Immaterial Value Creation in Europe
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Superentrepreneurs
SuperEntrepreneurs And how your country can get them TINO SANANDAJI AND NIMA SANANDAJI WITH AN AFTERWORD BY PROFESSOR STEFAN FÖLSTER THE AUTHORS Tino Sanandaji is a full-time researcher at the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) in Stockholm. He holds a PhD degree in public policy from the University of Chicago. Nima Sanandaji has written numerous books and reports about issues such as integration, women’s career opportunities and reform policies. He holds a PhD in polymer technology from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Acknowledgements Support towards the publication of this study was given by the Institute for Policy Research ISBN No. 978-1-906996-79-6 Centre for Policy Studies, April 2014 Printed by 4 Print, 138 Molesey Avenue, Surrey CONTENTS Summary 1. Introduction 1 2. Defining entrepreneurship 4 3. Fairness and entrepreneurship 10 4. Who has most entrepreneurs? 19 5. The right preconditions 24 6. The right tax rates 30 7. The right regulations 39 8. Charitable instincts? 44 9. Why is the US so entrepreneurial? 49 10. The limits of government action 51 11. Which industries are most open to entrepreneurs? 55 12. Seven characteristics 60 13. Conclusions 63 Afterword: The world’s up and coming superentrepreneurs 65 Bibliography Appendices “Throughout history, poverty is the normal condition of man. Advances which permit this norm to be exceeded – here and there, now and then – are the work of an extremely small minority, frequently despised, often condemned, and almost always opposed by all right-thinking people.” Robert A. Heinlein SUMMARY This report examines about 1,000 self-made men and women who have earned at least $1 billion dollars and who have appeared in Forbes magazine list of the world’s richest people between 1996 and 2010 – the SuperEntrepreneurs. -
Migration & Development
migration & development Fredrik Segerfeldt The Adam Smith Institute has an open access policy. Copyright remains with the copyright holder, but users may download, save and distribute this work in any format provided: (1) that the Adam Smith Institute is cited; (2) that the web address adamsmith.org is published together with a prominent copy of this notice; (3) the text is used in full without amendment [extracts may be used for criticism or review]; (4) the work is not re–sold; (5) the link for any online use is sent to info@ adamsmith.org. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect any views held by the publisher or copyright owner. They are published as a contribution to public debate. © Adam Smith Research Trust 2015 Published in the UK by ASI (Research) Ltd. Some rights reserved Printed in England Contents Executive summary v 1 Why this book? 1 2 The forgotten tool 7 3 The poor and the rich 13 4 Who or where: what determines your standard of living? 25 5 How much greener is the grass? 35 6 Money home to Mom 47 7 Back and forth 71 8 Brain drain or brain gain? 81 9 Migration is development 91 References 107 Executive summary • Migration is among the most fiercely debated areas of policy, and the human cost of the status quo is vast. 20,000 people have drowned in the Mediterranean in the last two decades trying to cross borders to a better life. Yet, often ignored in the debate is the contribution migration can bring to development. -
The Nordic Model and British Public Policy C.1997-2015
The Nordic model and British public policy c.1997-2015: social democratic mythology or free-market supermodel? Thesis submitted to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at University College London by Thomas Hoctor Supervisors: Examiners: Mary Hilson Titus Hjelm Richard Mole J. Magnus Ryner 1 Declaration I, Thomas Hoctor confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 8 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10 0.1 Britain votes leave .............................................................................................................. 10 0.2 Models, identity, branding .................................................................................................. 12 0.3 This study and its aims ........................................................................................................ 17 Chapter One – The Nordic Model: What is it and why does it matter? ............................. 22 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 22 1.2. What is the Nordic -
The Nordic Model of Taxation and Its Influence in North America: Image and Reality
