....,..i sr s; 1 1• i a , f, , 4• L' in' V''' r d.l. ; i d 1i s. 0 • 0 1'. 1 . i 1' 1•1. i li : li ! I i Li''' 7 17.1,' IA.: ii` t ita' 4' 1 qif • .:;;:, i- tr4M.:.' A i. 1.-%, • i'..,'ki!' t ':'' 7 " if .,. 4 I ,,' t.: 1 s, p.•:•: T - --- i.:. . , i— :-.• P. s . ..• ... ; ital 1°•.' 7 tli,Lrij ii o h. if : NI kz- ' i -,-..e., N,...,,-/- Figure 30. Land Court Application 1800, Map 4, showing the subdivision of Lot 3- A with the current study parcel shaded red. 46 AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 2. Background PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES Previous archaeological studies conducted in the general vicinity of the current study area are listed in Table I. The findings of each of the studies is summarized below and their locations, relative to the current study parcel, are shown in Figure 31. Table 1. Previous archaeological studies conducted within the vicinity of the current study area. Author/ Date Type of Study Ahupua' a Thrum 1905 Mahinaakaaka Heiau Keahialaka Stokes 1906 Mahinaakaaka Heiau Keahialaka Hudson 1932 Archaeological Survey Various Loo and Bonk n. d.( 1970) Historical Site Evaluation Pohoiki Bevacqua and Dye 1972 Reconnaissance Survey Various Cordy 1977 Reconnaissance Survey Pohoiki Kennedy et al. 1990, 1991 Inventory Survey Ahalanui, Oneloa, and Laepao` o Fager and Rosendahl 1991 Inventory Survey Ahalanui, Oneloa, and Laepao' o Dunn et al. 1995 Inventory Survey Ahalanui, Oneloa, and Laepao` o Devereaux et al. 1998 Inventory Survey Pohoiki, Oneloa, and` Ahalanui Elmore and Kennedy 2003 Assessment Survey Pohoiki and Keahialaka Clark and Rechtman 2005 Assessment Survey Oneloa Clark et al. 2014 Inventory Survey Pohoiki and Keahialaka The earliest archaeological studies in the district of Puna concentrated primarily on coastal areas containing petroglyphs, known heiau, and village sites. Thrum' s Hawaiian Annual and Almanac for 1905 mentions the heiau of Mahinaakaaka( see Figure 31), located at" Keahialaka, near Pohoiki"( at the coast to the southwest of the current study area), and describes it as: A platform heiau 41x75 ft. built up six ft. high on sea side of the road, standing practically east and west. Its north wall shows double construction for about half its height nearly the whole length, and the eastern end rounded out some ten or more feet, not quite the height of the main structure, but whether a feature for its ceremonies or a protection from the sea, could not be determined. Its walls and floor in a much disturbed condition.[ Thrum 1905: 39] In 1906, John F. G. Stokes of the B. P. Bishop Museum conducted a survey of heiau on the Island of Hawaii Stokes and Dye 1991), during which time he visited the heiau of Mahinaakaaka in Keahialaka ( see Figure 31). According to Stokes, local information indicated that Mahinaakaaka Heiau was dedicated to Kamehameha' s god, and that it was used for human sacrifice. Stokes prepared a plan view of the structure and described the site in detail, writing: Heiau of Mahinaakaaka, land of Keahialaka, Puna. Located between the road and the sea, 90 feet from the latter. The concrete base of Pohoiki wharf bears 226° 30'. 2032 feet. An unusually high- platformed heiau, with retaining walls at a slope of 5: 11 horizontal to vertical[ 66°]. The platform is built on an old sea- boulder beach, which has been gradually moving seawards. The present beach line is just below the southeast end of the platform, where the boulders have been piled high by the waves. Inside this natural rampart, the ground drops again so that the base of the heiau is 6 feet above the sea level. At the western corner of the platform there was originally a pond, now divided into two parts by a road build through it. The surface of the road is about 3. 5 feet lower than the base of the platform so that viewed from the road, the platform seems very high. The platform itself is built of the rounded, waterworn stones(' ala) so plentiful in the vicinity. The use of such rounded stones will probably account for the wide slope of the retaining walls and the consequent" truncated pyramidal form" of the platform. It would not have been practicable to build a vertical retaining wall with stones of this shape. I believe that this is the site that Fornander had in mind[ when referring to an example of the truncated pyramidal temple form], not Kumakaula 1969, 2: 6]. The upper surface of this platform had been disturbed. There was suggestion of a smaller platform at the southwest end which the natives called the lele...[ Stokes and Dye 1991: 149- 151] AIS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 47 2. Background 154. 53. 000' W 154^ 52. 000' W 154. 51. 000' W WGS84 154. 50. 000' W I® Previous studies c-, ;'.. ,1, . f.: 1i .. 1 f -- 1- Thrum 1905: Stokes 1906 9 P -"` _` tog/ l 2- Hudson 1932 I' "'i 3- Bevacqua and Dye 1972 4 1 , t• , 3 1 4- Cordy 1977 f‘ .' 4 3 f. '/• !---..". 1_ et 1990. tilt,. ! l ' . .. 5- Kennedy al. 1991 0-"`L;:, 4 1 6- Fager and Rosendahl 1991; \ (''' A ',). ) -, e _, 4 ' k o--431-•• , o r , a a° I 1 z Dunn et al. 1995 fi z c , S j a 7- Devereaux et al. 1998 g i ' t 7. 8- Elmore and Kennedy 2003 1' e r 1".•,., 1 9- Clark and Rechtman 2005 1 F 3a 1. 10- Clark et al. 2014 U. . t', Current area s'- ! 4 L A A! -`"'.. . 11- study r- 1 Iii Specific site locationf. I „ t A fr9 I l ' y r _ f.. ifi 4 (‘) ;) I. ',.:.: fri'-,, 01 I ki: Ail,i Ni 3 1, 1.--Iffiw-rti.,,,, tr_.1. 7 , _,-, , . o ir w' ., N w, l • r'' 9s` f • i *'_ g , s if 4 ; ' tom: i J 2514 0 + 44 ter ° ',;--: 2: 2- J k r 511 I .. 1 SERVE i t' b ryl i' t, M ' r -,<' : r i, •/' , 44.1,:‹-=<.7.,,-.3;:zt6,24-;',2'‘ . 04 ,),) j' 0, S f; 009 : 7", p. S y;—,,46:,;!'' Q' a.• silt:„ 33,• 10, 11, .÷..&,;--: Irr.... aprwer P 154. 53. 000' W 154. 52. 000' W 154. 000' W WGS84 154. 50. 000' W 5 1,1. 0 7ILSM 1..._=_ F(.. dtil...... = r wIttIK tgaesa'- 0 Toros t2o0: Nem! Otepfpbx nm•. cce+:1+erplue am opo Figure 31. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. 48 MS ofTMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 7Lin 2 Haekvouud In 1932 Al lrcd [ Judson prepared an in' enlory of the archaeological sites of Fast [ Owe i Island, between Waipi' o Valles and the Ka' u District, for the B. P. Bishop Museum. Hudson( 19321 recorded a wide range of archaeological Matures within the Puna District including heiau. burials, caves, habitations, trails, and agricultural features. but noted that it was di0icult to obtain information about sites in Puna because'- most of them arc located alone the coast..where no one now lis es. and it is difficult to locate descendants of the former I lawaiiail population of the area who might he able to shed light on the nature and function of certain sites._ hack from the sea the land is tinder cultivation in cane. used for pasuua or covered with dense vegetation which can he penetrated only with diffi cu It)'' I 1932. 304. the route of the survey took Hudson through the coastal portions of Pohoiki and Keahialaka ehupun' a( see figure 31), where he traveled from northeast to southwest makes of the current study area. While stopped at the Pohoiki boat landing, Hudson asked informants about a hewn mentioned by Thrum and described evidence of former extensive occupancy along the coast. Further to the southwest he recorded Iwo sites( Sites 147 and 148). I ludson' s brief description of the area and the two specific sites is as follows: Thrum ( 65- c, p. 39) mentions a heiau named Oak) at Pohoiki with the notation: " Said to have been an important heiau. Nov entirely destroyed" None of my informants in the neighbourhood could give any information about it. Around the boat landing at Pohoiki and for some distance up and down the coast are evidences of fwrn er extensive occupancy. The lines of old walls can he followed although the stones have been removed and there are traces of former platforms and paving on the beach. Sue 147, Platforms. On the coast a few hundred yards south of Pohoiki are two platforms, one of them terraced. on which modern houses have been built. She 148. Platforms. On the north side of the point, Lae o Kalluml, a quarter of a mile south of Po hoi kl. are tws0 roughly constructed platforms, one rising above the other. She upper of two is built on top of a jutting ledge which has been paved and faced with beach boulders. At the foot of the led_ e is the second, lower platform 1 he effect of a massive terrace is thus secured with a mini nitint amount of construction. [ Il udsnn 1932. 365- 366] It wasn't mull the 1970s, following the passage of the National En vi ronnental Policy Act INI' PA) and several executive orders that legally required government and private concerns to consider the impact of development on cultural resources. that archaeological studies in Puna. and IIa ai' i as a whole, hecame more common. In 1970 Virginia Lao and William Bonk, from the 1 niversity of Hawaii at lido, prepared a historical site study and evaluation Mr the County at Hawaii Department of Planning in which they provide recommendations for the treatment of the Old Coffee Mill at Pohoiki( sec Figure 31). tato and Bonk wrote. f hie % cry large two stun structure is located along an old jeep trail between Isaac Hale Park and the coastal road. It is in excellent condition. of post- historic origin and is a unique architectural piece. l he concrete walls are approximately Iwo feet thick. There are no windows on the first or ground Moor of the building. VA a sow ould like to place this site in Category one and suggest that it he inc nrporated into a" living historic museum', similar to, or part of. the conceptual plan proposed to the thin College by Bonk 19701 It this old mill were turned over to the Fniversity fur reconstruction. refurbishing, and operation, with all of the necessary interpretive displays and information, not only would it serve to preserve the structure and give an interesting hit of" old Hmwi' i" to the visitors of the area, but it could be used for% cry effective educational ends. To reconstruct, prepare and present the site to the public. would require of students a great deal more than listening to lectures and going through textbooks. The history of the site, its function with respect to the prevalent socio- economic development of an operating culture at a specific time in the past, and the necessary personal involvement through research techniques acquired while delving into that past, would all contribute to the cross- cultural enrichment process that we in Hawai' i tend to delineate as part of our life style. Loo and Bonk n. d : 60- 61] In 1972. the B. P. Bishop Museum( Bevacqua and Dye 19721 conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of a proposed Kapoho- Kalapana Road corridor for the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works. The survey corridor included the coastal portion of Pohoiki Ahupua' a ( see Figure 31)- where four archaeological sites were identified ( Sites 2510. 251 I, 2514, and 2515)_ These sites included the Pohoiki Warm Spring( Site 2510). R) crof's Old Coffee Mill( Site 251 I4 a burial platform( Site 25141, and a complex of habitation features( Site 25151. Each site recorded by 13evacqua and Dye( 1972). based on a thorough visual examination of its surface characteristics and the AIS of f NK. t31 I- 3- 008.. 005_ Pohniki, Puna, Ilawai' i 49 2 Background consideration of its relationship to proximate sites, was placed in one of four categories ( Category I, If, Ill, or IV) determined by the specific recommendations for the future treatment of the site. Category I sites, like the old coffee mill ( Site 2511). were those considered of interest to the archaeologist and layman alike, and were recommended for stabilization and reconstruction so that they could be made accessible to the public. Category II sites were those considered of interest primarily to the archaeologist. were recommended for protection until they could be thoroughly Investigated. and assigned to one cif the other three categories with appropriate treatment protocols. Category III sites_ like Site 2515. were those sites no cultural deposit or recent origins that were considered of little interest to the archaeologist, and therefore recommended for no further work. Category IV sites, like 2514, were burials that were recommended fur protection. Some sites, like the Pohoiki Warm Spring( Site 25101. were not assigned to a category. as they were not considered conventional archaeological sites, but natural features of the landscape utilized by the resident population. Subsequent to the Bevacqua and Dye( 1972) study, in 1973, Hawaii Register of Historic Places Historic( HRHP) Site Information and Review Forms for the" Pohoiki Mill Ruins" were completed_ At that time the site was assigned the HRHP site designation 7386. Cordy( 1977) conducted an archaeological reconnaissance in Pohoiki Ahupua' a as part of the 1978 Pohoiki Ray Navigation Improvements( the addition ofa breakwater to the boat ramp at Isaac Hale Beach Park: see Figure 3 ). No structures or subsurface remains were located by Cordy. but he did identify two metal poles( embedded in concrete) emerging from the edge of the bay adjacent to the boat ramp that John Hale, who lived in the house on the Nate property at the time, identified as a former mooring for- long boats and canoes" 11977: 2). Cordy also visited the previously recorded sits on the Pohoiki property ( Sites 2510, 2511, and 2515), and indicated that the former mill structure ( Site 251 I) was ` surrounded by feral coffee and overgrown with local vegetation"( 1977: 1). According to Cordy( 1977: 1), by the time of his study Sites 2510 and 2515 had been placed on the Hawaii i State Register of Historic places. but were considered of reserve value, the lowest of three evaluation categories. In 1989- 1990 Archaeological Consultants of Hawaii. Inc. ( ACH) began an archaeological inventory survey of roughly 450 acres within the alrupiea a of' Ahalanui, Oneloa, and Laepao' o( TMKs ( 3) 1- 4- 002: 013. 014, 024, 069, and 0701 located adjacent to( east/ northeast of) the current study area( see Figure 31) The. ACH survey( Kennedy et al. 1990. 1991). which was conducted for A & 0 International in support of a proposed golf course des elopment, int tided a pedestrian survey of the entire study area, test excavations at selected sites and features, and preparation of significance evaluations and treatment recommendations. A roughly 250- acre portion of the area surveyed by ACH. including the entire southwestern portion ofthe study area nearest the current study parcel, had been previously graded and planted in papayas, and did not contain any archaeological features. The ACH report on the findings of the study was originally submitted to MAR- S[ IPD in 1990 ( Kennedy et al. 1990). and then revised and submitted again in 1991 ( Kennedy et al. 1991). However. DLNR- SHPD was unable concur with ACH findings, and the property owner switched archaeological consultants to PHRI prior to ACH preparing final report that was acceptable to DL\ R- SHPD. In 1991. Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. ( PHRI I took over work on the golf course project and conducted some additional in entory survey work within the roughly 200- acre area that ACH had identified intact archaeological remains( Eager and Rosendahl 1991). The additional work conducted by P11R1 included some limited survey and excavation, but consisted primarily of using ACH' s data to prepare final, detailed site significance evaluations and treatment recommendations( Dunn et al. 1995). As a result of the work conducted by these two archaeological firms ( Dunn et al. 1995; Eager and Rosendahl 1991; Kennedy et al. 1990, 1991), forty- seven sites ( including twenty- one single feature sites and twenty- six site complexes) encompassing 1, 000 distinct features were recorded on TMKs: ( 3) 1- 4- 002: 013, 014, 024, 069, and 070. PHRI identified twelve formal feature types on the subject parcel including alignment, cave. C- shape, enclosure. hearth. indeterminate agriculture, modified outcrop, mound. platform, terrace, trail, and wall. Functional categories assigned to these feature types included agriculture, habitation, ancillary habitation, temporary habitation, boundary wall, burial, animal husbandry, and transportation. A total of 138 test units were excavated at eighty- seven different features within thirty- two of' the sites. Six of the single feature sites were found to contain human skeletal remains. One of the complexes ( Site 12157) included 611 agricultural features that spanned the entire 200- acre PHRI study area. Dates obtained through radiocarbon age determination, suggested an initial occupation of the project area by A. D. 1250, an intensification of use around A. D. 1400- 1700, and decline throughout the Historic Period. Although PHRI was able to successfully complete the inventory survey to the standards of DLNR- SHPD, the golf course development was never built. The parcels surveyed by ACH and PHRI were instead recently subdivided into 33 roughly 10 acre residential/ agricultural lots, and a larger. 170- acre lot( see TMK:( 3) 1- 4- 093). 50 AIS of 1MK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005. Pohoiki. Nina. Hawaii 2 ( Background In 1998. Cultural Surveys Hawaii i ( CSli) conducted art archaeological inventory survey ottwo Hawaii i Counts Parks located to the southeast of the current study arca within Pohoiki, One lea, and LA halanui ahupua a( Devereaux et al. 1998: sec Figure 31). The sures areas included a 5 95- acre area for the improvement of Ahalanui Park I141Ks. 13) 4- 002: 005. 1) 06, and 0611, and a five- acre arca for the expansion of the Isaac Hale Beach Park I141Ks:( 311- 3- 008013. 016, and 1- 4- 002: 008). As a result oldie stuck ane site. a well ( Site 213524 was recorded at Ahalanui Park. and a habitation complex ( Site 22507) preciously recorded by f3examnia and he ( 1972) was recorded at Isaac I tale Reach Park. Del ereux et al. ( 19981 interpreted Site 2507. consisting of two enclosures situated along the inland edgc of the Kalapana- Kapoho Road in Oneloa Ahupua- a. as a mid- 1800s habitation complex associated with Grant No. 1001 to Kamakuakane. Both sites were recommended for preservation. Elmore et al. ( 2003) conducted an archaeological assessment of 412. 5- acre parcel ( FMK: 3) I- 3- 008: 004 par. I located southwest of the current study area within portions of both Pohoiki and Keahialaka ahup a' a at an elevation of roughly 300 feet above sea level( see Figure 31). The study area had been extensively disturbed by bulldozing prior to the study and, as a result. no archaeological sites%vete identified. Clark and Recluman ( 2005) prepared an archaeological assessment survey for the proposed realignment ata portion of the Kapoho- Kalapana Road ( Route 1371 located to the eastisoutheast of the current study area in the neighboring ahupno' a ofOneloa( TMKs:( 3) 1- 4- 002.011. 009 and( 3) 1- 3- 008: 0164 The survey area( see Figure 311 included portions of three areas examined during prior archaeological studies( Bevacqua and Dye 1972: Dunn et al. 1995: and Devereaux et a1. 1998). No new sites were identified by Clark and Rechiman 12005), hut three previously identified features of Site 12157, a large agricultural complex( Dunn et al. 1995: Kennedy et al. 1990: Kennedy et al. 19916 were relocated_ Following the Clark and Rechiman( 2_005) study the Kalapana- Kapolur Road was realigned to its current eon fig urat iore The most recent study m occur in the immediate v icinit' of the current study area was completed by Clark et al. 2014) who conducted an archaeological inventory survey of a roughly 35. 5- acre parcel located in the ahopua a of Pohoiki and Keahialaka. to the southeast of the current study parcel( see Figure 31). Five sites( Sites 2510, 2511. 2515. 2516, and 25301 previously recorded by liesacq ua and Dye ( 19122) were relocated and dnemnen ted in detail during the Clark et al. ( 2014) survey. (' lark el al.( 2014) ado recorded twenty- seven new sites containing more than seventy featuresthe newly identified sites ranged from traditional llawai ian features associated with agriculture and habitation to Iiistoric sites associated with Robert Rycro0' s utilization of the area including commercial and industrial structures relating to commercial timher and coffee production_ Clark et al_ 12014) specifically recorded the Pohoiki R arm Spring( Site 2510). the Rycroft coffee mill( Site 2511). a habitation complex( Site 25154 two concrete cisterns Sites 30129 and 30135). a stone- lined pit I Site 301304 a large enclosure thought to be used ( hr Historic agricultural purposes Site 301314 two concrete foundations ( Situ 101322 and 301334 a free- standing, concrete men and smokestack I Site 301344 a Historic enclosure with an associated concrete privy( Site 301366 the former location of a Historic roadway referred to on old leaps as Rycroft' s Road Site 30137). four core- filled wall segments I Sites 30138, 30140. 30145. and 301461. an L- shaped alignment( Site 301394 a complex consisting oftwo alignments and an enclosure ' Site 301414 an agricultural complex ( Site 301421 with an associated enclosure of unknown function Site 301434 a stepping- stone trail segment ( Site 301444 an anchialine pond ( Site 30147), byo coastal habitation complexes( Sites22515 and 30148), two formal agricultural complexes( Sites 2514 and 30149). and a large area where informal agriculture may have been practiced during the Precontact Period ( Site 30150). MS of F11K: 13I 1- 3- 008.005. Pohoiki- Puna, Fiavai' i SI 3. Stud) Area F. pectatinn. 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS The following discussion of the archaeological expectations for the current study parcel is based on the review of historical documentary resources. legendary references, previous archaeological studies- and ahupm- a settlement patterns presented above. The current study area is situated within the ahupua' a of Pohoiki, just vauke of Pohoiki Bay. one of the best canoe landings alone the entire Puna coast. This area tvould hate been populated fairly early. on during the initial settlement of Hawaii Island, and development of the adjacent lands would hale progressed somewhat rapidly thereafter. Radiocarbon dates obtained by Dunn et al. ( 1995) suggest that initial occupation may have occurred by about! A. D. 1250, with intensification of use around A. D. 1400- 1700. The initial occupational focus of the settlement at Pohoiki Bay would have concentrated on the collection of marine resources. As the population expanded, however, agricultural exploitation of inland portions of the ahupua' a would have increased. Handy and Handy( 1991) suggest that the lowland ha/ a forests in Puna were often planted in kalo using the paha/ a method, which involved planting in excavated pits in the ' a' a. Numerous archeological features related to this type of cultivation have been identified within undisturbed lands in this general area of lower Puna( c. f. Clark et al. 2014; Dunn et al. 1995; Fager and Rosendaht 1991; Kennedy et al. 1990. 1991), suggesting that similar features could be found within undisturbed portions of the current study area. Kulearm claims, grant documents, and boundary commission testimony ( a legacy of the Great t/ nhe/ e of 1848) indicate that a sizable Hawaiian community still resided along the shore of Pohoiki .Ahupua' a during the middle to late 1800s. At Pohoiki, ku/eano and grant documents from the mid- 1800s. describe coastal house lots belonging to native residents that were enclosed by rock walls. In ca. 1877, however, Pohoiki Ahupua' a was purchased by an Englishman named Robert Rycroft, who established a coffee.timber mill in the vicinity. of Pohoiki Bay, and extensively cleared inland areas for pasture and agriculture. Rycroft built a road ( the current alignment of Pohoiki Road). extending inland from Pohoiki Bay, that passed adjacent to the southern boundary of the current study area Maps dating from 1893 to 1895 show several enclosures and as many as fourteen structures at Pohoiki Bay that are marked with labels reading Rycroft' s{ house]. saw mill, engine shed, Rycroft' s new factory, store, carpenter' s shop, laborers' house, Lynch[' s house], barn, shed, boat house, church, courthouse, and jail. These maps also show Rycroft' s Road- ( Pohoiki Road) extending inland along the southern boundary of the study area: an area partially contained within an enclosure on the opposite side of the road( at the approximate elevation of the current study area) is labeled` Fruit Orchard& Pasture"( see Figure 20). It is possible that the subject parcel. which is located within the same clearing in the forest as the enclosed orchard and pasture, was also used for similar purposes. If so, Historic Period agricultural features, ranching related infrastructure. or core- filled walls related to Rycroft' s use of the land may be present within the study area. By the early 1900s, Pohoiki Ahupua' a had become part of the Puna Sugar Company' s land holdings, and portions of the ahupua tt were planted in sugarcane. Later the entire land division was subdivided into smaller parcels. marry of which were mechanically cleared of vegetation and planted as papaya fields. Aerial photographs show that a large portion of the current study area was cleared and used for modern cultivation purposes by ea. 1977( see Figure 29). Since ca. 2002, the portions of the subject parcel formerly planted in papaya have been developed as part ofthe Kirpal Ecological& Meditation Center. It is unlikely that any archaeological resources will be present within the areas of the property that modern cultivation and des clopment has occurred. It is possible, however, that archaeological features may he present in the narrow, makai portion of the properly between Pohoiki Road and the northern boundary of Pohoiki A hupua` a_ Features found within this area could be related to Precontact Period agriculture, Rycroft' s Historic Period fruit orchard and pasture, or the marking of the ahupua' n boundary. wbieh is coterminous with the northern boundary of the study area. Boundary markers might include Precontact Period aim, but are more likely, given the land use history and the HistoricModern cultivation of adjacent parcels, to consist of Historic Period cairns or core- filled rock walk. 52 AIS of 131K- 13) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna, Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 4. FIELDWORK Fieldwork for the current project was conducted on August 8, 2016 by Matthew R. Clark, B. A. and Lauren M. U. K. Tam Sing under the supervision of Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. METHODS Fieldwork included a visual inspection of the surface of the entire study area and detailed site recordation. Along the parcel boundaries, and within the previously undeveloped makai portion of the study area, fieldworkers walked pedestrian transects( oriented roughly northwest/southeast) spaced at 10- meter intervals. The previously graded and landscaped portions of the study area were inspected utilizing randomly spaced meandering transects. The entire study area was accessible and the corners of the study parcel were marked with metal pipe and PVC. As the natural vegetation consisted mostly of tall trees with limited ground cover, the ground surface visibility was suitable throughout most of the undeveloped portions study area to allow for the identification of any archaeological features that may have been extant. A single archaeological site( a rock wall) identified along the northern boundary of the study parcel at its eastern end was mapped using a Garmin 76s handheld GPS device( set to the NAD 83 datum). The entire length of the wall( within the current study area) was visually inspected. Metric measurements were recorded at several locations along the wall, intact sections were cleared of vegetation and photographed with a meter stick and north arrow for scale and orientation, and a standardized site record form, noting the wall' s construction attributes, location, and condition, was completed in the field. FINDINGS As mentioned above, as result ofthe current fieldwork, a single archaeological site( Site 50- 10-46-30583), consisting of a section of a core- filled wall, was recorded along the northern boundary of the study area at its eastern end( Figure 32). This wall is described in further detail below. Detail of rock wall location Site 30583 Bulldozer berm O o j i o o O \\ Meters wall cont__ SE for 250 rnairs w 1 4 Parcel Boundary wry,,,,, Primary Driveway n,: Rock wall 0 Existing structure Graded/ landscaped area r., a IINatural vegetation 0 50 100 Meters sec inset QBulldozed berm a Figure 32. Site location map. AIS of' MK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawaii 5 ro 3. Study Area Expectations SIHP Site 50- 10- 46-30583 Site 30583 is a dry-stacked, core- filled wall that extends southeast/northwest along the northern boundary of the current study area for 130 meters at is eastern end( see Figure 32). Site 30583 consequently follows a portion of the Pohoiki/Oneloa ahupua' a boundary, which is coterminous with the northern boundary of the current study parcel. The wall ( Figure 33) ranges from 0.7 to 1. 7 meters tall and from 0.5 to 0.7 meters wide. It is constructed with neatly stacked, medium to large ' a' a cobbles and small boulders along the exterior edges, and an interior fill of smaller ' a' a cobbles( Figure 34). Site 30583 is situated on a slightly southeast sloping ground surface, surrounded by a fairly dense growth ofkala, mango, and coconut trees. Several sections ofthe wall have collapsed outward( to the south) and been flattened by animals and people crossing it( Figure 35), but for much of its length ( adjacent the study area) it is in relatively good condition. The northern side of the wall is lined by a roughly 1. 5 meter tall berm of bulldozer pushed material deposited against its edge from the former papaya fields on the adjacent property to the north. At its western end, the wall terminates where it has been leveled to the ground by bulldozing. To the east, the wall continues beyond the study area for 250 meters until it meets with the northern edge of Pohoiki Road. Site 30583, given its core- filled construction style and location, was likely built during the early twentieth century for livestock control purposes. This wall extends along the southern boundary of a portion of Grant No. 6845 to R. Napaiapalai, who used the land adjacent to the current study area as pasture as early as 1902. A survey of that grant property, recorded as C. S. F. 2765 on April 16, 1917( see Figure 24), does not mention a wall marking the boundary of Napalapalai' s pasture lease( RPL 424). Rather the survey notes describe a cairn and trees inscribed with letters marking the boundary in the vicinity of the current study area, suggesting that Site 30583 was likely built sometime after 1917 to control the movement of livestock and mark the boundary of Napalapalai' s land. Consequently, the wall also marks a portion of the Pohoiki/ Oneloa ahupua' a boundary. Site 30583 extends along a roughly 380- meter- long section of the boundary, but the wall was once longer as it currently terminates at bulldozing near the makai end of the study parcel( only a 130- meter- long section of the wall was assessed during the current study). It is likely that the former western extension of Site 30583 was destroyed when the area adjacent to Pohoiki Road was mechanically cleared for papaya fields during the 1970s( see Figure 29). The wall is presently in fair condition, with several long sections of intact stacking interrupted by shorter sections ofcollapse that were likely caused by the mechanical clearing ofthe former papaya fields, which deposited a large berm of bulldozed material against its northern edge. 12. 