JOURftAI The Official Journal of the Society Fo r Information Display

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~ The Social Implications of Demand <1> Information Systems ..0 0 By E. A. Ulbrich +Ju 0 Display Update 73, SID Meet Set in ~ San Diego December 8 -<1> ..0 1972-73 SID Chapter Officers E <1> +J Real-Time Interactive Stereoscopy 0.. <1> By A. Michael Noll (f) vol. 1 , number 3 r:JDDJ JOURnnl T he Official Journal of the Soci ety For Informati on D isplay

The Social Implications of Demand 5 By E. A. Ulbrich Information Systems A discussion of the social implications of con­ sumer demand information systems for the public. Display Update 73, SID Meet Set in 13 San Diego December 8

1972-73 SID Chapter Officers 13

Real-Time Interactive Stereoscopy 14 By A. Michael Noll Man is a creature inhabiting a world of three spatial dimensions jointly with his computer progeny.

SID: Standards & Definitions 22

Welcome! New Members of SID 23

Departments

Message from the President 4

Book Review 23

New Products 24

SID Activities 28

Sustaining Members 28

Advertisers 29

T HE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY. Published bimonthly by Blackwent Publishing Company, 1605 Cahuenga Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90028, 213/463·4891. Correspondence regarding advertising, reprints and subscriptions should be sent t o the above address. Publisher, Robert Black/ Editor, Harley Bi elland/ Editorial Coor dinator, Roby Wentz/ Advert islng Manager, William R. Brand/Pr oduction Manager, Joyce Wallace/Circulation Man ager, S. Rocklin.

SID NATIONAL OFFICERS: Presiden t , Dr. Carlo P. Crocetti/ Vice President , Robert C. Klein/ Secretary, Erwin A. Ulbric.h / Treasurer, Robert C. Knepper. Circle # 1 on Readers Service Card Nat ional Office Manager . .. Violet Puff Sustaining Member of Society for Information Display Saalallmpliaallans IINT'SMISSAGIPRISIDINT'SMI By E. A. Ulbrich McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company Orange County, California

len~ and lnlarn~alian

TELEVISION POLLUTION

A discussion of the social implications of consumer demand infor­ mation systems for the U.S. pu blic. The emergence of this area as a major economic sector is documented; the revolution of the 1940's in household use of artificial information is described; and a second revolution in the 1980's, in which consumers will demand information instead of having it broadcast, is hypothesized. Some future systems costs are shown.