Nordix Tax J. 2016; 2:77–86 Article Open Access Michael A. Livingston* The Nordic model of taxation and its influence in North America: Image and Reality DOI 10.1515/ntaxj-2016-0008 This article considers the Nordic model of taxation Received Aug 23, 2016; accepted Oct 25, 2016 and its influence outside the Nordic region, particularly in North America. Section 1 considers the Nordic model and its history. Section 2 considers some facts about Nordic tax systems and a few of the principal debates about those sys- Introduction tems. Section 3 considers the degree to which Nordic taxa- tion constitutes a useful model for other countries and the The idea of a Scandinavian or Nordic model in public pol- related but distinct question of whether it is actually used icy has a long history. Scholars usually trace the idea to a as a model. Section 4 presents some broader reflections on book “Sweden: The Middle Way” written by journalist Mar- the Nordic experience and its implications for the study of quis Childs in the 1930s. Childs argued that the Swedish comparative tax law and the globalization problem. system, which combined private ownership of most pro- Throughout the article, I will refer to the “Nordic re- ductive assets with a generous welfare state and relative gion,” “Norden,” and (less frequently) “Scandinavia” as a labor peace, lay somewhere between and was arguably single unit, typically including all of the countries above preferable to American-style capitalism, on the one hand, together with smaller entities (e.g., the Faroe Islands) that and a Soviet-style socialism, on the other hand. -
SCANDINAVIAN Unexceptionalism
SCANDINAVIAN unexceptionalism CULTURE, MARKETS and the FAILURE of THIRD-WAY SOCIALISM Nima SANANDAJI Foreword by Tom G. Palmer Scandinavian Unexceptionalism SCANDINAVIAN UNEXCEPTIONALISM Culture, Markets and the Failure of Third-Way Socialism NIMA SANANDAJI First published in Great Britain in 2015 by The Institute of Economic Affairs 2 Lord North Street Westminster London SW1P 3LB in association with London Publishing Partnership Ltd www.londonpublishingpartnership.co.uk The mission of the Institute of Economic Affairs is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems. Copyright © The Institute of Economic Affairs 2015 The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (elec- tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-255-36705-9 (interactive PDF) Many IEA publications are translated into languages other than English or are reprinted. Permission to translate or to reprint should be sought from the Director General at the address above. Typeset in Kepler by T&T Productions Ltd www.tandtproductions.com CONTENTS The -
The Geography of Europe's Brain Business Jobs
The Geography of Europe’s Brain Business Jobs Dr. Nima Sanandaji Prof. Stefan Fölster European Centre for Policy Reform and Entrepreneurship Supported by NC Advisory AB, advisor to the Nordic Capital Funds 1 The Nordics are well known as a dynamic and creative region. As reported by the Telegraph, Stockholm, the Swedish capital, is the world’s second most prolific tech hub on a per capita basis, behind only Silicon Valley. This isn’t a coincidence. Talented professionals thrive in Scandinavia – a fact that has now received further confirmation through the report you are holding in your hands. As an active investor in Europe – particularly in the Nordic region – Nordic Cap- ital’s continuous goal is to develop understanding of the business environment and ways in which it can be improved. We are therefore pleased to have had the opportunity to support this report. Nordic Capital is one of the longest established and most active private equity investors in the Nordic region, and this report ex- pands understanding of brain business jobs – jobs that are crucial for income and productivity growth. This report gives the reader an excellent overview of the various sectors where brain business jobs are found, as well as an allocation of these sectors between countries and capital regions in Europe. The report also sheds light on the shift- ing landscape for knowledge-intensive businesses. On an ever-changing playing field, it is crucial to closely monitor developments to identify ways in which organ- isations can address changes and work to remain one step ahead. The Nordics are top-ranked in the study, with Sweden ranked number one in terms of attracting brain business jobs. -
Harmful Taxes