7' • 1 . 0!!'(; p, iiiii'1, 11, 44 .. ,,..,-.., ; ;s • .%... .,:, ... ,, livk : . ili,,,, .i...... -,,.. ...,,,,.., t• 4 xi7,, -., Figure 33. Southeastern end of Site 30583 adjacent to Pohoiki Road, view to the northeast. 54 MS of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna. Hawaii 4 Fieldwork 1.! li 7.. 1,.. 4t 3„. +— Ap, 1 1. ..„ 1+ • t 1',.. 114;'' i, . -... '• ' i, J." . ' : Ail , ii • 1,.. . 1,.. At 0 e N 6' f "..!'••, k 4„. 1.„., li N.,,,,,... . iitv 1.,, . pr.,. ,,,,,,/,'.. 1 ... 0. ' 11# . '',' b., ,, 11: 14 1.:1 A . i , ii) q: iv 1 e. 4 !, 4/` , 7 1. . 4 ; 4... ir.• 1 ii. ,. ,. 1 0: ..., ,,,. j...,, 9..,. • ip i, : ,... _ lbw,- ,..;:# C r A, ' 1 Figure 34. Site 30583, southwest wall face, view to the northeast. r - -- r. l ...••} , ,. v t+•.• •;• •, y v i x r' Yom. ) \ ' 3 d,`. j t II, Ito 4, JILV .,"..1, 4 , i .. r yam 1 ~_ M .^. 4. _.' + 4 44., re., . 1. ._ f• --:-.)-,- y ., A. ,••;.• - liptir *"' , ir•- 3Ar/ ve... 4i '‘ j, . 4„....' ... 7...w ilik : 211s. t. µ wi J r ms i Figure 35. Site 30583, neatly stacked southwest wall face with collapsed area to the right and bulldozer berm visible in the background, view to the northeast. MS of TMK:( 3) I-3-008: 005, Pohoiki, Puna, Hawai` i o7"'r17lir _ 47.;ivi Significance Evaluation and Treatment Recommendation 5. SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION The recorded archaeological site is assessed for its significance based on criteria established and promoted by the DI. AR- SI IPU and contained in [ he Hawaii Administrative Rules 115113- 284- 6. This significance evaluation should he considered preliminary until DLNR-SHPD provides concurrence. For a resource to he considered significant it must possess integrity of location, design- setting- materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and meet one or more of the following criteria: a Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; b Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; c Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value; d Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research on prehistory or history; e tlave an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts— these associations being important to the group' s history and cultural identity. The significance and recommended treatment for the single recorded site is presented in Table 2 and discussed below. Table 2. Site significance and treatment recommendation. Temporal Recommended Site k° Sae Type Significance Affiliation Treatment 30583 Core- filled Wall Ilistoric d No further work SHIP, aIc' o p. ccdzd 6. Siatc Island. and Quad prefix 511- 1 The section of Site 30553 adjacent to the narrow. eastern end of MIK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005 retains enough integrity to be assessed as significant under Criterion d for the information that it has yielded relative to the early to mid- twentieth century method of controlling the movement livestock and marking grant boundaries in the vicinity of the current study area. This report presents a culture- historical context for Site 30583 and provides detailed archaeological documentation of the site, which serves to mitigate the documented portion of the wall from any future potential impacts. As a result. no further historic preservation work is recommended for the portion of Site 30583 that extends along the boundary of the Kirpal Meditation Sr Ecological Center property. 56 AIS of TMA: 01 I- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puma Ilawai' i Rcfrcnce.( ircd REFERENCES CITED Athens. L. I Reith. and T. Dye 2014 A Palenenvironmental and Archaeological Model- based Age Estimate Inr the (° Ionization of Iianaii.. line,- - u, tnrnryim 79( I I'. 144- 155. Rarrera. ' A-. Jr. 1971 Anae hoomal u: A Ilas'aiiao Oasiis. Preliminary Report of Salsage Research in South Kuhala. Hawaii- Paoli( . InthrupologioJ N. cords No- 15- Department of Anthropology. B. P. Bishop Museum. Ilonolulu. Barrerc. D. 1959 Political History of l' una IN Natural and Cultural History Report on the Kalapana Extension of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: Vol. I, pp- I5- 65. Compiled by Emory. K.. W. Bonk. V Sinolo. D- Barrere. Department of Anthropology. R P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Beaglehole. 1. 1967 hr/ ournali Of Caplan. loran Conk on His I() juges of Di cc vrerp London. the Hakluyt Society. edited from the original manuscripts by I. Beaglehole) Becksyith, NI 1970Iluwaiian Mythology. Honolulu: l' nisersity of Ilmwaii Press. Becacqua. K and I. Dye 1972 A rchaco logical Reconnaissance of Proposed Kapoho- Kalapana Highway. District of Puna. Island of Flassai' i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Depamneni of Anthropology Report Number 1072- i. Prepared for Sam. 0- Hiroo.irola. Inc. and Department of Public Works Cotmh of I Iowan. Honolulu. Bunchard. t 1995 Population and Land Use on the Keauhou(' oast. the Land Invamory Sung), Keauhou. North Kona_ II all Island. Part I. Narrative Volume. International Archaeological Research Institute. Inc II A Prepared for Belt Collins and . Associates and Kamchameha Investment Corporal it' ll. F It no lu lu Chinon. I 1961 tlrigino/ l and 7 flee in// oi. au lonnlulu: privately published. lark. M.. and K Rechtman 2005 rchaeologi al Assessment Sun ey for the Pohoiki Road Realignment Project ( I MKs. 3- 1- 4- 03: 9. 13 and 3- 1- 3- 08461. Oneloa Ahupua' a, Puna District. Island of Ilawai' i. Rechtman Consulting Report Rt-- 0279- Prepared for Ron Terry, Ph. D_ Geometrician Assoc Ores. I. C. C. Kea' au- Hada i' i. lark. AI-, R Rudolph. and IC Rcchiman 2001 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of :MK: 3- 1- 5- 02: 24. AA aiakahiula Ahupua' a. Pima District. Island of Ilawai i- Rechtman Consulting Repon R('- 0066. Prepared for Mr. Scott Gouker- Power Electric. Pahoa, Ilawai- i. C lark. AL. A. Ducks Ah Sam. 1. David Nelson. L. Kcpa' a. and K. Rechtman 2014 An Arcaheo logical Inventory Suryey of a 35 5- acre Parcel Located at Pohoiki Bay, I] IK- 111 1- 3- 18. 014. Pohoiki and Keahialaka ahupue' a, Puna District. Island of Haysai' i. ASM Repon Number 2: 120 0I- Prepared for Kenneth Van Bergen, County of Haycal' i, Hilo. Flawai' i- oan. 7- 1882 Life in Hawaii: An Autobiographic Sketch of Mission Life and labors 18.35 1881- New York: Randolph. Cord), R 1977 Archaeological Reconnaissance Pohoiki Bay, Hawaii( I AIK: 1- 3- 0A 3). 1994 A Regional Synthesis of Hamakua District. I law aili Island. Historic Preservation Diy ision. DLNR. State ofllawai i. AIS of ISIK. ( 3) 1- 1- 008: 005. Pohoiki. Puna. Ha" ai i References Cited Devereaux, T.. D. Borthwick, and H. Hammatt 1998 Archaeological Inventory Survey For Two Proposed Hawaii County Parks, Ahalanui and Pohoiki.. Puna. Hawaii Island ( TNJK Ahalanui 1- 4- 002: 05. 06 & 061. Pohoiki 1- 3- 008.913. 016 & W- 002: 0081. Prepared for Woodward- Clyde Federal Services. Dorrance, N and F. Morgan 000 Sugar Islands' The 165- Year Story of Sugar in I lauaii Mutual Publishing Co., Honolulu. Dunn. A.. L. Franklin. and S. Goodfellow 1995 Archeological Inventory Survey, A & 0 Golf Course Project, Lands of Ahalanui, Oneloa, and Laepa' o, Puna District. Island of Hawaii ( TNIK: 1- 4- 0213, 14, 24, 69, 70). PHRI Report 1128- 110293. Prepared for A& 0 International. Elkin, W. B. 1903 Oregon Teachers Monthly: A Journal Devoted to the Educational interests of the Northwest. Vol, 8, Salem, Oregon, January, 1904, No. 5. Ellis, W. 2004 Journal of William Ellis a Narrative of an 1823 Tour Through Hawaii. Mutual Publishing, Australia Elmore. Ni.. and J. Kennedy 2003 An Archaeological Assessment for" FMK: 1- 3- 08: 4 in Keahialaka Ahupua' a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii. Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific. Inc. Prepared for Gene Thomas. Palma. Hawaii. Emerson, N. B. 1915 Pele and Ffiiaka: A Myth From t[ awai' i. Honolulu Star- Bulletin Limited. Honolulu. Eager, NL. and P. Rosendahl 1991 Additional Archaeological Inventory Survey Testing of Potential Burial Features. DcLuc Kona Center Development Site. Lands of Keopu 1st and Moeauoa 2nd. North Kona District. Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 1010- 051591. Prepared for Dam DaLuz. Pornander, A. 1969 In l ceoum ofthe Polynesian Race It, Origin and Iligralions 10k) o: Charles H. Tuttle Co.. Inc. 1996 Ancient History ofthe Hawaiian People. Mutual Publishing. Australia. GiambelInca,' I'. W., X. Shuai, M. L. Barnes. R. J. Alliss. R. I. Loneman. F. Miura, Q. Chen, AFL Frazier, R. G. Mudd. L. Coo. and A. D. Businger 2014 Evapotranspiration of Hawaii. Final report submitted to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers-- Honolulu District. and the Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hamad. Greene. L. 1993 A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawaii Island. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Ser ice, Denver Service Center. Handy. E. S. C., E. G. Handy( with M. Pukui) 1991 Native Planters in Old I fawaii: Their Life, Lore and Environment. BV. Bishop lluseum Bulletin 223. Honolulu: Department of Anthropology. Bishop Museum Press.( Revised Edition) Holmes, T. 1985 A Preliminary Report on the Early History and Archaeology of the Puna Forest Reserve' Wao Kele o Puna Natural Area Reserve. Prepared for TruelMid Pacific Geothermal. Inc. Hammon, R. 1986 Social Evolution in Ancient Hawaii- In Kirch, P. ( editor), Island Societies: Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Iransformation: 55- 88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hudson. A. 1932 1rchaeologv of East Hawaii, Volume I. Honolulu: B. P. Bishop Museum. 58 AN of TMK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005, Pohoiki. Puna. Hawai' i Retcren. cs Cried 1967 1, ugmetnv nl Ihntanan llislnnr. Bishop AIuseuii Special Publication 70, Bishop Alusntm Press. Honolulu an cs, 1 1817 History of the Hawaiian Islands. F. min-acing l heir Antiquities. Mytholt sa I.- fiends, Di c der) h. Iluropeans in the Sixteenth Centura. Re Discocecv by Cook. AA ith l heir ( icil_ Religious and Political History, From the Earliest l raditionary Period to Mc Present Ilme. Honolulu. ( . 1 I Iitehcock. Kalakaua. King Das id 1972 The Iegend%and . 1) tha of! lanai The Pablo. and folk- Lore of a . Strange People Rutland. Vermont and Tokyo, Japan. Charles F. Tuttle Co„ Inc. R_ Dagget. editor.( Original Publication 1888 First Tuttle editionf) Kamakau. S 1976 he \ orks of the People of Old. Ad hones a ka Pu• c Kuhiko. B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61. Bishop Museum Press, Ilonolulu. Hawaii. 1992 Ruling Chiq%of/ lm aii. 1 he Kamehamehn Schools Press. Honolulu( Rn ised Edition) Kennedy, L., At. Breithaupt, and E. Gehr 1990 An hnmvory Survey and Subsurface Testing at TMK: 1- 1- 02: 13. 14. 2.4. 69& 7t1. Puna, Island of I lawaii. Archaeological Consultants n( I lawaii lin two volumes). Prepared li, r. A& O International Kennedy,. 1 . P. Brennan. \ A.\ Iaigret. E. ( iehr. and L. Rieslema 1991 An Inventory Survey and Subsurface ' l esting at TMK: l- 1- 02: 13. 14, 224. 69& 711. Puna. Island of Iawaii. Archaeological Consultants oflI twaii( in two volumes. rerised version ahnsc. June 19911. Prepared for A& O International. Kent. N 198: Ilatumi Islands l rank' the Influence. 1. nieersits of Press. I lonolulu. Kirdl. P. 1984 Inc terminal of the P(1l) rvatun 1./ act I int. New York: Cambridge 1' 11iceoit) Press_ 1985 F emhcieel ( leafs and fishhoohr In Ino-odanion to llawanan h haadoel and Prehistory Ilonolulu' C. niversi ty of Hawaii Press. 2011 When did the Polynesians Settle I lawai' I" A Review of IS0 Years of Scholarly Inquiry and a l entarn c Answer // au anon brheroloct vol. 12: 1- 26 K uvkendall. R.. and A. Day 1976 I lawaii A I listora: From Polynesian Kingdom to American Statehood. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice IIall. Inc. Loo, V. and W. Bonk n. d A Historical Site Study and Ey Amnion< d Vnrth Hawaii ( 1970). Ms. Prepared by Anthropological Research International for the Dept of Planning. County of 11awai i. laic K. 1998 Puna, Ka ' Aina I Ka I ilk ina A Ka La- A Cultural Assessment Study Archival and Illstorical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews For the Ahupua a of' Ahalanui. Laepao' o, and Oneloa( with Pohoikil, District of Puna. Island of Hawaii- Report I IiPu- 15610731981. Prepared for David Matsuura. A& 0 International Corporation. Oneloa Development. I lila. I lawaii. McEidowna_y- 11. 1979 Arehaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design. Lava Flow Control Study. Hilo. Ilawai' i. Department of Anthropology. B. P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Prepared for C. S. Army Engineer Division. Pacific Ocean 59 Al' ci 1MK: cl I. 3- 008' 005. Pohoiki. Puna, Hawaii References Cited Nimmo, H. A. 1990 The Cult of Pcle in Traditional Hawaii. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. Bishop Museum. Volume 30. June 1990 Pukui.\ i. 1974 These Armes rf threaii. Honolulu Cni. ersity of Hawaii Press. 1983 Olelo Nocau. Ilawaiian Proverbs& Poetical Sayings. HP Bfdhnp lfuse um Special/' ah@cation 71. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Pogue, 1. 1978 dloa/ e/ o i/mrall Hale Paipalapala Aupuni, Honolulu[ 1858]( Revised Edition). Rechtman. R. and K. Maly 2003 Schilt. R., and A. Sinotn 1980 Limited Phase I Archaeological Survey of Mahukona Properties, North Kohala. Island of Hawaii. B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prepared for Belt. Collins and Associates. Schmitt. R. 1973 The Missionary Censuses of I lawai i. Pacific Anthropological Records 20. Department of Anthropologic, Bishop Museum. Shiaeura. G. and R. Bullock 1983 Guava IPsidiurn guaja. a L. I in Hawaii' i: History and Production_ Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Hinman Resources. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Honolulu. I l:uvai' i. Stokes, J.. and T. Dye 1991 harm of the Island of Hawaii: A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sites. Bishop llassun Bulletin en dnthropi/ ov2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Thrum. T. 13. 1905 I lawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1906 The Reference Book of Information and Statistics Relating to the Territory of Iiassai' i. of Value to Merchants, Tourists and Others. Thos. G. Thrum- Hconlulu. L'. S. Department of Agriculture 2016 USDA- NRCS Official Soil Series Description, Ainakca Series. Article available at. Imps:// soilseries. sc. egov. usda. godOS D DocstAtM. ALAMA- honl. Accessed at [ he LS. Department of Agriculture website_ August 2016. eslervelt. l\'. U. 1916 Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes IN1vthologv1 Collected and Translated from the Hawaiian- Ellis Press, Boston, Mass.. U. S. A. l Ikes, C 1845 A'errutive of the L'rt/ ted .Stores Exploring Eepedirion During the fears 1838- 1842. I oder the Command off Itlikes, t.S V. Volume 4. Philadelphia. Loa and Blanchard- lFilnshurst. T. Hunt. T., Lipoc. C., and A. . Anderson 201 I High- precision radiocarbon datine shows recent and rapid initial human colonization or East Polynesia Proceedings of the. Namara/ Acadcnnof Science 108: 1815- 1820 Nblfe, E., and 1. Morris 1996 Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. Geologic Investigations Series Map 1- 2524- A. O S. Department of the Interior,( U. S. Geological Survey. 