Two major sectors of the econo­ coined word, elech·ospace, has been my of the United States are begin­ used to describe the area in which ning to merge. These am the com­ these two sectors exist. See Figure putation and communication sec­ 2 for a visualization. tors. Typical data on the magni­ The common ground between tude of these sectors for 1970 are these sectors is information systems. shown in Figure 1. The merger of The key word of the two is infor­ these sectors has been noted by many authors, and at the IEEE In­ mation and the merging sectors ternational Conference on Commu­ may well come to be known as the PHOTO ~ RESEARCH nication (San Francisco, June information industry. In this non­ technical paper all infonnation for A OIYISIOO ol KOLLMORGEN Corporation 1970) the merger could be clearly 3000 N. Ho llywood Wy., Bu rbank, CA 9 1505 seen throughout all of the technical human consumption is arbitrarily program. See Reference 7. The divided into two classes: Circle #2 on Readers Service Card September-October I Page 5 Page 4 I SID Journal By E. A. ULBRICH o... M r . Ulhnch. Kt OO ,ofiJ I w-.lnt lo mail a c heck rur $1~ t u By E. A. ULBR ICH you a t your home in Whittier. l ,OOO ---~!.A~ ~~~I?_ ~~E~~~I~I~O - - _------___ ------So, I've s ent your numt>er L5,.43!1fJ. No one else h;a s Lh •" nomhcr . ll may a l fi ·:Hiy MERGING SECTOitS have won you the gr;and rtr tze of ;a fl lclrmt: or one or 8, 835 other pr iZC!'> - 111 l ht: nuw Natural- l S9 $240, 000 L l f' l~ t~ f Excltcrn cnt G rvuawa y. Bureau of Advertising and the Na­ ,...... :1~23::..::.3~ ~107.7 .lus t ima J,! inc the c xcltcrucnl ol r cccrvml\ received from the real world 100 $ 100 , 000! The cxc ltcmcnl llll;uyrn!t anythint: tional Association of Broadcasters or evcryth m~ you h:tvt! ever WOI, ntr:c.l. If yuo through senses. w irl it, you Ca nl'>avc it , ' JM:ttd il, mvc..,l tl , ~ ~ :· ·4~'( showed that for programming that COM PLOP ! or roll in it. Bec:a u ~c It w tll he "jQU r Artificial- 21. 4 money, Mr. Ulhrtc h. t/ no \_ starts at 11 :30 p.m. on the East and received through various media ~- \: I: ' West coasts and 10:30 p.m. in the ID- oth~r ;,~3 ~x;;! : :,.c~~ ~~~::;:n;h~~~e1~f y'!c;c ~~\~ /',! primarily as an extension of the door a t 1139 Elden Avenue. , _. , ;;;-.;.;::;"1 ' " midwest, t h e re are 11,804,000 ~ ~·-·· .J To finc.l our if you are a winne r , dclotch your entry senses and often fil tered by other fo r m , a ff 1x, the YES or NO 1>ca l in t he ctrclc r>rt~ v tdcd, homes viewing which represents intelligence. 8 and return the form a t once . perhaps 10% of the population Figure 3. Example of commun ication and computation working together. awake receiving information virtu­ Figure 3 shows a typical piece of ally in the middle of the night. This 12 artincial information demonstrating NATURAL ASYMPTOTE 2. 88·10 would probably have been hard to the merger of communication and ------..!------·- -- forecast in 1900 by the light of a 1012 Invention of computation as it exists today. Cheap Artificlal carbon B.lament lamp, although the Computer generated titles on the Figure 1. A comparison of various sectors of the Un ited States economy. Light 1.47· 1011 avid listeners to "I LOVE A MYS­ (Based on a 1970 projection of 1963 data using leontief's inputjoutp ut technique-not actual 11 10 television are an inverse example. data- See References 1-6 for d etails). 7.2-1010 • / ·-=~~~~~~~: TERY" which started at 10:15 p.m. It is tl1e contention of this paper \Computers in the 1930's probably had an ink­ 1010 I ~ I that past growth in the area of in­ Q I ling. ~ I formation systems has been accom­ t:: Television One of the writers on this sub­ plished with inadequate considera­ " 109 Ass Umf!s Television Bit Rate ject, Marshall McLuhan, character­ tion of the social implications ei­ Radio of 5 Megabits per sec. , 8 Movies izes some media as hot and some 10 telephone b it rat e of 2. 5 ther by the public or by the tech­ Phonogra ph ktloblts per sec. , radio bit rate or 8 kilobits per as cold based on participation nologist. s ec: ant and 60 kilobits per 101 s ec fm , a nd nominal bit ( Reference 9). For instance, tele­ - count per page 150, 000. vision is cool and movies are hot. The First Revolution I feel that a much more direct tem­ 6 10 now During many of our lifetimes, a 10,000 1, 000 100 10 perature measurement for a given revolution has occurred in the area YEARS BACK F ROM 2000 AD message through some medium is Figure 4. Household use of artificial information. what price you will pay for the of information systems, and this (Based on reference 8). revolution, as shown in Figure 4 message. On that basis television is has been widely noted but little cool not because it involves 30 understood. A previous paper, Do­ frames per second of 525 lines on mestic Data Flow Analysis 1969- CRT but b ecause of the peculiar 1979, Reference 8, was an attempt way that we pay for it: buying to quantify this revolution. The products that interrupt program­ natural asymptote shown is based ming to advertise on the medium Figure 2. The merger of communication and computation. thereby paying for tl1e preparation on the gross assumption that infor­ 508 Pages mation is flowing into an individual 11. 9HrPhonc and radio frequency broadcast of 2'l8. 5 Hr TV 3 Meter Readings 197. 0 Hr Tv 3 METER READINGS during his waking hours equivalent 86. 0 Hr a m/ rm 60 Lb Trash 60 Hr a m/fm 50 Lb Trash programming material without 15. 373 Pages 9. 900 Pages to ten color televisions continuously 6. 8 Hr Phone 9. 9 Hr Phone short term regard for consumer in­ average $107,700,000,000/year "' $31.30 4 Sampl es 5 Samples in operation. No assessment of cost cost per = = terest or any immediate participa­ 0 0 11 0 0 0 Figure 5. One household information flow data. tion. It is probable that the increas­ per individual bit is attempted bit ( 365 ) ( 63,900,000 ) ( 1.47•10 ) terabit ing use of cable television systems since the value of any bit might be days households bits very high (survival ) or very low Sl ,OOO ------50'1, OF ESTIMATED GNP FOR 1985 will result in a heating-up of the (ignored TV commercial for some­ year day medium, especially if programs are thing you don't want ). However, at paid for directly rather than just being reh·ansmitted in the sense of this time, the average cost in 1970 "'Figure 1 s 750 fU!.lY a master antenna system. This has might be estimated. "' "'Statistical Abstract of U.S. for 1965 "'z JIP!O Clil Q CC" :?".;:-ER Hi -' not yet commonly occurred al­ It has been shown then that a _, ~ IS i R . CU. "'"'"'Figure 4 (probably a maximum number ) iii though the 1965 "p ay TV" hassle in veritable revolution has occurred .., !:! s ~ Of) Los Angeles was a harbinger. since the 1930s' in the household .J_, Reference 8 brackets this B.gure with similar average 1969 costs based on consumption of information. Pri­ 8 The recent ruling by the FCC one particular household. marily this revolution, although that cable television operators with heralded, has gone unnoticed be­ dollars/ terabit $ 2~0 more than 3500 subscribers must cause of its g ra dual growth originate some programming start­ throughout one generation and be­ television ...... $ 4.18 ing 1 January 1971 was a landmark cause of the nature of the principal radio ...... $ 328.00 decision in this area. (See Refer­ 10 so 75 90 100 medium in which it developed: publications ...... $ 2,040.00 ence 10 ). The intention of various DEGREE OF DEMAND cable television operators to put up broadcasting through radio fre­ telephone ...... $86,000.00 IARBITRARIL Y ASSIGNED) their own satellite with six addi­ quency transmitters. A study for Figure 6. System acquisition costs versus degree of demand. November 1970 by the Television average for a month .... $ 13.60 tional networks possible is clearly