Harmful taxes MOURNED BY NO ONE - MISSED BY FEW AMANDA WOLLSTAD OCH ANDERS YDSTEDT JANUARI 2021 Contents Foreword . 4 Inheritance tax - a destructive tax . 6 Inheritance is good for society . 7 Is wealth a problem? . 8 More money and entrepreneurship in Sweden! . 11 The history of the inheritance tax . 14 How did the tax work? . 15 Gift tax . 15 Income or redistribution of wealth? . 16 Consequences of the inheritance tax . 17 Tax planning . 18 After the inheritance tax . .. 26 Successful venture capital sector . 28 The personal finances of business owners are important to business . 28 Private capital is critical to entrepreneurship . 31 A much-appreciated reform . 32 Reflections on the inheritance tax . 34 The entrepreneurs . 35 The advisers . 41 The academics . 42 Inheritance tax around the world . 44 The effective inheritance tax is often lower than the nominal rate . 45 United States - from 55 to 0 to 40 percent . 45 Norway - repealed the inheritance tax in 2014 . 46 Germany - steep reductions for family businesses . 46 Denmark - reduced inheritance tax for family businesses . 47 United Kingdom - complicated, but an exemption for charity . 48 Belgium - complicated inheritance tax that also applies to foreigners . 48 Finland - petitions and exit to Sweden . 49 The danger of destructive taxes . 50 Summary and conclusions . .. 55 Great harm but minor fiscal significance . 55 A welcome reform .. 56 Transfers of ownership facilitated . 57 Unique political consensus on the repeal . 57 The wealth tax . 58 References . 59 4 MOURNED BY NO ONE - MISSED BY FEW Foreword More than fifteen years have passed since a Swedish Riksdag voted unanimously to repeal the gift and inheritance tax; it is more than ten years since the wealth tax was abolished. -
Scandinavian Unexceptionalism.Pdf
The VOL. 20 | NO. 4 | 381–384 QUARTERLY WINTER 2017 JOURNAL of AUSTRIAN ECONOMICS BOOK REVIEW SCANDINAVIAN UNEXCEPTIONALISM: CULTURE, MARKETS, AND THE FAILURE OF THIRD-WAY SOCIALISM NIMA SANANDAJI LONDON: InsTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, 2015, 132 PP. PER L. BYLUND he Scandinavian countries, and primary among them Sweden, are commonly referred to as anomalies or inspirations, depending Ton one’s political point of view. The reason is that the countries do not appear to fit the general pattern: they are enormously successful whereas they “shouldn’t” be. Indeed, Scandinavians enjoy very high living standards despite having very large, progressive welfare states for which they pay the world’s highest taxes. As a result, a large and growing literature, both propagandist and scholarly, has emerged that tries to identify the reasons for this Scandinavian exceptionalism—especially as pertains to their Per Bylund ([email protected]) holds the Records-Johnston Professorship in the School of Entrepreneurship at Oklahoma State University. 381 382 The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 20, No. 4 (2017) welfare states. I have myself contributed to this literature (e.g., Bylund, 2010) and have previously reviewed others’ contributions to it in this journal (Bylund, 2015). But what has been missing is a summary analysis that is accessible to non-scholars. It was therefore a delight to read Nima Sanandaji’s Scandinavian Unexceptionalism: Culture, Markets, and the Failure of Third-Way Socialism, published by British Institute for Economic Affairs. Dr. Sanandaji is a political-economy analyst and writer, well known in both Sweden and Europe, and as expected does an excellent job summarizing the state of scholarship. -
Eastern and Central Europe - Second Wave of Reform and Success
EEI POLICY PAPERS 2009-4 Eastern and Central Europe - Second Wave of Reform and Success Nima Sanandaji EEI POLICY PAPERS Eastern and Central Europe - Second Wave of Reform and Success Nima Sanandaji About EEI Policy Papers The European Enterprise Institute Policy Papers series aims to inform the European political debate with qualified opinionated arguments, promoting the ideas of free enterprise and free competition. Papers are commissioned as analytical papers written either directly by EEI staff or by external writers. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in these papers do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the EEI or of those affiliated with the EEI. Editor-in-chief Johnny Munkhammar Design picture element Copyright European Enterprise Institute Reproduction is nor authorized without permission in written from from the publisher. Published by: European Enterprise Institute c/o JKL Avenue des Gaulois 18 B-1040 Brussels Tel: +32 (0) 2 761 16 75 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.european-enterprise.org EEI President and Co-President: Peter Jungen, Gunnar Hökmark 3 The European Enterprise Institute is a non-profit, non-party affiliated organization, registered in Belgium. It aims to promote entrepreneurship in the EU policy community and to provide a platform for the ideas and philosophy of entrepreneurship throughout Europe. The EEI works to facilitate research and debate in all areas of policy with impact on the conditions for entrepreneurship, incentives for innovation, competitiveness and economic prosperity. -
Ma Quỷ Đang Thống Trị Thế Giới Của Chúng Ta