60 MS of INIK:( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005. Pohoiki. Puna. Hawa? i Law Offices of Yeh & Moore THOMAS LH YEHly& chanchnowc corn A Limited Law Company Liability OfMICHAELCounsel W. MOORE nuoone@rcaanamoommrc Hawaii 96720- 2830 10 Kamehameha Avenue, Hilo, InL D. RAZNOV Telephone ( 808) 961- 0055 dmmorpgrn. d corn RONALD N W a km eon@Winlaw corn August 25, 2020 Alan S. Downer, Ph. D Administrator State Historic Preservation Division 601 Kamokila Boulevard, Suite 555 Kapolei, HI 96707- 2037 Re: State Historic Preservation Review- HAR Section 13- 284- 5 and 13- 284- 7 Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center, LLC 13- 260 Pohoiki Road, Pahoa, Hawaii Pohoiki Ahupua' a, District of Puna, Island of Hawaii TMK: ( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005 Log No. 2016: 02203 Dear Dr. Downer: Pursuant to the above Rules, please consider this request for your division' s review of the below project summary for Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center( KMEC) at the above- referenced property, in conjunction with a request for your division' s determination that no historic properties will be affected by the proposed use. Project Summary The existing and proposed use is a meditation, yoga, health and fitness ecological retreat center(" Center") located within a primarily agricultural setting on a 10 acre parcel of land in the vicinity of Pohoiki. The Center will take up approximately 6. 5 acres of land, including planted and improved areas. As proposed, it will consist of a total of 17 cabin style units and 2 hales with bathrooms which will allow up to 28 guests to stay overnight. Other amenities include a meditation hexagonal building, enclosed yoga hale, proposed community building with certified kitchen, community bath and shower facilities in a central location accessible to the cabins, laundry and storage areas. A plot plan of existing and proposed improvements is attached hereto as Exhibit " A". As the enclosed draft Archaeological Inventory Survey prepared by ASM Affiliates in 2016 notes, the mauka portion of the Property was previously used for papaya farming and graded for that purpose. The current owner has since developed the mauka area for a retreat use, and obtained a number of building permits for a residence, two hales and several sheds and planted numerous fruit and native species. See Draft AIS, enclosed as Exhibit" B". REQUEST TO STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION FOR" NO EFFECT" LETTER EXHIBIT D- 2 Law Offices of Yeh & Moore A Limited Liability Law Company Alan S. Downer, SHPD August 25, 2020 Page 2 Significance Determination As the ALS notes, one historic site remaihs, being an approximately 425 foot long section of wall, located along the Property' s boundary with Pohoiki Road, at its narrow eastern( makai) end, designated as Site 30583. Site 30583 was concluded to have been erected for the purpose of marking grant boundaries and to control livestock movement in the early to mid 20th century and for which no further preservation work was recommended. The MS was submitted to your office for SHPD review on or about October 5, 2016 as confirmed by the enclosed receipt, Exhibit" C") but we are unaware of any reply from your division( See your Log No. 2016: 02203). Effect Determination KMEC has no plans to conduct any work which would result in damaging the wall remnant, which will remain as a property boundary wall As noted, the wall is located at the eastern or makai end of the Property and along its boundary with Pohoiki Road. No work or retreat activities are proposed in the vicinity ofthe wall. As such, on behalf of KMEC, we respectfully request your division' s determination that no significant historic property will be affected by the proposed retreat uses. Thank you for this opportunity to seek your determination as to the above request. Your timely review and comments would be greatly appreciated. In the meantime, should you be in need of additional information at this time, please do not hesitate to let us know. Very truly yours, LAW OFFICES F YEH& MOORE THOMAS L.H. YEH TLY/ mc Enclosures cc: Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center, LLC I I va Y - "` . - 6I rt C is . i= I f I M C . w+ I fll y I j 1 w I E -- L. .. L-- 1 e-G it - 1 ® I _ - y. E. I © T • p T P' 1 i 9 h- __ __ jILL 1. ® —.. o QT 1 R i 1 \ 1 N I I OeCO IT. i E. I I 0I v G ( J w_ O Ia N {{-.' i t' tii I: I ffi. 0„.. U i 1 T m 1 1 t.-- ..„ ,, 1 i I I' v IA i_ l' 141 i X' ISI x J T Y 1 h I 1 t J-_- _. T S I ri 1 I STATE OF HAWAII OFFICIAL RECEIPT t STATE No. HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION 1776 Department or Agency DATE: 1) lr' 5 20 § ppf, s,, RECEIVEDfront4J'' aft G/ ulad( and FY AYS // OG— DOLLARS Y Ir jme to f 6Pn4D cal tb' r. le( 3) 1- M ' MM 41) 0UD- M12D3 CIAtotiFl a44 a 450. 10 on ulxs i i/ Authorized Signature I en a4 3 was Now, Submitted Pla n/ Report Fee & Type: ( All reports or pleas submitted to the SHPD for review shall be accompanied by the appropriate fee in accordance with EAR§ 13- 2154 and§ 294- 4). Indicate here( X) if renal is a re- submittal( no fee charged) 550 Archaeological Assessment S150 Archaeological Inventory Survey Plan S450 Archaeological, Architectural or Ethnographic Survey Report 150 Preaervation Plan 525 Monitoring Plan 3150 Archaeological Data Recovery Plea 5250 Burial Treatment Plan S100 Archaeological Monitoring Repoli if resources reported 3450 A: ebaeolagia it Data Recovery Repan 450 Ethnographic Documentation Report S25 Burial Disinterment Report 350 Osteological Analysis Report Make check payable to" Raweri Historic Preeervatiou Special Fund' A service charge of$ 15 will be assessed on all dishonored checks pursuant to PERS§ 40- 35. 5" A copy of this fon will be mailed or faxed back to you and Fee Tote l: 5 i509_2,-__ will serve as your receipt. For Office Use Only Date Received: laecei4No. daZ'1 ______.____._.._—_ Payment sD-1_5`y `," C 5 1"1 . 0 j" ' , Check: heck N .. yF— Log. No.: Receipt Issued Lti{) j(Js, f nn yy.. by: V1sl' ' l Treasury Depoait Receipt No: BIOLOGICAL SURVEY ON A 10- ACRE PARCEL, KIRPAL MEDITATION AND ECOLOGICAL CENTER LLC SPECIAL USE PERMIT PROJECT PAHOA, HAWAII FINAL REPORT Prepared for: Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center LLC 13- 260 Pohoiki Rd. P. O Box 1225 Pahoa, HI 96778 Prepared by: Brandon Elbrecht Environmental Consultant Pahoa, Hawaii May 2020 BIOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT EXHIBIT E BIOLOGICAL SURVEY KIRPAL MEDITATION AND ECOLOGICAL CENTER LLC SPECIAL USE PERMIT PROJECT PAHOA, HAWAII INTRODUCTION The Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center Project lies on 10 acres of agricultural land located in Zone 1 of Hawaii County in Lower Puna of Pahoa, Hawaii TMK( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005. It is surrounded by undeveloped forested lands to the north, south, east and west. Agricultural farmland is beyond the few acres of undeveloped forested lands to the north and south. Pohoiki ( Mango) Road, protected as a historic and scenic road, runs along the south side property line. This biological study was initiated in fulfillment of environmental requirements of the planning process. SITE DESCRIPTION The parcel consists of a gently rising elevation going from 300ft to 350ft. Soil is of the Histosols order. A soil of an order comprising peaty soils, with a shallow surface layer of purely organic materials giving way to volcanic rock. Rainfall averages 100 in. per year with the rainiest month on average being November and driest lune. Vegetation consists of mostly larger trees and brush along the perimeter and planted fruit trees with landscaped grass in the interior. BIOLOGICAL HISTORY In the mid 1900s much of the area was converted to papaya field agriculture. The land was cleared and plowed for the conversion to papaya farming. This reduced the numbers and diversity of native plants considerably. The papaya field was then plowed over again before selling to the current owner in 2004. Today the surrounding perimeter is a largely non- native shrubland and forest consisting of a diverse array of aggressive weedy species and a few tough and persistent native plants that have been able to compete and survive. The current owner has planted a large variety of fruit and flowering trees, bamboo and edible plants throughout the parcel. SURVEY OBJECTIVES This report summarizes the findings of a flora and fauna survey of the Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center LLC parcel which was conducted during May 2020. The objectives of the survey were to: 1. Document what plant, bird and mammal species occur on the property or may likely occur in the existing habitat. 2. Document the status and abundance of each species. 3. Determine the presence or likely occurrence of any native flora and fauna, particularly any that are Federally listed as Threatened or Endangered. If such occur, identify what features of the habitat may be essential for these species. 4. Determine if the project area contains any special habitats, which if lost or altered, might result in a significant negative impact on the flora and fauna in this part of the island. BOTANICAL SURVEY REPORT SURVEY METHODS A walk- through botanical survey method was used following multiple routes to ensure complete coverage of the area. Areas most likely to harbor native plants such as parcel perimeter or undeveloped forestland were more intensively examined. Notes were made on plant species, distribution and abundance. DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION Since the property was a plowed over papaya field the vegetation consists mainly of planted fruit and flowering trees with low kept grass covering the majority of grounds of which all was planted by the current owner. Most abundant throughout the project area is the common Guinea grass ( Megothyrsus maximus), Pitted beardgrass( Bothriochloa pertuso), Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon), Rhizoma perennial peanut grass ( Arachis glabrata), Shy Grass ( Mimosa pudica), Milo tree ( Thespesia Populnea), Noni tree ( Morinda citrifolia), African Mahogany ( Khaya ivorensis), and Hawaiian Bamboo ( Bambuso vulgaris). The area of the property that is undeveloped and has no plans of being developed contains mainly Lau hala Pandanus tectorius), strawberry guava ( Psidium cattleianum), huehue haole ( Passiflora suberosa), Cecropia ( Schefflera actinophyl h), and Laua' e Fern ( Phymatosorus grossus). DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The vegetation on this property is dominated by non- native agricultural weeds and grass • species. The owner, Leonard Sussman, has planted a number of species of plants and trees from around the world in the portion of the property maintained by himself. All fruit and flowering trees planted are cared for as sacred to the land and used accordingly. Due to the past intensive agricultural use of the property for cultivation of papaya no officially listed Endangered or Threatened plant species were found on the property, nor were any found that are proposed for such status. No special habitats were found either. Due to the lack of unique or sensitive species or habitats there is little of botanical concern with regard to this property, and the proposed project is not expected to have a significant negative impact on the botanical resources in this part of Hawaii. Being an ecological center it appears to be having a positive impact on the botanical habitat including reintroducing native species. PLANT SPECIES LIST Following is a checklist of all those vascular plant species inventoried during the field studies. Plant families are arranged alphabetically. For each species, the following information is provided: 1. Scientific name 2. Common English or Hawaiian name. 3. Bio-geographical status. The following symbols are used: endemic= plants native only to the Hawaiian Islands; not naturally occurring anywhere else in the world. indigenous = plants native to the Hawaiian Islands and also to one or more other geographic areajsj. non- native = plants brought to the islands intentionally or accidentally after western contact. Polynesian = plants brought to Hawaii by the Polynesians during their migrations 4. Abundance of each species within the project area: abundant= forming a major part of the vegetation within the project area. common = widely scattered throughout the area or locally abundant within a portion of it. uncommon = scattered sparsely throughout the area or occurring in a few small patches. individuals within the project area. rare = only a few isolated ABUNDANCE COMMON NAME STATUS SCIENTIFIC NAME ablution non- native uncommon Abutilon gronchfolium Hairy kukui Polynesian uncommon Aleurites moloccarto Cashew Nut non- native rare Anacardium occidentale non- native rare Annona muricata Soursop Rhizoma perennial non- native common Arachis glabrata Breadfruit Polynesian rare Artocarpus atolls Ulu, non- native rare Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit Milkweed non- native rare Asclepias non- native rare Averrhoa carambola Star Fruit Hawaiian Bamboo non- native common Bambusa vulgaris Bauhinia blakeano Hong Kong Orchid non- native rare beardgrass non- native common Bothriochloo pertusa Pitted Papaya non- native rare Carica papaya Hapu' endemic rare Cibotium menziesii u fern non- native rare Cinnamomum verum Cinnamon Grapefruit non- native rare Citrus parodist Macfad non- native rare Citrus poonensis Tangerine non- native rare Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Chaya niu, coconut Polynesian common Cocos nucifera non- native rare Colocosia esculento Kato non- native uncommon Cynodon ductylon Bermuda grass non- native rare Dimocarpus longan Longan Eucalyptus deglupto Rainbow eucalyptus non- native rare Albizia non- native rare Falcataria moluccana non- native rare Ficus carica Fig Gynura bicolor Okinawan spinach non- native rare non- native rare Hibiscus sabdariffa Edible hibiscus indigenous rare Ipomoea Morning Glory Khaya ivorensis African Mahogany non- native common non- native rare Lantana camaro Lantana non- native rare Macaranga mappa Bingabing non- native rare Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia Mangifera indica Mango non- native rare non- native rare Mangifera indica Royal Red Mango non- native rare Manilkaro zapota Sapodilla non- native common Mimosa pudica Shy grass COMMON NAME STATUS ABUNDANCE SCIENTIFIC NAME Noni Polynesian uncommon Morinda citrifolia Moringa non- native rare Moringa oleifera Black non- native rare Morus nigra Mulberry non- native rare Morns Mulberry Banana Polynesian uncommon Musa sapientum laboticaba non- native rare Myrciaria cauliflora Lau Hala indigenous common Pandanus tectorius grass non- native common Panicum maximum Guinea non- native uncommon Paspalum conjugatum Hilo grass Liliko' I non- native rare Passiflora edulis Huehue Haole non- native rare Passiflora suberosa Avocado non- native rare Persea americana hybrid palm non- native uncommon Phoenix xdoctylifera date Black bamboo non- native rare Phyllostachys nigra Laua' non- native common Phymatosorus grossus e Fern Allspice non- native rare Pimenta dioica Coleus non- native common Plectranthus scutellorioides non- native rare Plumeria rubra Plumeria Fruit; Canistel non- native rare Pouteria campechiona Egg Sapote non- native rare Pouteria sapota Mamey guava non- native rare Psidium cattleianum Strawberry non- native rare Psidium guajava Guava Rollinia non- native rare Rollinia mucosa Katuk non- native rare Sauropus androgynus tree non- native rare Schefflera actinophyllo Octopus non- native rare Schefflera actinophylla Cecropia Foxtail non- native uncommon Setaria verticillate Bristly non- native rare Sphagneticola trilobata Wedelia trilobata non- native rare Syzygium aromoticum Clove Mountain apple non- native rare Syzygium molaccense non- native rare Theobroma cacao Cacao Polynesian common Thespesia Populnea Milo Lime tree non- native rare Tilia vulgaris non- native rare Tradescontia pallido Wandering jew non- native rare Urochloa mutica California grass non- native rare Vanilla planifolia Flat- leaved vanilla FAUNA SURVEY