Page 6 I SID Journal September-October I Page 7 wired city concept. ( 300-400 pages). This simplified The question was asked in the set of requirements can be nicely By E. A. ULBRICH By E. A. ULBRICH discussion that followed the paper, met by a cable TV system such as "How are you going to control this currently exists "vith a limited flow of information?" The only de­ number of households and a hvo­ In general, any component could another landmark. (See Reference way coaxial cable dedicated to ll). finitive answer I could give was be put anywhere in the system. For them. Currently this number is 6 The revolution which has oc­ that I was going to cut off some of instance, a cassette player might be the umead IEEE transactions that households, each with three 5 meg­ located in the household and cas­ curred has had a wide variety of ef­ were accmnulating. After suitable ahertz channels. The coaxial cable fects. Only two will be mentioned settes shipped in; or it might be rumination, I decided that I might is augmented with a low band­ located in the distribution center out of the wide variety. One of width cable such as a telephone these is the advanced level of pre­ achieve more of a demand system and accessed through the low by controlling volume. I established currently uses to set up what is banclwicltl1 system; or it might be schoolers arriving at kindergarten what control I could without too happening on the high bandwidth in a library in the area center and who have already been exposed to much static from my family. The cable. In most systems which you 3,000-6,000 hours of telecasting of a again accessed through the low results are shown in Figure 5. On can envision, a set of dish·ibution bandwidth system. Obviously, min­ wide variety. The other effect is the the whole, there is very little dif­ centers would be desirable internal great filtration of human events to imizing system cost "vill be clone by ference between the two samples, to a given urban area. A system keeping the equipment cheap that provide hours per year of 300-600 perhaps 15% of the total bits at such as this was analyzed for 1979 continuing stories such as the ex­ is associated with the larger num­ most. At least the bit consumption in the earlier paper, Reference 8, bers of links and nodes. An infinite tended coverage given to the Man­ didn't increase. and was determined to have two son trial in Los Angeles. It is hard number of systems are possible. I advantages in 1979 over the present have plotted in Figure 6 the invest­ to make value judgments because The revolution that I foresee, broadcast system as it is evolving. ment costs of six different systems of the interaction of the medium however, will not grossly effect bit These were lower cost and better versus my opinion of the degree of with what is an accepted standard. rate and bit consumption as much program selection. The usual con­ demand capability provided. All six On the whole I view the first effect as it will effect bit value. This will clusions were made about how dif­ of tl1ese systems can be used to re­ cited as sociologically positive and be a quality not quantity revolu­ tion. The social implications of this ficult it would be to change the ex­ place the following services: the second effect cited as sociolog­ isting system. ically negative. Another way to in general increase as the value and mail including recorded music the impact of the information that Imagine my surprise when I and imagery, state this is that I would probably found out that such a system was pay for the first effect and not pay is moving around effect the lives of magazines and newspapers, the population. The remainder of already in existence in Great Brit­ broadcast radio and television for the second effect if I had a ain and that currently this paper will h·y to assess this in 750,000 except to automobiles choice. households were b eing serviced. a more quantitative fashion. telegraph, telephone and See Reference 13. videophone, The Second Revolution A similar cost analysis was made Future System Costs library books, Now a second revolution is loom­ for the hypothetical 1985 system balloting ing: the merging of computation Since there is a large investment described earlier. The technique and communications with the con­ in the present system, it can be ex­ used was to build a node and link The systems were not considered comitant switchover from broad­ pected that any revolution will oc­ model to meet some fraction of the either for replacing classroom in­ cast information to demand infor­ cur quite slowly taking account of overall requirements and then to struction or replacing commuting mation systems. By demand infor­ system amortization costs. For this cost the system investment as the to work, either of which might pay mation systems, I mean systems reason, I have assumed that the re­ sum of the costs of all the nodes for the system by themselves. Our new series of high voltage power supplies can turn where a consumer of information volution will occur between 1980 and all tl1e links. Operating costs I draw hvo conclusions from this any system into a super-charged one at a savings that'll and 1990 and have h·ied to assume analysis relevant to social implica­ amaze you. requests, receives, and pays for the were not considered. It is obvious information and processing that he what the United States might be that there is a lot of witchcraft in tions. One of these is that systems Model No. like in 1985 in mid-revolution. currently exist that can largely in­ Specs Price requires. Most computer systems tl1is sort of a number, but valid and Name now are demand systems whereas Give or take the usual demo­ considerations of social implications crease the amount of demand capa­ 5003 0-2 kV@ 5rnA $199 most communication systems are graphic weasel words about pills, may still be drawn from it. The bility at similar costs to what is PM Supply .01% Regulation not. The principal communication bombs, liberation movements, etc., now paid. The other is that a mas- 5 rnV p-p Ripple nodes considered were: system which is a demand system, I have assumed that there will be 4008 3-outputs .1% reg. $135 the telephone, is already widely 100 million households in the CRT Supply 1 0 to 15 kV @ 200 rnA National infmmation center ( 1) United States in 1985. These will be 0 to 1 kV and used by computer systems for that Megapolis information centers (5) -50 to -250 V@ 1 rnA reason even though it is relatively largely contained ( 80%) in 1,000 Area information centers ( 1,000) 5001 0.25 rnA $550 expensive. urban areas. There wil be five meg­ 20 kV Supply 0.01 % Regulation It is difficult to conceive of a full apolises: Boswash, Chipitt , Jacmia , Distribution centers (10,000) Illustrated 0.01% Ripple demand information system after Dalhous, and Sansan. The average Households ( 100,000,000 ) LESS BY THE BUNCH some generations of conditioning household will consume 200 hours Businesses ( 1,000,000 ) with a broadcast system. In 1969, of information per month at a rate I collected data on how much in­ between 5 megahertz and 15 mega­ The links considered were: formation I consumed in my own hertz. It will send out 5 hours of in­ household during the month of Oc­ formation per month at a rate be­ National links (5) satellite or CPS tober. This data was presented in a hveen 5 megahertz and 10 mega­ Urban links ( 1,000) ground-based } CPS inc., 722 East Evelyn Avenue, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 talk to The Society for Information hertz. Most information to be h·ans­ Dish·ibution links ( 10,000 ) Phone: (408) 738-0530 Display in December 1969. See mitted consists of soft copy but the Household links ( 100,000,000) } Figure 5 for the data. The purpose average consumer will want a hard Industrial links ( 1,000,000 ) ground-based Circle 1#3 on Readers Service Card of the talk was to propound the copy of 0.1% of his information