Ma Quỷ Đang Thống Trị Thế Giới Của Chúng Ta Quyển 1 - Chương 1 - 11 Bản dịch trên Internet 9binh.com, epochtimes.com Mục Lục Lời nói đầu 1 Tự luận 4 1. Chủ nghĩa cộng sản là ma quỷ với mục đích hủy diệt nhân loại.............. 5 2. Những phương thức chủ yếu ma quỷ dùng để hủy diệt nhân loại......... 6 3. Chủ nghĩa cộng sản mang hình thái ý thức của ma quỷ.............................. 8 4. Đặc điểm siêu tự nhiên của ma quỷ.................................................................. 11 5. Các loại diện mạo của ma quỷ.............................................................................. 12 6. Chủ nghĩa xã hội là giai đoạn sơ cấp của chủ nghĩa cộng sản................ 14 7. Chủ nghĩa cộng sản là một loại ảo tưởng “lãng mạn”................................ 17 8. Ma quỷ hủy diệt văn hóa và làm suy đồi đạo đức....................................... 18 9.Chương Trở về với 1: 36Thần, quỷ khôi kế phục hủy truyềndiệt nhân thống, loại bước ra khỏi an bài của ma quỷ. 2321 1. Làm bại hoại tư tưởng con người...................................................................... 24 2. Lật đổ văn hóa truyền thống................................................................................ 28 5. Vừa đánh vừa dụ, chia để trị................................................................................ 39 6.Chương Che đậy 2: và Khởi đề phòng................................................................................................ phát ở Châu Âu 4643 Lời mở đầu....................................................................................................................... -
THE FUTURE of the WELFARE STATE Introduction
THE FUTURE OF THE WELFARE STATE The Tikvah Advanced Institutes Jerusalem, Israel | November 6–10, 2016 Christopher DeMuth Introduction All of the advanced democracies are “welfare states.” Every one provides or finances schooling and health care; social insurance or “safety net” programs to cushion the vicissitudes of live, employment, and older age; anti-poverty programs to support the poor; and regulatory programs to promote the welfare of consumers and workers in the marketplace. The scope and design of these policies vary considerably across nations, but all welfare states are currently facing serious problems and are the subject of heated political controversies. This course will examine both the variations and the common problems of the modern welfare state in an effort to identify politically feasible solutions. We will investigate reforms for preserving national economic strength and social cohesion in a world of globalization, aging populations, new technologies, and dramatic cultural transformations in how people live and what they value. The course will run for five days, with two 3-hour sessions each day. On the first day, both sessions will be devoted to general issues of the nature and financial structure of the welfare state. On days two, three, and four, the first sessions will examine the welfare states of the United States, Europe, and Scandinavia respectively, and the second sessions each day will examine particular features and problems of the Israeli welfare state with the aid of guest speakers. On the fifth and final day, the first session will focus on one prominent reform proposal and the second will be reserved for further consideration of issues that have arisen in our earlier discussions. -
The Surprising Ingredients of Swedish Success – Free Markets and Social Cohesion
1 The surprising ingredients of Swedish success – free markets and social cohesion IEA Discussion Paper No. 41 by Nima Sanandaji August 2012 The Institute of Economic Affairs, 2 Lord North Street, London, SW1P 3LB; Tel 020 7799 8900; email [email protected] 2 About the author Nima Sanandaji is a Swedish author with a Kurdish Iranian background. He has a Master’s Degree from the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, an Advanced Master’s Degree from The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and has previously conducted research studies at both Chalmers and the University of Cambridge. Nima has previously published seven books, covering subjects such as entrepreneurship, tax policy, women’s career opportunities, integration and innovation within the IT sector. He is also the author of several reports, dealing with various public policy subjects in Sweden, as well as articles in international publications such as The Wall Street Journal, Human Events and The Guardian. This discussion paper builds on the ideas Nima first developed in the short report "The Swedish Model Reassessed" by Finnish think tank Libera. 3 Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5 A culture of success 7 Free market success story 10 The failure of ‘third-way’ policies 11 Crowding out the private sector 14 Job creation during the ‘free market’ and ‘third way’ periods 16 Social outcomes and the welfare state 19 Success of Swedes in the US system 21 Welfare dependency creates social poverty and deteriorating work 23 norms Failing integration policies 27 The hidden rise in taxation 29 Free-market Sweden? 35 Conclusion 39 References 41 4 Executive summary • Sweden did not become wealthy through social democracy, big government and a large welfare state.