REPORT SURVEY METHODS A walk- through survey method was conducted in conjunction with the botanical survey. All parts of the project area were covered. Field observations were made with the aid of binoculars and by listening to vocalizations. Notes were made on species, abundance, activities and location as well as observations of trails, tracks, scat and signs of feeding. In addition, an evening visit was made to the area to record crepuscular activities and vocalizations and to see if there was any evidence of occurrence of the Hawaiian hoary bat ( Lasiurus cinereus semotus) in the area. RESULTS MAMMALS Non- native vertebrates in the area include rodents such as the house mouse (mus domesticus), Polynesian Rat( rottus exulons), roof rat( rattus rottus), Norway rat( rottus norvegicus), Indian Mongoose herpestes auropunctatusl, feral cat Veils cotus), and feral pigs( sus scrota). All species were of uncommon occurrence. The Hawaiian hoary bat, or Ope ape a ( losiurus cinereus sempotus), Hawaii' s only endemic land animal, has not been seen in the area. BIRDS Common species of birds seen in the area include the Northern Mockingbird (minors polygiotios). Northern Cardinal ( cardinulis cordinalis), Common Myna ( acridotheres ! risks), House Finch ( carpodacus mexicanus), House Sparrow( passer doenestictrs), Spotted Dove streptopella chinensis), Zebra Dove ( zeppelin striata), and the Rock Dove ( colunba Livia). l'he native Hawaiian Hawk or ' lo ( buteo solitarius) was rarely seen soaring overhead in the area. All of its native and preferred nesting sites of' ohia trees that might have once been on the Property were long ago destroyed by papaya farm operations. Similarly, the native Hawaiian Owl. or Pueo ( asio flommeus) and the common barn owl ( ryto alba) have not been seen on or near the Property. INSECTS Insects commonly spotted included the Asian Spiny Backed Spider( gasteracantha mammosa), Hawaiian Garden Spider ( Argiope appenso), Red Admiral ( Vanessa atafanta), Citrus Swallowtail ( Papilla xuthus), Monarch Butterfly ( Donaus plexippus), Cabbage Butterfly ( Pieris rapae), Millipede ( spirobolellus), Western Yellowjacket ( pravespula pennsylvonica) and invasive yellow jacket wasps ( vespula pennsylvonica). REPTILES Reptiles common to the area include the Morning Gecko ( lepidodactylus lugubris), Tree Gecko ( hemiphyllodactylus), and Common House Gecko ( lepidodacylus frenatus). These three were of common occurrence. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Most of the wildlife observed on the property is non- native and generally unremarkable from an environmental protection standpoint. No concerns regarding the wildlife in this project area are anticipated. i. r v '. Ap tt,.--.: 41 w a Pxat4. 4.-. a. s. Figure 1 -- Project Area outlined in blue fi^^. CROCE 5. NGE250p pr o MYb y. GE ECIat M. 4! µ111 rMA' HSI lA a a STATE OF HAWAII a, k, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH nc P. O. BOX 3378 HONOLULU. HI 968013378 May 08, 2020 Carter Romero CR Engineering, LLC. 320 Kukuau Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Sir/ Madam: Subject: Individual Wastewater System( IWS) for Owner/ Lessee: KMEC LLC/ Leonard Sussman Project Site: 13- 260 Pohoikl Road, Pahoa, HI TMK: 313008005 IWS File Not: 64254( Septic Tank) E- Filed Old File No.: N/A The subject wastewater plans have been reviewed by the Wastewater Branch forconformance to applicable provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 62, entitled Wastewater Systems. The IWS plan conforms to applicable provisions of Chapter 11- 62. As the professional engineer responsible for the design of the above wastewater plan, it is your responsibility to inform the owner/lessee of the property that: a) the MS plans must be attached to each set of permit construction plans, b) the MS must be installed by a licensed contractor holding A, C- 9, C- 37, C-37a or C- 43 license, c) inspected and certified by the designing engineer, d) authorized in writing by the Department of Health before use, and e) MS approval expires In one year without concurrent active building permit. For new dwellings, the Department of Health will process an applicable county building permit application provided that all information submitted as part of the IWS plan and county building permit application are consistent with each other and meet applicable provisions of Chapter 11- 62, HAR at the lime of permit application. For renovation projects that require abandoning the existing cesspool and/or require building modifications to the existing dwelling( require separate permit) to comply with Chapter 11- 62, HAR, the new IWS and/or required modifications to the existing dwelling must be completed prior to applying for a County Building Permit for the project. For clarification purposes, the separate building modifications permit to the existing dwelling will be consdered completed when the County Building Permit is property closed for that work. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Amy Cook at 933- 0401. Sincerely, SINAPRUDER, P. E. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Chief, Wastewater Branch APPROVAL FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT EXHIBIT F INDIVIDUAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM FOR MULTI- PURPOSE BUILDING AT• KIRPAL MEDITATION AND ECOLOGICAL CENTER 13- 260 POHO1KI ROAD POHOIKI, PUNA COUNTY OF HAWAII TMK: (3) 1- 3- 008: 005 Ge/ter Roe,e o PROFESSIONALENGINEERLICENSED * No. 16501L yQ1''AII U9. LICENCE FXPIR FS 4/ 30/ 22 THIS WORK HAS BEEN PREPARED BY ME OR UNDER MY SUPERVISION, AND CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PROJECT WILL BE UNDER MY SUPERVISION Anew- DATE I All 81 20 i6 CR ENGINEERING LLC CARTER ROMERO, P.E. 320 KUKUAU ST. HILO, HAWAII 98720 CR ENGINEERING LLC 320 Kukuau St. Hilo, Hi 96720 Phone (808) 933-2972 cromerothawaiiantei. net LARGE CAPACITY CESSPOOL CLOSURE NOTICE THIS PROJECT ISA LARGE CAPACITY CESSPOOL UPGRADE, WHICH REQUIRES INSPECTION, DOCUMENTATION AND PHOTOS OF THE CESSPOOL BACKFILLING OPERATION. DO NOT PUMP OUT OR BACKFILL THE CESSPOOL WITHOUT AN INSPECTOR PRESENT. LCCs RECEIVING 1000 GALLONS PER DAY OR LESS OF DOMESTIC OR DOMESTIC- LIKE WASTEWATER: The contractor shall abandon the cesspool by first removing any excess liquid and solids and then filling the cesspool with earth, sand , gravel, concrete or rubble. If the cover is removed, the final three (3) feet of fill shall be with soil which is compacted to prevent surface contaminants from gaining access to underground sources of water. Any liquids or solids removed from the cesspool shall be taken to a municipal wastewater treatment plant which accepts such materials. Any liquids or solids from the cesspool which are discharged onto the ground as a result of abandoning the cesspool is a violation of HAR section 11- 62- 06(g) and subjects the owner/ contractor to State enforcement action including fines and penalties of up to $ 25,000 per day per violation. CESSPOOLS RECEIVING MORE THAN 1000 GALLONS PER DAY OF DOMESTIC OR DOMESTIC- LIKE WASTEWATER OR CESSPOOLS RECEVING NON- DOMESTIC AND/OR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: Do not backfill the cesspool until specific written Underground Injection Control UIC) instructions are issued to the engineer/ contractor. Can the UIC program at 586- 4258 to apply for injection well abandonment. A cesspool that is backfilled and abandoned without instruction and authorization from the UIC program is subject to penalty and corrective action under FIRS 340E. Carter Romero, P. E. Hawaii State License PE 16501 CR ENGINEERING LLC 320 Kukuau St. Hilo, Hi 98720 Phone( 808) 933- 2972 cromero® hawaiiantel. net DESIGN CRITERIA MIK (3) 1- 3- 008: 005 1. LOCATION Above Underground injection Control Line ( UIC) 2. PROJECTED FLOW PER TABLE I, APPENDIX D, HAR 11- 62 Type of Establishments: Motel with bath, toilet & kitchen waste is equivalent to yoga retreat with communal baths and toilets + meals prepared on site. Gallons per bed per day: 60 No. of beds: 28 Laundry, self-service (per machine): 300 gpd No. of machines: 1 Total Daily Flow: 28 x 60 + 300 = 1680 + 300 = 1980 gpd Proposed grease interceptor capacity: 25 gpm 3. SEPTIC TANK Use Two 1250 Gallon Infiltrator Septic Tanks 4. DISPOSAL SYSTEM Percolation Rate: 1 Min./ Inch Required Absorption Area, per 200 gpd: 70 s.f. Total Required Absorption Area: 700 s.f. Absorption Area Provided: Two 360 s.f. Beds = 720 s.f. Carter Romero, P. E. Hawaii State License PE 16501 MOTE= 40 TRESS W 1TH) M 101 OF ABSORPTION RED ORS' OF SEPTIC TM'IC mass coa cL. ERNOUT • 7isrna sox Oa r a- . ABSORPTION BED COVER r- IY ) AN. Lk FT. SEPi1O iNKf . Soil 31_ 0” NH. SLOPE . 4 „ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee euiceui.. s.s.rr. 6` Compacted sash s/ mud Septic System RENGIMERING L` PE` Cross Section 2 1 I':_ le AIM"" SEPTIC TANK Chemtstner YLSO gallon is M 2 t 4" PVC or ABS PIPE IISTRIBUTION BOX a__, t < 4" Perforated PVC Pipe SOIL ABSORPTION BED with 4" perforated PVC pipe setln 12" thick layer N" of# 3 Coarse drain rack over O N 3 foot thick bad of Masonry CO sand( ASTM Size C- 144) Or cinder so0 from an approved source with a percolation rate of not less 0 than 1 minute per inch./ k(II I 3, 12. E ABSORPTION BED PLAN CR ENGINEERING LLC 2P. E CARTER808) 433- r I V V S ABSORPTION BED t2^ Min 4" PafYYCl.Leach 6hes--< J ranular Fill — 6" Min Suitable Soil 36" Min See Note 4 CONSTRUCTION NOTES: t The bottom of bed and leach lines shall be level. 2. Leach ine pipe to be 4' diameter PVC, ASTM D-2729. 3. Granular fill shall be# 3 drain rock, ( crushed and washed with no fines). 4. Suitable soil from an approved source shall have a percolation rate of no less than one minute per inch. Material to be compacted to between 80% and 90% compaction: A) Masonry sand, ASTM 0-144, 118° to fines B) 3/8- inch minus cinder- soil mixture C) Clean beach sand or reddish brown Harnakua silty clay loam with no rocks or organic material 5. Rock in native fill material shall not exceed 4 inches. 6. The depths to the pipe inverts of the septic tank, distribution box, and absorption system are controlled by topographic features and the invert of the building sewer, all of which may affect the depths shown on the drawings. 7. Where not otherwise specified, the construction of the seepage bed shall conform to Tolle 11, Chapter 62, Subchapter 3- Individual Wastewater Systems, Section 11- 62-34, Administrative Rules, Department of Health, State of Hawaii Contractor to give Engineer at least 3-dav's advance notice for inspection before covering tank. HILO, HI 933- 2972 320 KLIIOJAU Sr- CR ENGINEERING LLC I, I TOP VIEW 111' a' IwA I zo- loaa ,. il -- 4.. pInIj 6._ i c 1 Itiiif TAO" SIDE/ SECTION VIEW M kt kel_E COVER FINISH GRADE TO CRADEtSEE NOTE 5) ar 014. 2'" f NLE7 Q — , J_ w 4" OUTLET I ^ f^ 1 r.. f 11 • i 1 f I i LI 1 1 U I . I 1 5._ 8.. 8. L1 f l 421;:? h u 6" CONPAGTEO SANO OR GRAVEL NOTES: 1. 1, 000 Gallon Hi—Density Polyethylene Septic Tank 2. Provide 6—in. of bedding material around tank. 3. Fill tank with water before backfilling against the tank. If water b not available, backfill in lifts not exceeding one—foot and compact by hand. 4. Septic lank shall be located in non—vehicular traffic area only. 5. The depths to the pipe inverts of the septic tank, distribution box, and absorption system are controlled. by topographic features and the invert of the building sewer and may . impact the depths shown on the drawing. 6. S3-14G MAAMOLE CUSP. TO GRAN£ IA PROVI.Ot CLEANOUT 011111131 3' OF TAM NIT} T.T. CR ENGINEERING LLC pE1260 GAL. TAN CAR7ERROMERO aos) - 292 No Scale) E a 1 § anal I ! 1 k W § ` 2 i\ • WRIT Illint= 1` OWLET | I ` MC L rl 4 arta 4j 1 pit 2 d i f -r 66% 22; «© \ 2 ' 2 1 tl 1 k / vox f , zw. 42 z y ! tee: . y0 Z : tr m a in 1 \ \ ! j . , Pitt vloel . — P ` cn C = h+ an Ey+\ CA It U w o Ol 1 g o c nF la ' 4 1s`er' x e tizt vi pi ert Vre to tr. .., z A o 2 > O .- t a F- O Nco ILI to he V rn co J We cA N is UN ri to 1 1 IC et 6- as v. I C-%) n S ti 13l' i m pr i d AL1 H 2 o ce c 4 oe-- 13 a1 40s a gt.tg01 t. 0! 41- m id J S v‘ - o 9 N 11 la til U.1 7 54 Zi; 1 I. m il d 1 Z Y Ii. y _ UrNi fi. FJ CR ENGINEERING LLC 320 Kukuau St. Hilo, Hi 96720 Phone( 808) 933-2972 c. li • REPLACE EX Ktt3NEN rF PROPOSE LAUNDRY f3ATFk Room yP* W. L1L1TitS 1t.ijeli PerIlia K of WASTaASThWTATER TA ADl.kEE salS iti i 4 Tvfo tzso• GAL SEPtIc ' MARS y y j / y" y 111((( - TWO 12' X301 ABSORPTION0' BFDS 3 % 1 4- 44 : . 4c.‘ HPTHpOomw?STEW ATE R . ' To oNE I1.0S C4P 10- re SITE IWS mIN PLAN— MULTI- PURPOSE j BLDG. 13- 260POHOIKI ROAD POHOIKI, PUNA j TMK (3) 1- 3- 008: 005 OWNEQ KMEC/ L SIJSSMAN paiheret Rao PROFE PROFESSIOSSIO NAL r ENGINEER THIS WORK WAS PREPARED No 16501- G BY ME OR UNDER MY p SUPERVISION gK'AI! Ug' License expires + D3ol22- PE 16501 Carter Romero, P. E. Hawaii State License AIELAU111D'STPOS Shannon' s Review Dec 19- Dec 27, 2019 Cacao Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review The Kirpal Meditation Center is magical. The quiet, calm, intentional place is a lovely break from the rush of the tourist centers. Come to have and be a part of a peaceful community. I enjoyed more than a week here, getting to know the beaches, the local happenings, the warm- hearted staff... The grounds at Kirpal are lovely, the food is delicious, the staff is open- hearted. The daily yoga and daily guided meditation were wonderful. The cabins perfectly clean, nicely finished. Do note this is a meditation retreat-- albeit a warm and casual one-- so perhaps do come with the intention to be in that peaceful mindspace even if you' ve never done that sort of thing before. It' ll be a rejuvenating break from rushing through holiday. Private note Hello, Len, Brandon, Kirsten, and KMEC team. Thank you for a wonderful stay. It was serendipitous to have found KMEC and I' m grateful for the experience— the grounds, the food, the warm conversation, open- hearted yoga... Communal living has its natural challenges; you all seem to creating a truly special place with intention. Makes a city guy think twice about how he wishes to live. Roderick' s Review Dec 21- Dec 24, 2019 The Tranquil & Airy Rollinia Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review The Rollinia Cabin on the grounds of the Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center provided an outstanding start to our stay on Hawaii island. KMEC was the perfect place to unplug from our busy lives and contemplate the power of nature, especially when it is so close to the latest lava flows and the newly created black sand beach at Isaac Hale Park. The complex was remote and fully self sustaining yet within a short drive from town for basic needs. Staff were always friendly and welcoming. It definitely felt like a community. The Rollinia cabin itself is close to all the communal facilities so is useful if you have kids who might sleep in while you take breakfast. COMMENTS FROM VISITORS TO KIRPAL MEDITATION& 1 ECOLOGICAL CENTER EXHIBIT G Paul' s Review Dec 28- Dec 29, 2019 The Lovely Lilikoi Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review We only stayed here for one night but wished wed stayed much longer. It' s such a relaxing, tranquil place and the little cabin was lovely. We took the yoga class and ate the food and both were amazing! Maurice' s Review May 24- May 26, 2019 The Lovely Lilikoi Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review Loved my stay here, felt like i was sleeping in the middle of nature but very comfortably, and the outdoor shower was awesome and gave you that rainforest authentic feel! Super friendly environment as well. Beth' s Review Apr 24- Apr 25, 2019 Noni Cabin w/ Bath for 2 Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review This property was quiet and peaceful. We loved the beautiful plants and the wildlife. The drive to the center is lovely- especially the tunnel of trees on the last 1/ 2 mile. It is close to Isaac Hale beach and we were able to take an early morning, moonlit walk there to see the beautiful new black sand beach. Our host met us when we arrived and even offered suggestions on local attractions. On the morning of our departure, he gifted us a beautiful tropical fruit( grown on the property) as a wedding present! We enjoyed are quiet time in nature at KMEC and would love to return on our next Big Island adventure! 