Page 8 I SID Journal September-October I Page 9 tity of artificial information through tion of the students uninspired and cheap terminal hooked to the bank cated in rural Maryland. It would By E. A. ULBRICH a wide variety of channels. This in­ untaught. See Reference 18. On the seem that a demand information can b e dimly seen on the desk. By E. A. ULBRICH formation has a large value for other hand, could we ever get the When it comes it will have great system could be useful in this area them even though much of it is bandwidth high enough to let a impact. if appropriate laws were passed. sive amount of money is involved transmitted in a parallel format good teacher learn the real prob­ All that would be needed would be In the 1970 economy, $8.8 bil­ that will no doubt be spent under without any hope for conversation­ lems a student may have especially provision for each person to have also be switched to a demand in­ lion of the GNP is paper excluding some s01t of government regula­ al interaction. Now we technolo­ if the student were in his home and ovm fOimation system. Presumably the paperboard, etc. The great bulk of free or paid access to his £les tion. gists are on the verge of being able the home caused the problems. All wherever they might be located. industry would pay the consumer this paper is consumed in the $27.5 It is an interesting aspect of to provide the same quantity of of these things seem to have very Thus the demand information sys­ upon his request to view their pro­ billion printing and publishing in­ these systems that everything cur­ artificial information at reasonably large social implications. tem might help ensure personal motion whatever it is using a menu dush·y. After use, probably 90% is rently exists that is necessaty for similar costs but with a custom for­ As a concrete example from Ref­ or an index. This ought to have discarded and burned or buried. liberty. these systems to work. No significant mat (demand) and with conversa­ erence 18, our current system of The junk mail industry, which benefit to all concerned. This whole process could conceiv­ technological breakthroughs are re­ tional interaction augmented by all It would also b e possible to know teaching biology involves the dis­ ably be replaced by the demand can be viewed as an imposition on quired nor are any extensive devel­ of the things that our big dumb a lot about a person's desires, ac- section of anin1als. Mostly the ani­ information system for those appli­ our time if not our liberty, might opments required. Both the hard­ computers do so well: arithmetic, mals are pre-killed. This is often cations where a hard copy is not ware and software associated with filing, remembership, etc. I submit the first and perhaps the only required. The pollution prevention that the value of this information the system, whatever it is, "vill have whole animal ever dissected by a and conservation aspects of this are a large technological content. Per­ will greatly increase to the consum­ student, give or take a turkey at be er and that it will have more im­ enormous. Existing forests could LIGHT MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS? haps this will be a new market for Thanksgiving time. It would be saved, odiferous paper mills could the beleaguered aerospace industry pact on his life, liberty, and pursuit relatively simple to provide a three­ be eliminated, printing presses of happiness than any other revolu­ 1,001 solutions from Gamma Scientific to supplement their conventional dimensional CRT representation could be reduced in size and speed, government business. They certain­ tion that has occurred since the in­ and a light pen scalpel and allow and in 1985 a billion garbage cans echnologists and the dustrial revolution started. an ly have the t him to dissect a model animal in of paper trash could be eliminated technology. The market, in addi­ Life and life style will be affect­ exploratory fashion using a demand ~ 4 for the year. tion, has the volume even today to ed grossly. Decisions will have to information system. It seems to me support the industry whereas many be consciously made on what to that the implications of this are of the diversification efforts they demand and for what to pay. The very large. It not only saves animals, Effects on Democracy role of the urban center will prob­ are attempting do not, (for in­ but allows for re-dissections by the Thus, we have seen that the de­ ably be emphasized while that of stance, earth resources.) It is ob­ simple operation of a function mand information systems that are the megapolis will probably be de­ vious that many of them are look­ s,witch. upon us will have gross social im­ emphasized. All sorts of work/ ing at this possibility with satel­ plications in our lives especially in home relationships will be changed. lites, computers, communications, As for Housewives work, commuting, entertainment, or systems analysis as their entree. Commuting costs could conceiva­ A sizeable period of the life of education, shopping, accounting, bly be cut as much as 50% if some Many new techniques are under each household is spent in shop­ and pollution. on of a worker's job could be development that may also impact fracti ping and accounting (check-writ­ pedormed at home. On the other This is also true to a greater-or­ this area. It is outside the scope of ing, etc. ). It would seem that a this paper to describe these, but hand, it may be psychologically de­ lesser extent in the area of our lives demand information would also af­ involving our liberty. What's more, the bibliography lists some perti­ sirable for workers to get away fect this area. On the one hand, we IM(i). nent references by technique. It from home. The same 50% cost re­ the changes in our liberty may not ... ' ' ' could visualize the wife in the duction is possible for entertain­ be entirely beneficial. Polling could should be noted that the increasing morning being paid by sponsors to ment, both programmed and live. be automated and speeded up al­ use of the computer in conjunction watch their commercials before she On the other hand, will we ever get lowing rapid and cheap assessment System 2400H Get total freedom of choice, using with the communication system goes shopping. On the other hand, Reflection or will often involve these new tech­ the bandwidth high enough to of the desires of the electorate. Transmission Gamma Scientific's building block ap­ she could use the system to actual­ Mlcrodensitometer proach to light measurement systems. transmit the real impact of a hock­ This would appear a positive ef­ niques. Various f01ms of block ly do the shopping itself. As men­ Start with one basic system. Plug in ey game as seen in person as part fect but taken to the extreme, poll­ coding which require computation tioned earlier, it may be psycholo­ standard modules of compatible units of a large crowd? Educational costs ing could take place each day after from our wide selection of receptors, on both ends of the link are an ex­ gically desirable to get away from ample. The possibility of using a could be reduced and appropriate the evening news report of your spectral se­ home. Even then a demand infor­ lectors, pho­ reverse channel in a two way (one software could be developed that persuasion had been purchased and mation system might be useful watched. This might be a negative tomultiplier at a time) link is another. would allow students to naturally where you could shop from a so­ detectors and sig­ effect for any effort requiring sus­ nal conditioners. explore thei r way through a body ciable meeting place without hav­ Social Implications of knowledge rather than the read­ tained support. There are, of Results-more than 1,001 systems and solu­ ing to commute to different stores. course, many checks and balances tions to solve a broad spectrum of light It has been noted earlier that lecture-write-quiz method currently Every time I sit down to pay my in our democratic republic system measurement problems. No special engi­ people are consuming a large quan- employed that leaves a certain frac- household bills, the phantom of a neering. No special adaptors. No calibra- that would help regulate this. tion problems. You get There have been a great many total capability and opti­ writers of late discussing the prob­ mum performance. lem of national data banks on peo­ For more details, request Bro­ chure SF70. Write Gamma Mr. Ulbrich, at the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. in Orange County, California since 1967, is ple's personal history, credit rating, Scientific, Inc., 3777 Ruffin r- Ianager, Information Systems Development, Advance Systems and Technology Division. In 1967 he arrest records, etc. Most writers Road, San Diego, CA 92123. helped set up the Information System Subdivision. Previously, he had worked for the General Electric view this as a limitation to ones Immediate solutions? Call col­ Company, North American Aviation, ami Genisco Technology. Service in the Navy involved engineer­ personal liberty. They disregard lect: 714/ 279-8 034. ing instruction on nuclear weapons. A Registered Professional Engineer (Ohio), he is a member of SID, the corollary that people might Cable: GAMSI Telex: 697938 IEEE, AIAA, Air Pollution Display, and other groups. In SID, he is Societv Secretary; and has been Western Region Director and past President, Los Angeles Chapter. He has a· BS degree in electrical en­ learn to play the system and could System 2400E Mlcrophotometer .~GAMMA Incorporated gineering from Rose Polytechnic Institute ( 1954) and his MS from University of New Mexico ( 1961). hide forever in a crack somewhere SCIENTIFIC He is married and has two children. in a giant underground disc file lo- Circle # 4 on Readers Service Card

Page 10 I SID Journal September-October I Page 11 In stunmary then, I hope to have 9. M. McLuhan, Understanding Media, SID Chapter Hears shown that technologists are about The Extensions of Man, Chapter 2, By E. A. ULBRICH Display Update 73, SID Meet to present a second revolution in Media Hot and Cold, The Signet Press, Acupuncture Talk 1301 Avenue of Americas, New York, one cenhtry to the people in the N.Y. 10019. Set in San Diego December 8 The summer doldrums are upon United States. This revolution will us, we have only one meeting to tions, beliefs, etc., just by observ­ 10. K. A. Cox, A U.S Government View of have a profound impact on our CATV and Its Furure, Proceedings of The 5th annua l one-day SID city Chairman, c/o Gamma Scien­ repmt on, and· an interesting topic ing what information he does con­ lives, liberty, and the pursuit of the IEEE, Special Issue on Cable Tel­ Technical Conference will be held ti£c Inc., 3777 Ruffin Road, San it was. The San Diego Chapter irt­ sume. This would seem to be a happiness. Planning for this revo­ evision, July 1970, Vol 58, No. 7, p. in San Diego, at the Sheraton Inn - Diego 92123, tele. 714-279-8034. vited i\l{r. Tomson Liang to speak limitation of his liberty on one lution to date has been almost non­ 965. Airport, Friday, December 8. Morn­ The Sheraton Inn - Airport is lo­ on 'The Practice of Acupuncture' at hand although it might get him existent. In my view-point, the peo­ 11. F. W. Ford, G. N. Penwell, L. B. ing and afternoon sessions will be cated immediately adjacent to the a meeting held September 12, 1972. b etter programs to watch on the ple who are providing the revolu­ Early, R. D. Briskman, I. B. Kahn, F. held, Richard Thoman, Conference San D iego Airport on San Diego Mr. Liang, an electrical engineer other, depending on its use. Pre­ W. Norwood, and N. E . Feldman, Bay. A block of rooms has been re­ with H ughes Aircraft, has bachel­ tion, the technologists, are the ones CATV via Satellite, Official Transcript Chaimmn, announced, and a fea­ sumably such knowledge would who should plan it. The time is of the 18th Annual NCTA Convention, tured guest speaker will address the served for those 'vishing accommo­ ors degrees in both engineering and have to be controlled by law. now. June 1969, available from National luncheon meeting. Gerald Chand­ dations. physics, and is also a minister in the Another question in this area is I would welcome any comments Cable Television Association, Wash­ ler, Chairman of Papers Selection, Chinese Mandarin Church. whether or not to establish a pub­ ington, DC. or rebuttal to this thesis. At least says the response to the call for Low Loss Fibre Mr. Liang discussed the history, lic monopoly for demand informa­ one technical society, AFIPS, has 12. Editors of Newspaper Enterprise Asso­ papers has been excellent. technique and application of acu­ ciates, The 1971 World Almanac and tion such as the telephone com­ recognized the need in this area For advance copies of the pro­ For Laser Systems puncture which he learned from his pany. Sixty years ago when the Book of Facts, 230 Park Avenue, New and has set up a cognizant commit­ York, N.Y. 10017. gram and r egistra tion, contact: Practical fibre-optic communica­ parents, both of whom are medical GNP was smaller and the capital doctors as well as acupunctnrists. tee, he.:'lded by Dr. Harold Sack­ 13. R. P. Gabriel, Dial a Program- An HF Harold P. Field, Conference Publi- tions systems came a step closer expense of a telephone system was man. This committee can provide Remote Selection Cable Television Sys­ last week when Robert D. Maurer H aving learned acupuncture from relatively large, it was probably im­ a forum for your ideas. The Board tem, Proceedings of the IEEE, Special of Corning Glass revealed that his medical doctors, as well as having portant to have such a monopoly. of Directors of SID has recognized Issue on Cable Television, July 1970, Photo Engineers company had succeeded in reduc­ been involved in the manufacture Vol. 58, No. 7, pp 1016-1023. the importance of this area and has In Denver Seminar ing optical transmission losses by a of medicine, has made Mr. Liang Choose Your Phone Company? asked me to set up a committee 14. W. B. Gross, Distribution of Electronic factor of £ve to just over 4db/ Km. more knowledgeable in the physio­ Mail Over the Broad-Band Party-Line The Society of Photographic Sci­ within SID to represent us. I would The announcement is significant be­ logical aspects of acupunchtre than Although it is hard to conceive of Communications Network, Proceed­ entists and Engineers, in coop era­ welcome any volunteers, sugges­ cause each improvement in trans­ most practitioners. In China acu­ a telephone pole in the backyard ings of the IEEE, Special Issue on tion with Lowry T echnical Train­ tions, or publications. Let us not Cable Television, July 1970, Vol. 58, mission efficiency permits repeaters puncturists usually do not have an with a £rst-of-the-month toggle ing Center, Lowry AFB, Denver, allow this second revolution to oc­ No.7, pp 1002-1012. to be more widely spread thus im­ academic degree and have not switch allowing you to use the tel­ conducted a two-and-one-half-day cur guided only by the short term 15. R. E. Holmen and F. C. Runge, Opera­ proving the economics of optical studied medicine or modern medi­ ephone company of your choice for Tutorial Seminar November 2-4 en­ entrepeneur's pro£ts, by govern­ tional Concepts for a 10-Year Space transmission. cal practices . They learn during an the month; it is certainly feasible to titled "COLOR: THEORY AND ment £at, or by the laws of chance. Station, MDAC Paper WD 1379, July Tests were carried out on £bre­ 8 to 10 year apprenticeship and take the feed for a given channel 1970, available from McDonnell Doug­ IMAGING SYSTEMS." Govem­ optics just over a third of a mile in provide their services free of charge of the high bandwidth