2 Bek' s Review Mar 21- Mar 24, 2019 The Beautiful Milo Cabin 43 Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review Kirpal is an oasis of peace and tranquility. It is the perfect environment to unplug, regroup and re- charge. The environment is conducive to both lighthearted getaways and layovers, but also perfect for deep contemplation and even doing detoxes and cleanses. Itis a" spiritual retreat" in every sense of the word yet without any new- agey pretension or austere drama. This is a place to get back to simplicity and nature. I cannot say enough positive things about Kersten and the diverse staff that keep Kirpal a happy healthy place of joy and healing. It is a fine example of how intentional communities can and should operate. And simply by default, it is a perfect place for single women, mothers and families to feel welcome, safe and supported without any trace of invasive energy or stress. Big Mahalo& Aloha! Private note I am so blessed and grateful to have shared space with such an amazing array of kind, conscientious individuals. Can' t wait to return and Mahalo for maintaining such a clean, unpretentious, high- vibration at Kirpal... all of you beautiful people. Diana' s Review Marl- Mar 2, 2019 The Mango Cabin 1/ 2 mile from ocean Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review If you want an off-the- beaten- track Hawaiian experience, far away from the resort/ traffic commotion in Kona, this is your place. Relaxed, welcoming atmosphere and tasty vegan meals. Quiet, with only the sunrise and bird calls to awaken you. It' s a part of The Big Island that not everyone gets to see. Private note Thanks for a lovely experience! We loved staying with you and especially appreciated your warm welcome, Brandon. Zoey' s Review Feb 27- Feb 28, 2019 The Lovely Lilikoi Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review What a beautiful peaceful welcoming place! All the amenities you need and wonderful hospitality in this gorgeous eco- friendly retreat! 3 Sarah' s Review Feb16- Feb 17, 2019 The Lovely Lilikoi Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review Kirpal is an incredible place to unplug and rest. In addition to the quality of the meditation and yoga Hale, I was especially impressed with the breakfast and dinner offerings. It might be some of the best food on the island. Private note It was such a pleasure to stay with you. I look forward to visiting again in the future. David' s Review Feb 15- Feb 16, 2019 The Mango Cabin 1/ 2 mile from ocean Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review Incredible, perfectly rebalancing. If you are able to participate in the morning yoga, don' t hesitate. Nothing connects you to the island like yoga in the fresh morning air. It is truly the people who make the KMEC so special; kindness, compassion, humor, and joy are expressed and given freely. The food is delicious and well worth the price. I cannot suggest a stay here highly enough. Private note Thank you sincerely for our stay with you. It was a healing and recharging experience that we will carry with us for a long time to come. Leila' s Review Feb 6- Feb 7, 2019 The Tranquil& Airy Rollinia Cabin Overall rating: 5 Stars Public review Only stayed one night, next time we will stay longer! Beautiful yoga space, meditation hall. Lovely people, beautiful location. We' ll be back. Leila 4 Parcels within 500 feet of Kirpal Meditation & Ecological Center LLC as 01828'2020 Subject Parcel: TMK No. ( 3) 1- 3- 008- 005 Parcel ID - 130080850000 Address - POHOIKI ROAD Owner- AVAI CORPORATION AVAI CORPORATION 12819 AUBURN GROVE LN HOUSTON TX 77041 Acres- 777. 103 Parcel ID - 140930190000 Owner- ONIPA' A II LLC ONIPA' A 11 LI. 0 458 PONAHAWAI ST HILO HI 96720 2659 Acres - 10. 39 Parcel ID - 140930220000 Owner- ONIPA' A II LLC ONIPA' A II LLC 458 PONAHAWAI ST HILO HI 96720 2659 Acres - 11. 14 Parcel ID - 140930210000 Owner- ONIPA' A 11 LLC ONIPA' A II LLC 458 PONAHAWAI ST HILO HI 96720 2659 Acres- 10. 302 Parcel ID - 140930270000 Owner - ONIPA' A II LLC ONIPA' A II LLC 458 PONAHAWA! ST HILO HI 96720 2659 Acres- 10. 946 PARCELS WITHIN 500' OF SUBJECT PROEPRTY ATTACHMENT 7 Parcel ID - 140930370000 Owner- KFALOHA. MIULAN P Y " RST EST COOPFR, LE II IULU EMMA TRST SI: QUEIRA. KI lU1. E1 KEALOI IA COOPER, KUULEI K COUNTY OF HAWAII KEALOHA. MIULAN P Y TRST EST Fee Owner SEQUEIRA. KUULEI KEALOHA Fee Owner COOPER, KUULEI K C! O COOPER- SPRINGER, KUULEI K 1440 KINOOLE ST, HILO HI 96720 5035 COUNTY OF HAWAII PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, 2 5 AUPUNI ST# 1101, HILO HI 96720 4245 COOPER, LEII-IULU EMMA TRST Fee Owner 1888 KALAKAUA AVE APT 3003, HONOLULU HI 96815 1535 Acres - 71. 33 Parcel ID - 130080680000 Address- P0I101K1 ROAD Owner - KIRKNESS, LEYLAND DICKIE- CLARK. MARGARET KERI PO BOX 1964. PAHOA HI 96778 1964 Acres - 5 Parcel ID - 130080670000 Alt Id - 130080670000 Address - 13- 300 POHOIKI ROAD Owner - DICKIE- CLARK, MARGARET KERI PO BOX 1964, PAHOA HI 96778 1964 Acres - 5 Parcel ID- 130080050000 Alt Id - 130080050000 Address - 13- 260 POHOIKI ROAD Owner- KIRPAL MEDITATION & ECOLOGICAL CENTER LI. Acres - 10. 001 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: November 17, 2020 ry Ill CON PLANNING DEPT TO: Michael Yee, Planning Director NOV 17 2020 PM3: 24 REC' D HAND DELIVERED ter 0' FROM: Department of Public Works, Engineering Division SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION ( SPP 20-000220) Applicant: Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center LLC Request: To Legitimize the Operation of a Meditation and Ecological Center and Retreat TMK: 1- 3- 008: 005 We have reviewed the subject application forwarded by your memo dated October 20, 2020, and provide the following comments: 1. All earthwork activity, including grading, grubbing and stockpiling, shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentary Control, of the Hawaii County Code. 2. All driveway connections and construction within the Pohoiki Road Right- of-Way shall conform to Chapter 22, County Streets, of the Hawaii County Code. Access to Pohoiki Road ( approximate pavement width = 12 ft, Right-of-Way = 50 ft.), including the provision of adequate sight distances, is limited to the access permitted on the enclosed TMK map, and shall meet with the approval of the Department of Public Works, Engineering Division. 3. All development- generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and not directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage plan may be required by the Plan Approval process in accordance with Section 25- 2- 72( 3) of the Hawaii County Code. 4. The subject parcel is in an area designated as Flood Zone X on the Flood Insurance Rate Map ( FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA). Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500- year floodplain. Questions may be referred to Bryce Harada at 961- 8042. Planning Dept. Exhibit 2 137696 un,,,, fILawa1,,, o„ L„ uatOpportwm> Provider and Employer g. ague,,.., '` NH ' NN --,...... r C tjl \ \\ sccg Ik 1 ~. f l k QST H 1 110,° ( JS c ° N It"• 1 ll 1 H O o, ii of p,= moi, I 4 °°_ apm ic; 1`/ iitkiil---.-ces:::::-PJ-- a L 1` ). L , D s t i t• x tt i 1 ,. 1; 3„' dine GG ' esti 1. H i w 1 1I1{ , ppiiJ ' 11 lei . p;,,. 1:;; t n t,, 9 { i IIi JoijH1- ii r i ; is c u(/ H: i 1 C i 31) Ile i 1 l 'pii,,H C \ b„ u± J';',.6- 11 ' atAH S 11S yl . l 1ta cFe 1c 1 j O 1 14 I O7r/111 DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWAII jT345 KEKUANAO' A STREET, SUITE 20 • HILO, HAWAI' 196720 TELEPHONE( 808) 961- 8050 • FAX( 808) 961- 8657 October 30. 2020 TO: Mr Michael Yee, Director Planning Department FROM: Keith K. Okamoto, Manager- Chief Engineer SUBJECT: Special Permit Application ( SPP- 20- 00220) Applicant: Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center LLC Request: To Legitimize the Operation of a Meditation and Ecological Center and Retreat Tax Map Key 1- 3- 008: 005 We have reviewed the subject application and have the following comments. We have no objection to the subject application as the use of a private rainwater catchment system to provide water service has been shown to exist on the property: however, we cannot approve or comment as to the adequacy of those systems as they do not meet the requirements of Water System Standards. We recommend that the applicant consult the County of Hawaii, Planning Department. County of I lawai• i, Department of Public Works, and/ or the State of I lawai' i, Department of Health to determine any other guidelines, recommendations, or regulations regarding the use of rainwater catchment systems. Should there be any questions, please contact Mr. Ryan Quitoriano of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at 961- 8070. extension 256. Sincerely yours. PF P Keith K. Okamoto, P. E. Manager- Chief Engineer RQ: afg Planning Dept. copy — Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center. ld. 0 Exhibit 3 Yeh & Moore LLLC Water, Our Most Precious Resource. . . 7( Wai Kane. . . p A 1 3 7 3 9 5 water Equal The Department of Supply is an Opportunity provider end employer Harry Kim William A. Kucharski Mayor Director Takemoto Roy tei Diane A. Nada Managing Director Deputy Director County of Hawai' i DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 345 Kekuanao' a Street, Suite 41 • Hilo, Rawer 96720 Ph: ( 808) 961- 8083 • Fax:( 808) 961- 8086 Email: cohdem@hawaiicounty gay MEMORANDUM TO: Michael Yee, Director Planning Department FROM: William A. Kucharski, Director C Environmental Management De nt-- DATE: October 26, 2020 SUBJECT: Special Permit Application ( SPP 20- 000220) Applicant: KIRPAL MEDITATION AND ECOLOGICAL CENTER LLC Request: To Legitimize the Operation of a Meditation and Ecological Center and Retreat Tax Map Key: ( 3) 1- 3- 008: 005 The Solid Waste Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/ or recommendations ( contact the Solid Waste Division for details): No comments. X Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entitles and non- profit organization may not use transfer stations for disposal. X ) Aggregates and any other construction/ demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. X ) Ample and equal room should be provided for rubbish and recycling. X ) Green waste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the West Hawai' i Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility, or other suitable diversion programs. X Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. X ) Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines. Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. Provide update to the department on current status. Manning Dept. Exhibit County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer 137241 Mr. Michael Vee, Director October 26, 2020 Page 2 Other: The Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/ or recommendations ( contact the Wastewater Division for details): x ) No comments. Require connection of existing and/ or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21- 5 of the Hawaii County Code. Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 21- 26. 1 of the Hawai' i County Code. Complete Sewer Extension Application. Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23- 85 of the Hawai' i County Code. Check or line out as applicable: ] ] If required by the Director of the Department of Environmental Management (" Director of DEM"), [ ] applicant shall conduct a sewer study in accordance with the then applicable wastewater system design standards prior to approval to connect to the County sewer system. Applicant shall provide such sewer line or other facility improvements as the Director of DEM may reasonably require, which the sewer study may indicate are advisable for mitigation of impacts of the proposed project. Contact Wastewater Division Chief for details. Other: Enclosure: Solid Waste Management Plan Guidelines WK mef t II, t A. Kucharski Han IJ Ip Diane A. Yndu Vl ilirca NI. O L16 ti. ': Lnuufu a•t amat' i DEI': AKRI ENT OF ENVIRONNIENTAL MANAGENILNT 345 KciitmoOlrx Street. Sunt 41 • IIao, Il6neai' 1 96720 ISIIMI 91d- milt l 1sox 1' 161-% IIS(, hip.// www h w. gamnry. govlendronmcntal- mai ageme n/ January 3I). dill SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Guidelines IN I ENI .AND PIT RI' OSL I his is to establish guidelines for res. incing Solid Waste Management Plans. for which special conditions arc placed on developments. I he Solid Waste Management Plan kill be used to: ( I I promote and implement recycling and recycling programs. ( 2) predict the ) caste generated by the proposed development to anticipate the loading on County Solid Waste Management Facilities- and l3) predict the additional vehicular uatlic being generated because or waste and recycling translers. . A qualilled consultant shall prepare e suitable Solid Waste Management Plan for review be the Department of I{ ncironmental Management. RI: POR I I he Solid Waste Management flan will contain the following: I. I): seri ' on oldie project and the potential ) caste it may he generating: i. e. analysis of anticipated ) caste volume and composition. ibis includes waste generated during the construction and operational or maintenance phases. Waste types shall include ( but not be limited to): A. Organicsnics ( including food o. Iste and green ) castes): N. Construction and Demolition: C. Pupa ( including cardboard): D. Metal ( including ferrous inn] non- fdrnaus metals). h. flashy I' Special ( including ash. sludge, treated medical, bulky items. tires): i. I lousehold I lat; uduus ( including paint, vehicle Iluids. oil. batteries): and II. ( Huss. 2. Indicate onsite source separation facilities by waste type: i. e. source separation bins of glass_ metal_ plastic. cardboard_ aluminum. etc. Provide ample and equal space tin- rubbish and rec' cling. irrubbish 3. Identilication and location of the proposed ) taste reduction. waste re- use. recycling nicilhr or disposal site and associated transportation methods lift the various components or the de) elopments )caste atanoge eat system. including the number of mine .. I novvri 3en 1 ilia nppunnniv IIImI!¢. and Fniduyn Solid Waste Management Plan Guidelines Page 2 of 2 vehicle movements and associated routes that will be used to transport the waste and recycled materials. 4. The report will include identification of any impacts to County-operated waste management facilities, and the appropriate mitigation measures that will be implemented by the development to minimize these impacts. 5. Analysis will be based on the highest potential use or zoning of the development. REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS I. A Solid Waste Management Plan will be prepared for all commercial developments, as defined under the policies of the Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division. 2. The Department of Environmental Management will require the developer to provide or resolve all recommendations and mitigation measures as outlined in the solid waste management plan; besides any conditions placed on the applicant herein. 