system from las Corporation, 5301 Holsa Avenue, mental, academic, and industrial · Huntington Beach, California 92647. length at wavelengths between 600 to their neighbors as a community a variety of sources at the area dis­ participation includes the National References and 1,100 nanometers, comfortably service. tribution center. On the other hand 16. T. D. Smith and D. C. Wensley, Selec­ Research Council of Canada, U.S. l. W. W. Leontief, Input-Output Eco­ tion of an Electrical Power System for within the waveband of gallium ar­ The tumout fo r the San Diego it would certainly ease system in~ Army Topog r aphic Command, nomics, Scientific American, October the Earth Orbital Space Station, senide lasers operating in the 800 meeting was excellent and Mr. tegration if all equipments oper­ H ouston Manned Space Craft Cen­ 1951, Vol. 185, No. 4, pp 15-21. MDAC Paper WD 1461, September to 900 nanometer range. Liang's lecture was well received. ated to the same speci£cations 2. W. W. Leontief and M. Hoffenberg, 1970, available from McDonnell Doug­ ter, Rochester Institute of Technol­ which is relatively easy in a public The Economic Effects of Disarma­ las Corporation, 5301 Bolsa Avenue, ogy, and research laboratories of monopoly, but has also proved to ment, Scientfic American, April 1961, Huntington Beach, California 92647. major U.S. organizations. be easy in the computer time share Vol. 204, No. 4, pp 27-55. 17. P. A. Bergin, Technical Summary - The first day was devoted to 1972-73 SID Chapter Officers industry. 3. W. W. Leontief, The Structure of Dev­ Information Transfer Satellite Concept "Theory," i.e., p erception, colori­ Thus, we have seen that demand elopment, Scientific American, Sep­ Srudy, 22 October 1970, available New 1972-73 offi cers have now H arvey P. Sherman, Secretary; Al­ tember 1953. from General Dynamics/ Convair, P.O. metry, densitometry, sensitometry, information systems will also have Box 1168, San Diego, California image structure, masking for opti­ been elected by local chapters of b ert Loshin, Treasurer. 4. W. W. Leontief, The Struch.Jre of the implications in our liberty especial­ 92112. mum reproduction, and the chemis­ the Society for Information Display. MINN.-ST. PAUL : Marlin Noff­ ly in the polling, data bank, promo­ U.S. Economy, Scientific American, Chapt er s and their new officers April 1965, Vol. 212, No. 4, pp 25-25. 18. T. Nelson, No More Teachers' Dirty try of color development. "Silver ke, Chairman; V ern Born, Vice­ tional, and beliefs areas. Also we Looks, Computer Decisions, Septem­ Halide Color Photographic Materi­ follow: Chairman; Thomas Werner, Secre­ 5. A. P. Carter, The Economics of Tech­ ber 1970, page 23. BAY AREA: H erbe1t C. H en­ have seen that these implications nological Change, Scientific American, als and Processes," including dis­ tary; William Swanson, Treasurer. may be sociologically negative as April 1966, Vol. 214, No. 4, pp 25-31. cussion of negative and positive drickson, Chairman; F. John Mar­ NEW ENGLAND: Rob e1t T. Sch­ well as positive. Finally, we have 6. Editors of Scientific American, Input/ Bibliography systems, reversal systems, quality shall, Vice-Chairman; James Thomp­ wartz, Chairman; Albeit V. Shor­ brought up the question of how to Output Structure of the United States son, Secretary-Treasurer. DELA­ General control, and diffusion transfer sys­ tell, Vice-Chaiiman; Richard D. organize the system. Economy, a large chart available from tems engaged speakers the morning W A R E VA L L E Y: Arthur D . Wright, Secretary; Daniel Em:ing, W. H. Freeman and Co., 660 Market Wall Street Journal, 2 February 1971, The remaining area to be dis­ TV VIEWING IN NOVEMBER of the second day; "Aed al Photog­ Hug hes, Cha irman; Charles P. Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104. Treasurer. SAN DIEGO: Gerald F. cussed is the pursuit of happiness. SURGED, A SURVEY FINDS raphy" was covered in the after­ Halstead, Vice-Chairman; I. Gary Chandler, Chaiiman; Donald J. 7. Donald Green, Editor, Conference It is hard to de£ne let alone dis­ I NTERACTIONS OF TECHNOL OGY noon as it relates to color £lms, sil­ Bard, Secretary; Nathan Rubin, Pugh, Vice-Chairman; Edward B. cuss. Suffice it to say that a demand Record, IEEE International Confer­ AND SOCIETY by Alfred J. Eggers, Treasurer. H UNTSVILLE: H. K. ence on Communications, Vol. 1 and ver dye bleach systems, TOPO­ Herron, Secretary; Gerald T. Steb­ information system should tend to Jr., Astronautics and Aeronautics, Octo­ Johnson, Chairman; Thomas Row­ Vol. 2, June 1970, available from the ber 1970, page 38. COM's readiness program, APOL­ bins, Treasurer. SOUTHWEST : increase the communication be­ IEEE, New York, N.Y. 10017. an, Vice-Chairman; Carl D. Wright, Power Supplies LO and SKYLAB programs. The Richard A. Reynolds, Chairman; tween people whenever an arti£cia1 final session, "Color Micro£lm," en­ Secretary-Treasurer. LOS AN­ 8. E. A. Ulbrich, Domestic Data Flow An­ CAN MICROWAVES DELIVER Brian Holgate, Vice-Chairman; Ed­ information channel is used. Doing alysis, presented to Society for Infor­ POWER? by Justin Blazer Scott, Micro­ compassed color hard copy, includ­ GEL ES: Arch H. Wisdom, Chair­ mund E. Snuggs, Secretary-Treas­ this, it should reduce barriers, re­ mation Display, National Technical waves, November, 1970, Page 14. ing a review of techniques and ma­ man; E. H. Schauwecker, Secretary­ Meeting, Century Plaza Hotel, 4 De­ duce ignorance, and promote un­ Cassettes terials and an overview of "Rapid Treasurer. M ID-ATLANTIC: urer. WASHINGTON, D.C.: John cember 1969, available from author, Edgbert, Chairman; William Rober­ derstanding. These in turn should 7739 Elden Avenue, Whittier, Califor­ Wall Street Journal, 16 December 1970, Access," xerography, and "Color-in­ Thomas C .. Maloney, Chailman; promote the pursuit of happiness. nia 90602 tum to page 29 Color." Patrick F . Grosso, Vice-Chairman; son, Vice-Chairman.

Page 12 I SID Journal September·October I Page 13 e This is an age when science and technology looks upon itself, or is by A. Michael Noll looked upon, as having a great in­ fluence upon art and a1t ists.1 How­ Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated ever, throughout history art and Mmray 1-Iill, New Jersey science have been so intertwined that any attempt to discover which has influenced the other is extreme­ ly difficult and speculative. How­ ever, on some splendid occasions a contribution from one culture to the other culture is clearly and dis­ tinctly made. Such an occasion oc­ curred during the Renaissance when the Italian painter Leone Battista Albe~ti expounded in an essay on painting, usually referred to as the della Pittura, the earliest known geometrical scheme for de­ picting objects in a unified space, or what is today known as "per­ spective."2

Perspective Projection Most artists are thoroughly fa­ miliar with simple graphical tech­ niques for using perspective in their work. Similarly, geometricians are thoroughly familiar with the sim­ ple equa tions, delived from noth­ ing more complex than similar tri­ angles, that characterize and define perspective projection from three dimensions to tw·o dimensions. Since modern day digital compu­ ters are unable to manipulate straight edges and other drafting tools, this mathematical formula­ tion of perspective geometry was l eai·Tinll! an absolute necessity for using lllll!rilllli I! lll!ri!IIIIIIIIPI computers and automatic plotting devices for calculating and plotting perspective projections of three-di­ mensional data. Similarly, as soon as computer-generated movies were discovered, it was only natural that perspective was added. This per­ spective greatly enhanced the nat­ uralness of these early computer­ generated movies.3