3. A State of Hawaii licensed engineer will draft and certify in writing the Solid Waste Management Plan as complying with applicable Federal, State and County of Hawaii Solid Waste Laws, Regulations, and Administrative Rules. Should you require additional information, please contact Greg Goodale, Solid Waste Division Chief, at ( 808) 961- 8515. CONCUR: / I William A. Kucharski DIRECTOR County or Havre' is en Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. DAVID Y. EUZABETHA CHAR, MD. i STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P. 0. Box 9' 6 WLO. H 96721- 016 COH PLANNING DEP; MEMORANDUM NOV 30 2020[,.111: 52 DATE: November 25, 2020 TO: Mr. Michael Yee Planning Director, County of Hawaii Dir_ FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Special Permit Application ( SPP 20- 000220) Applicant: Kirpal Mediation and Ecological Center LLC Request: To Legitimize the Operation of a Meditation and Ecological Center and Retreat TMK: 1- 3- 008: 005 The applicant would need to meet the requirements of our Department of Health Air Pollution Rules, Chapter 60. 1 Title IL State of Hawaii for fugitive dust control. If there is need to discuss these requirements. please contact our Clean Air Branch staff at Ph. 933- 0401. The proposed kitchen needs to meet the requirements of Chapter 50, Food Safety Code. Please call our office ( Ph. 933- 0917) for consultation and additional information. The use of individual wastewater systems is allowed. The type and number of individual wastewater systems to be used will he determined by the wastewater rules in effect at the time of building permit application. Public Water Systems: The Department of Health' s Safe Drinking Water Branch authority on drinking water quality is based on the definition of a" public water system." Federal and state regulations define a public water system as a system that serves 25 or more individuals at least 60 days per year or has at least 15 service connections. All public water system owners and operators are required to comply with Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11- 20( HAR 11- 20). and titled " Rules Relating to Public Water Systems". All public water systems are regulated by the Department of Health and shall be in compliance with the Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title II, Chapter 20. Recommend the subdivision lots be connected to an existing public water system. Planning Dent. 188009 Exhibit C. _ Michael Yee November 25. 2020 Page 2 of fi Concerns on water quality for lead, copper, algae and microbiological and chemical contaminations in private water systems have identified the need for self monitoring. The Department of Health does not support the use of these private rain catchment systems for drinking purposes since the quality may not meet potable water standards. All new public water systems are required to demonstrate and meet minimum capacity requirements prior to their establishment, per HAR 11- 20- 29. 5, titled " Capacity Demonstration and Evaluation." This requirement involves demonstration that the system will have satisfactory technical, managerial and financial capacity to enable the system to comply with safe drinking water standards and requirements. Projects that propose development of new sources of potable water serving or proposed to serve a public water system must comply with the terms of HAR 11- 20- 29. This section requires that all new public water system sources be approved by the Director of Health ( Director) prior to its use. Such approval is based primarily upon the submission of a satisfactory engineering report which addresses the requirements specified in HAR 11- 20- 29. The engineering report must identify all potential sources of contamination and evaluate alternative control measures which could be implemented to reduce or eliminate the potential for contamination, including treatment of the water source. In addition, water quality analyses for all regulated contaminants, performed by a laboratory certified by the State Laboratories Division of the State of Hawaii, must be submitted as part of the report to demonstrate compliance with all drinking water standards. Additional parameters may be required by the Director for this submittal or additional tests required upon his or her review of the information submitted. All sources of public water system sources must undergo a source water assessment which will delineate a source water protection area. This process is preliminary to the creation of a source water protection plan for that source and activities which will take place to protect the source of drinking water. Projects proposing to develop new public water systems or proposing substantial modifications to existing public water systems must receive construction plans approval by the Director prior to construction of the proposed system or modification in accordance with HAR 11- 20- 30, titled New and Modified Public Water Systems". These projects include treatment, storage and distribution systems of public water systems. The approval authority for projects owned and operated by a County Board or Department of Water or Water Supply has been delegated to them. All public water systems must be operated by certified distribution system and water treatment plant operators as defined by HAR 11- 25 titled, " Rules Pertaining to Certification of Public Water System Operators". All projects which propose the use of dual water systems or the use of a non- potable water system in proximity to an existing potable water system to meet irrigation or other needs must be carefully design and operate these systems to prevent the cross- connection of these systems and prevent the possibility of backflow of water from the non- potable system to the potable system. The two ( 2) systems must be clearly labeled and physically separated by air gaps or reduced pressure principle backflow prevention devices to avoid contaminating the potable water supply. Michael Yee November 25. 2020 Page 3 of 6 In addition hackllow devices must be tested periodically to assure their proper operation. Further, all non- potable spigots and irrigated areas should he clearly labeled with warning signs to prevent the inadvertent consumption on non- potable water. Compliance with HAR Chapter I 121. titled Cross- Connection and Backflow Control is also required. All projects which propose the establishment of a potentially contaminating activity (as identified in the HawaF i Source Water Assessment Plan) within the source water protection area of an existing source of water for a public water supply should address this potential and activities that will he implemented to prevent or reduce the potential for contamination of the drinking water source. For further information concerning the application of capacity, new source approval, operator certification, source water assessment, backflow/ cross- connection prevention or other public water system programs, please contact the SDWB at 5864258. The Department of Health ( DOH), Clean Water Branch ( CWB), acknowledges receipt of the subject document on October 22, 2020. The CWB has reviewed the limited information contained in the subject document and offers the following comments: Permit Issuance Any project and its potential impacts to State waters must meet the State' s: I ) Antidegradation policy, which requires that the existing uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses of the receiving State water be maintained and protected; 2) Designated uses, as determined by the classification of the receiving State waters; and 3) Water quality criteria ] Hawaii Administrative Rules ( HAR), Chapter 11- 54], A Section 401 Water quality Certification ( WQC) is required if your project/ activity: Requires a federal permit, license, certificate, approval, registration, or Statutory exemption; and May result in a discharge into State waters. The term " discharge" is defined in Clean Water Act. Subsections 502( 16), 502( 12), and 502( 6). Examples of" discharge" include, but are not limited to, allowing the following pollutants to enter State waters from the surface or in- water: solid waste, rock/ sand/ dirt, heat, sewage, construction debris, any underwater work, chemicals. fugitive dust/ spray/ paint, agricultural wastes, biological materials, industrial wastes, concrete/ sealant/ epoxy, and washing/ cleaning effluent. Determine if your project/ activity requires a federal permit, license, certificate, approval, registration, or statutory exemption by contacting the appropriate federal agencies ( e. g. Department of the Army ( DA), U. S. Army Corps of Engineers ( COE), Pacific Ocean Division Honolulu District Office ( POH) Tel: 808- 835- 4303: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Tel: 415- 947- 8021; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Tel: 866- 208- 3372; U. S. Coast Guard Michael Yee November 25. 2020 Page 4 of 6 Office of Bridge Programs Tel: 202- 372- 151 I). To request a Section 401 WQC, you must complete and submit the Section 401 WQC application. This application is available on the e-Permitting Portal website located at: hurt,:/ kha- aloudLdoh. h.maii. cov/ cpc_rmit/. Please see HAR, chapter 11- 54 for the State' Water Quality Standards and for more information on the Section 401 WQC. HAR, Chapter [ 1- 54 is available on the CWB website at: 110 hawaii ovlcoh/. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES) permit coverage is required for: Storm water associated with construction activities for land disturbances of one ( I) acre or more. Land disturbance includes, but is not limited to, clearing, grading, grubbing, excavation, demolition, uprooting of vegetation. equipment staging, and storage areas. Storm water associated with industrial activities for facilities with Standard Industrial Classification Codes regulated in 40 CFR 122. 26( 6)( 14)( i) through ix) and ( xi). Storm water and certain non- storm water from a small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System. Discharges of water pollutants into State surface waters. Examples of these discharges include, but are not limited to, cooling water, hydrotesting waters, dewatering effluent, and process wastewater. Discharges from the application of pesticides ( including pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and various other substances to control pest) to State waters. An application for an NPDES individual permit must be submitted at least I80 calendar days before the commencement of the discharge or start of construction activities. To request and NPDES individual permit, you must complete and submit the NPDES individual permit application. This application is available on the e- Permitting Portal website located at: littps:// eha- cloud. clolthawaii. gov/ epermiti. A Notice of Intent ( NO1) for coverage under a specific NPDES general permit must be submitted at least 30 calendar days before the commencement of the discharge or start of construction activities. To request NPDES general permit coverage, you must complete and submit the NOL. The NOI is available on the e- Permitting Portal website located at: htps:// cha- cloud. doh. hawaii. uov/ epermid. Please see HAR, Chapter 11- 55 for more information on the NPDES individual permit and NPDES general permits. The specific NPDES general permits Michael Yec Nosenther 25. 2020 Page 5 of 6 located in ITAR, Chapter 11- 55. Appendices B through M. LIAR, Chapter 11- 55 and HAR- Chapter I I- 55, Appendices B through NI are available on the CWB wehsite at: hnp:/ ihcaltli h. n..., i._ m; cu( . According to State law, all discharges related to the project construction or operation activities, whether or not NPDES permit coverage and/ or Section 401 WQC are required, must comply with the State' s Water Quality Standards. Monitoring Effluent discharge and/ or receiving water monitoring may be required as conditions of Section 401 Water Quality Certifications and NPDES General and Individual permits. Enforcement Noncompliance with water quality requirements contained in HAR, Chapter 11- 54 and/ or permitting requirements specified in HAR, Chapter 11- 55 may be subject to penalties of$ 25, 000 per day per violation. Violations of Hawaii Revised Statutes 342D and 342E may elicit administrative, civil and criminal penalties for such violations. Polluted Runoff Control Manage projects identified in watershed- based plans that reduce polluted runoff and educate the public about nonpoint source pollution. Projects are selected through an annual request for proposals. Funding is provided by the EPA through the Clean Water Act. For more information on projects and funding opportunities, please visit: awV , h. tu, iii_u ' / tl%thiptilittlecillffikitickmlrol. If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Joanne Seto. Supervisor of the Engineering Section, CWB, at ( 808) 586- 4309. Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11- 46, " Community Noise Control." The contractor must obtain a noise permit if the noise levels from the construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels of the rules. 2. Construction equipment and on- site vehicles requiring an exhaust of gas or air must he equipped with mufflers. 3. The contractor must comply with the requirements pertaining to construction activities as specified in the rules and the conditions issued with the permit. Michael Yee November 25, 2020 Page 6 of 6 Should there he any questions on this matter, please contact the Department of Health at 933- 09I7. We recommend that you review all of the Standard Comments on our website: http:// hawaii. gov/ health/ environmental/ env- planning/ landuse/ landuse. html. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. The same website also features a Healthy Community Design Smart Growth Checklist Checklist) created by Built Environment Working Group ( BEWG) of the Hawaii State Department of Health. The BEWG recommends that state and county planning departments, developers, planners, engineers and other interested parties apply the healthy built environment principles in the Checklist whenever they plan or review new developments or redevelopments projects. We also ask you to share this list with others to increase community awareness on healthy community design. Harry Kim r q` Robert R. K. Perreira Roy Takemoto I11 I% mime ire hie/ trot, rug Pv n„ County of Jbatuat' i HAWAI' I FIRE DEPARTMENT 25 Aupu ii Street• suite 2411• nji,, use• i' i 967211 ISOM) 932- 2900• hut( MO&) 932. 292* November 23, 2020 TO: MICHAEL YEE, PLANNING DIRECTOR FROM: ROBERT R. K. PERREIRA, ACTING FIRE CHIEF SUBJECT: Application: Special Permit Application ( SPP- 20- 000220) Applicant: Kirpal Meditation and Ecological Center LLC Request. To Legitimize the Operation of a Meditation and Ecological Center and Retreat Tax Map Key: ( I) 3- 008:005 In regards to the above- mentioned application request, the following shall be in accordance: NEPA I, UNIFORM FIRE CODE, 2006 EDITION Note: Hun( I, l Wulc Fire Code, ,Vationu( re /' iv wclion Aseuciation 201) 6 versitm, With Omenn ' ofHun zti' i omendnrerric Co2nrtj' amendments ore identified with a preceding " C-- cf the . rc% rence code. Chapter 18 Fire Department Access and Water Supply 18. 1 General. Fire department access and water supplies shall comply with this chapter. For occupancies of an especially hazardous nature. or where special hazards exist in addition to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or where access for fire apparatus is unduly difficult. or areas where there is an inadequate lire flow, or inadequate tire hydrant spacing, and the AIIJ may require additional safeguards including, but not limited to, additional fire appliance units, more than one type of appliance, or special systems suitable for the protection of the hazard involved. 18. 1. 1 Plans. 18. 1. 1. 1 Fire Apparatus Access. Plans for fire apparatus access roads shall be submitted to the fire department for review and approval prior to construction. Planning Dept. Exhibit 138745 ''I ra lLnr, el ,•, u ,. , nEp. e! Opp. vl win v Pra, tJmuul 1. mpl., wr. Michael Yee, Planning Director November 23, 2020 Page 2 18. 1. 1. 2 Fire Hydrant Systems. Plans and specifications for fire hydrant systems shall he submitted to the fire department for review and approval prior to construction. C- 18. 1. 1. 2. 1 Fire Hydrant use and Restrictions. No unauthorized person shall use or operate any Fire hydrant unless such person first secures permission or a permit from the owner or representative of the department, or company that owns or governs that water supply or system. Exception: Fire Department personnel conducting firefighting operations, hydrant testing, and/ or maintenance, and the flushing and acceptance of hydrants witnessed by Fire Prevention Bureau personnel 18. 2 Fire Department Access. 18. 2. 1 Fire department access and fire department access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with Section 18. 2. 18. 2. 2* Access to Structures or Areas. 18. 2. 2. 1 Access Box( es). The .AHJ shall have the authority to require an access box( es) to be installed in an accessible location where access to or within a structure or area is difficult because of security. 18. 2. 2. 2 Access to Gated Subdivisions or Developments. The AH) shall have the authority to require fire department access be provided to gated subdivisions or developments through the use of an approved device or system. 18. 2. 2. 3 Access Maintenance. The owner or occupant of a structure or area, with required fire department access as specified in 18. 2, 2. 1 or 18. 2. 2. 2, shall notify the AHJ when the access is modified in a manner that could prevent fire department access. 18. 2. 3 Fire Department Access Roads. (* may be referred as FDAR) 18. 2. 3. 1 Required Access. 18. 2. 3. 1. 1 Approved fire department access roads shall be provided for every facility, building, or portion of a building hereafter constructed or relocated. 18. 2. 3. 1. 2 Fire Department access roads shall consist of roadways, fire lanes, parking lots lanes, or a combination thereof. 18.2. 3. 1. 3* When not more than two one- and two-family dwellings or private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and detached buildings or structures 400ft2( 37 m'-) or less are present, the requirements of 182. 3. 1 through 18. 2. 3. 2. 1 shall be permitted to be modified by the AHJ. Michael Yee, Planning Director November 23, 2020 Page 3 18. 2. 3. 1. 4 When lire department access roads cannot he installed due to location on property, topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades, or other similar conditions, the AHJ shall be authorized to require additional fire protection features. 18. 2. 3. 2 Access to Building. 18. 2. 3. 2. 1 A fire department access road shall extend to within in 50 ft( 15 m) of at least one exterior door that can be opened from the outside that provides access to the interior of the building. Exception: 1 and 2 single- family dwellings. 18. 2. 3. 2. 1. 1 When buildings are protected throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system that is installed in accordance with NFPA 13, NFPA I 3D, or NEPA I 3R, the distance in 18. 23. 2. 1 shall be permitted to be increased to 300 feet. 18. 2. 3. 2. 2 Fire department access roads shall be provided such that any portion of the facility or any portion of an exterior wall of the first story of the building is located not more than 150 ft 46 in) from fire department access roads as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the building or facility. 18. 2. 3. 2. 2. 1 When buildings are protected throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system that is installed in accordance with NFPA 13. NFPA 13D, or NFPA 13R, the distance in I8? 3. 2. 2 shall be permitted to be increased to 450 ft( 137 tn). 18. 2. 3. 3 Multiple Access Roads. More than one fire department access road shall be provided when it is determined by the AHJ that access by a single road could be impaired by vehicle congestion. condition of terrain, climatic conditions, or other factors that could limit access. 18. 2. 3. 4 Specifications. 18. 2. 3. 4. 1 Dimensions. C- 18. 2. 3. 4. 1. 1 FDAR shall have an unobstructed width of not less than 20ft with an approved turn around area if the FDAR exceeds 150 feet. Exception: FDAR for one and two family dwellings shall have an unobstructed width of not less than 15 feet, with an area of not less than 20 feet wide within 150 feet of the structure being protected. An approved turn around area shall be provided if the FDAR exceeds 250 feet. C- 18. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2 FDAR shall have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less then 13ft 6 in. C- 18. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1 Vertical clearances may be increased or reduced by the AHJ, provided such increase or reduction does not impair access by the fire apparatus, and approved signs are installed and maintained indicating such approved changes. Michael Yee, Planning Director November 23, 2020 Page 4 18. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 2 Vertical clearances shall be increased when vertical clearances or widths are not adequate to accommodate fire apparatus. C- 18. 2. 3. 4. 2 Surface. Fire department access roads and bridges shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads ( 25 Tons) of the fire apparatus. Such FDAR and shall be comprised of an all- weather driving surface. 18. 2. 3. 4. 3 Turning Radius. C- 18. 2. 3. 4. 3. 1 Fire department access roads shall have a minimum inside turning radius of 30 feet, and a minimum outside turning radius of 60 feet. 18. 2. 3. 4. 3. 2 Turns in fire department access road shall maintain the minimum road width. 18. 2. 3. 4. 4 Dead Ends. Dead- end fire department access roads in excess of 150 ft( 46 m) in length shall be provided with approved provisions for the fire apparatus to turn around. 18. 2. 3. 4. 5 Bridges. 18. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 When a bridge is required to be used as part of a fire department access road, it shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with county requirements. 18. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2 The bridge shall be designed for a live load sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus. 18. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3 Vehicle load limits shall be posted at both entrances to bridges where required by the . AHJ. 18. 2. 3. 4. 6 Grade. C— 19. 2. 3. 4. 6. 1The maximum gradient of a Fire department access road shall not exceed 12 percent for unpaved surfaces and 15 percent for paved surfaces. In areas of the FDAR where a Fire apparatus would connect to a Fire hydrant or Fire Department Connection, the maximum gradient of such area( s) shall not exceed 10 percent. 18. 2. 3. 4. 6. 2* The angle of approach and departure for any means of fire department access road shall not exceed I ft drop in 20 ft( 0.3 in drop in 6 m) or the design limitations of the fire apparatus of the fire department, and shall be subject to approval by the AHJ. 18. 2. 3. 4. 6. 3 Fire department access roads connecting to roadways shall be provided with curb cuts extending at least 2 ft( 0. 61 m) beyond each edge of the fire lane. Michael Yee. Planning Director November 23. 2020 Page 5 18. 2. 3. 4. 7 Traffic Calming Devices. The design and use of traffic calming devices shall be approved the AHJ 18. 2. 3. 5 Marking of Fire Apparatus Access Road. 18. 2. 3. 5. 1 Where required by the AHJ, approved signs or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained to identify fire department access roads or to prohibit the obstruction thereof of both 18. 2. 3. 5. 2 A marked fire apparatus access road shall also be known as a fire lane. 18. 2. 4* Obstruction and Control of Fire Department Access Road. 18. 2. 4. 1 General. 18. 2. 4. 1. 1 The required width of a fire department access road shall not be obstructed in any manner. including by the parking of vehicles. 18. 2. 4. 1. 2 Minimum required widths and clearances established under 18. 2. 3. 4 shall be maintained at all times. 18. 2. 4. 1. 3* Facilities and structures shall be maintained in a manner that does not impair or impede accessibility for fire department operations. 18. 2. 4. 1. 4 Entrances to fire departments access roads that have been closed with gates and barriers in accordance with 18. 2 4. 2. 1 shall not be obstructed by parked vehicles. 18. 2. 4. 2 Closure of Accessways. 18. 2. 4. 2. 1 The AHJ shall be authorized to require the installation and maintenance of gates or other approved barricades across roads, trails, or other accessways not including public streets, alleys, or highways. 18. 2. 4. 2. 2 Where required, gates and barricades shall be secured in an approved manner. 18. 2. 4. 2. 3 Roads, trails, and other access ways that have been closed and obstructed in the manner prescribed by 18. 2. 4. 2. 1 shall not be trespassed upon or used unless authorized by the owner and the . AHJ. 18. 2. 4. 2. 4 Public officers acting within their scope of duty shall be permitted to access restricted property identified in 18. 2 4. 2. 1. Michael Yee, Planning Director November 21. 2020 Page 6 8. 2. 4. 2. 5 Locks, gates, doors, barricades, chains, enclosures, signs, tags. or seals that have been installed by the fire department or by its order or under its control shall not be removed, unlocked, destroyed, tampered with, or otherwise vandalized in any manner. 18. 3 Water Supplies and Fire Hydrants 18. 3. 1* A water supply approved by the county, capable of supplying the required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which facilities or buildings, or portions thereof, are hereafter constructed, or moved into or within the county. When any portion of the facility or building is in excess of 150 feet( 45 720 mm) from a water supply on a fire apparatus access road, as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the facility or building, on- site fire hydrants and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow shall be provided when required by the Al-IL For on- site fire hydrant requirements see section 18. 3. 3. EXCEPTIONS: I. When facilities or buildings, or portions thereof, are completely protected with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system the provisions of section 18. 3. 1 may be modified by the AHJ. 2. When water supply requirements cannot be installed due to topography or other conditions, the AHJ may require additional fire protection as specified in section 18. 3. 2 as amended in the code. 3. When there are not more than two dwellings, or two private garage, carports, sheds and agricultural. Occupancies, the requirements of section 18. 3. 1 may be modified by AHJ. 18. 3. 2* Where no adequate or reliable water distribution system exists, approved reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, fire department tanker shuttles, or other approved systems capable of providing the required fire flow shall be permitted. 18. 3. 3* The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow shall he provided on a fire apparatus access road on the site of the premises or both, in accordance with the appropriate county water requirements. 18. 3. 4 Fire Hydrants and connections to other approved water supplies shall be accessible to the fire department. 18.3. 5 Private water supply systems shall be tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25 or county requirements as determined by the AH1. 18. 3. 6 Where required by the AHJ, fire hydrants subject to vehicular damage shall be protected unless located within a public right of way. Michael Yec, Planning Director November 23 2020 Page 7 18. 3. 7 the Al if shall he notified whenever any tire hydrant is placed out of service or returned to service. Owners of private property required to have hydrants shall maintain hydrant records of approval, testing, and maintenance, in accordance with the respective county water requirements. Records shall be made available for review- by the AHJ upon request. C— 18.3. 8 Minimum water supply for buildings that do not meet the minimum County water standards: Buildings up to 2000 square feet, shall have a minimum of 3, 000 gallons of water available for Firefighting. Buildings 2001- 3000 square feet, shall have a minimum of 6000 gallons of water available for Firefighting. Buildings, 3001- 6000 square feet, shall have a minimum of 12, 000 gallons of water available for Firefighting. Buildings, greater than 6000 square feet, shall meet the minimum County water and fire flow requirements. Multiple stony buildings shall multiply the square feet by the amount of stories when determining the minimum water supply. Commercial buildings requiring a minimum fire Flow of 2000gpm per the Department of Water standards shall double the minimum water supply reserved for firefighting. Fire Department Connections ( FDC) to alternative water supplies shall comply with 18. 3. 8 ( I 1- 6) oflhiv< odr. NOTE: In that water catchment systems are being used as a means of water supply for firefighting. such systems shall meet the following requirements: I ) In that a single water tank is used for both domestic and firefighting water, the water for domestic use shall not be capable of being drawn from the water reserved for firefighting; 2) Minimum pipe diameter sizes from the water supply to the Fire Department Connection FDC) shall be as follows: a) 4" for(' 900 PVC pipe; N 4" for 0906 PE pipe; c) 3" for ductile Iron; d) 3' for galvanized steel. Michael Yee, Planning. Director November 23. 2020 Page 8 3) The Fire Department Connection ( FDC) shall. a) be made of galvanized steel; b have a gated valve with 2- 1/ 2 inch, National Standard Thread male fining and cap; c) be located between 8 ft and 16 ft from the Fire department access. The location shall be approved by the AHI; d) not be located less than 24 inches, and no higher than 36 inches from finish grade, as measured from the center of the FDC orifice; e) be secure and capable of withstanding drafting operations. Engineered stamped plans may be required; f) not be located more than 150 feet of the most remote part, but not less than 20 feet, of the structure being protected; g) also comply with section 13. 1. 3 and 18. 2. 34.6. 1 of this code. 4) Commercial buildings requiring a fire flow of 2000gpm shall be provided with a second FDC. Each FDC shall be independent of each other, with each FDC being capable of flowing 500gpm by engineered design standards. The second FDC shall be located in an area approved by the .AHJ with the idea of multiple Fire apparatus' conducting drafting operations at once, in mind. 5) Inspection and maintenance shall be in accordance to NFPA 25. 6) The owner or lessee of the property shall be responsible for maintaining the water level, quality, and appurtenances of the system. EXCEPTIONS TO SECTION 18. 3. 8: I) Agricultural buildings, storage sheds, and shade houses with no combustible or equipment storage. 2) Buildings less than 800 square feet in size that meets the minimum Fire Department Access Road requirements. 3) For one and two family dwellings, agricultural buildings, storage sheds, and detached garages 800 to 2000 square feet in size, and meets the minimum Fire Department Access Road requirements, the distance to the Fire Department Connection may be increased to 1000 feet. 4) For one and two family dwellings, agricultural buildings, and storage sheds greater than 2000square feet, but less than 3000 square feet and meets the minimum Fire Department Access Road requirements, the distance to the Fire Department Connection may be increased to 500 feet. ichael Yee. Planning Director Not ember 23. '_ 020 Page 9 5) For buildings with an approved automatic sprinkler system, the minimum water supply required may be modified. If there are nyquestions regarding these requirements, please contact me at( 808) 932- 2902_ Aar"— ROBERT R. K. PERREIRA Acting Fire Chief KV: nac ala