Page 14 I SID Journal tions for stereoscopic projection are about 2.5 inches apart. Bon owing images are not being viewed per­ knobs for two-dimensional input to given in the appendix. pendicularly, the viewer does not the computer are awkward to use, By A. MICHAEL NOLL By A. M ICHAEL NOLL upon the simple concepts of this old method results in a computer­ usually notice any image distortion. while such devices as light pens Stereoscopic Displays generated display counterpart as A simple prism stereoscope can be and pen-tablets are infinitely better. made and is a light weight attach­ So adding a third dimension, in the ing mass had to be as low as pos­ A stereoscopic display presents shown in Fig. 1. Two miniature, l ­ Stereoscopy ment that can be easily slipped form of a third knob, only makes sible. H ence, aluminum and other the left and right images separate­ inch diameter, cathode ray h1bes over the face of the cathode ray more difficult an already miserable light-weight mate1ials were used. Man experienced the sensation ly to the left and right eyes. There separately display the left and right tube, as shown in the photograph system. Hence, attention must be Thomson linear bearings were used of depth because he has two eyes, are many ways to accomplish such images. The viewer observes the of Fig. 4b. A mirror stereoscope is given to some pointer-like, or stick­ to keep friction to a minimum. This which view the world from two a separate presentation. This sec­ faces of the two tubes through a shown in the photograph of Fig. 4a. like, or pencil-like device that con­ simple-minded, but most effective, slightly dilferent locations. Thus, if tion of the paper discusses some of simple lens system which has pro­ The last method of viewing ster­ trols all three dimensions at once device has been in use now for two slightly different perspective the more common methods. visions for adjusting the focus and eoscopic images does not involve so that one hand can be used to about three years and has per­ pictures are presented separately to The old stereopticon consisted of the intcrpupilary distance of the any stereoscope at all but is based "draw" the three-dimensional data. funned satisfactorily. All the appli­ each eyes, the human brain will lenses. The small tubes provide two lenses and two pictures placed upon the ability of the viewer to translate their minute dilferences high resolution (about 1000 lines I cations described later in this paper interrupt the normal relationships Conversion Required have used this device for three-di­ into a very realistic depth effect. As per inch) and fast deflection speed, between his visual functions of con­ so that a reasonable amount of data ) As a possibility in this stick-like mensional input to the computer. a computerized technique, the RIGHT IIBLANKING vergence and focusing. In Fig. 3c, Figure is a photograph of tl1e 3-D computer need only calculate hvo I can be presented Hicker free. How­ direction, con si der the device 8 the viewer simply looks cross-eyed perspective projections of the ever, high voltages are necessary shown in the sketch of Fig. 5. This input device used with the prism I X AND y I at the screen. At first this task is stereoscope. three-dimensional data, from two IIBLANK LEFTING I-] l DEFLECTION for the deflection plates of the device works in a spheiical coordi­ very difficult, but practice seems to Other three-dimensional input different viewing points. Pioneering J tubes, and these voltages are quite nate system. The hvo potentiome­ ...... help. Also, three images are seen, devices have been reported in the work in the production of compu­ Q: Q: MINIATURE close physically to the vie'vver, Ap­ ters mmmted at the gin1bal sense u u and it is the center image which literatme, most notably the Lincoln ter-generated stereoscopic pictures ...... CAT HODE RAY parently, the safety problem does the angular position. A third poten­ ... I TUBES must be focused upon. However, Vland which used arrays of micro­ was done by Bela Julesz for stimu­ not appear, since two miniahu e tiometer senses the position in the .J"' "' although this "method" is the sim­ li in psycho-physical investigations ~ ~ cathode ray h1bes are being used radial direction. The major prob­ phones to sense a high-frequency plest, its expense is in te1ms of the pulse. 14 Timing information is used of depth perception.• Computer­ OP TICS on a helmet-mounted stereo system lem \oVOrking in this type of coordi­ <::::> headaches and the frustration of generated stereoscopic pictures and <::::> designed by Bell H elicopter Com­ nate system is that the angular and to fi x the position of the wand the inexperienced as they attempt \vithin a · three-din1ensional space. movies were later used rather ex­ 'V" 'V" pany for use by helicopter pilots radial position data must be con­ it! tensively to present scientifi c and LEFT RIGHT and later adopted for computer verted to rectangular coordinates, Unfortunately, this device is sub­ EYE EYE 12 13 ject to spurious refl ections of the technological data. 5 • 9 graphics displays. - since in nearly all applications com­ Three-Dimensional Input Devices pulses and also requires somewhat A dual cathode ray tube display putations are most simply per­ Figure 1. A stereoscopic viewing system complex electronic hardware. It is using two miniature cathode ray tubes was constructed at Bell Labs using If a 3-D, interactive, computer­ formed by the computer in a rec­ nevertheless an interesting gadget. Real-Time Interactive Stereoscopy and blanking sig nals so that the image miniature tubes manufach1red by graphics facility is to be useful, tangular coordinate system, for ex­ on only one of the tubes is displayed at then the user must be able to com­ ample, stereoscopic projections. As another aspect of computer a time. Thomas Electronics ( Fig. 2 ). The Software graphics as a new form of man-ma­ computer outputs the left and right municate in three-dimensions with This conversion would have to be chine communication, computer­ images to both tubes. A blanking the computer. This means that a made by the computer and would The prime philosophy in the soft­ generated images were being dis­ signal is used to h1rn off one of the device, allowing effective and ef­ be time consuming enough to inter­ ware package for stereoscopic com­ played in real-time on cathode ray tubes so that each eye sees only its ficient input of three-dimensional fere with normal computational ef­ puter-graphics was ease of use, with tubes. Elaborate programs were appropriate in1age. One disadvan­ data, must be available. This sec­ ficiency. as simple a data structure as possi­ written to permit the manipulation tage of this system is the added tion of the paper discusses a few Fig. 6 depicts a system using mu­ ble. Essentially the software pack­ of images in an interactive man­ electronic circuitry required for the such three-dimensional input de­ tually orthognonal linear potenti­ age was to be user-oriented with 10 11 vices. ometers to sense directly the posi­ simple FORTRAN-callable subrou­ machine environment. • The mar­ blanking signals and the high de­ riage of stereoscopic computer­ flection voltages for the cathode ray The simplest, and in this case, tion of the stick in rectangular co­ tines, with simple argmnent strings. graphics with real-time interactive tubes. Also, a sizeable expenditure the worst, 3-D input device uses ordinates. This was constructed and The final software package actually computer-graphics was a natural is required for a system which can three knobs to determine the X, Y, is shown in Figs. 7a and 7b. Since consists of two groups of subrou­ and obvious union. There were, b e used only for three-dimensional and Z input values. H owever, past easy movement in three dimensions tines: one group for stereoscopic however, a number of problems in computer-graphics. experience demonstrated that two was critically important, the mov- projections and a second group for terms both of hardware for input A single large-screen cathode ray and output of three-dimensional tube can be used for stereoscopic data and of appropriate software displays by plotting the left and for quickly and easily manipulating right images side-by-side on the three-dimensional data, and for cd­ same screen. Since the two images culating the final stereo pair of are now widely separated, prisms CRT CAT images. This paper discusses the or mirrors have to be used for compromises and final solutions of viewing the images as shown in these problems and which made Figs. 3a and 3b . This mirror system possible the actual implementation is normally used in those applica­ of a stereoscopic real-time interac­ tions requiring exactness and care­ L.[f" T RIGH T L.(F'l RIGHT l.[FI RIGHI [T[ [Y[ ( Y[ (Y[ [T[ ,,,[Y[ tive computer-graphics research fa­ ful control of in1age presentation, '"' cility. D esc1iptions are given of because with the minors, both '" some of the practical uses of the images are viewed perpendicularly. facility and also some of the re­ Figure 2. Photograph of a dual cathode­ However, since mirror systems tend Figure 3. Different stereoscopic viewing search work presently being con­ r ay-tube stereoscope. A conventional to be large and bulky, the prism systems for viewing left-eye and right­ ducted and planned for the facility. hand-held stereoscope has been modi­ system seems bes t as a general pur­ eye images presented on a large cathode fied and fitted with two Thomas Elec­ ray tube: (a) mirror stereoscope, (b) prism Figure 4. Photographs of (a) a mirror stereoscopic attachment and (b) a prism The derivation of the simple equa- tronics one-inch diameter tubes. pose stereoscope. Even though the stereoscope, and (c) cross-eyed viewing. stereoscopic attachment.

Page 16 I SID Journal September-October I Page 17 ter is needed when calculations and these cases, flicker was already also the computer are used to specify Some Applications interaction other than three-dimen­ becoming noticeable. By A. MICHAEL NOLL By A. MICHAEL NOLL whether the left and right images All of the preceding hardware sional rotation is required. As an A scanned-type display was also are to be displayed on the single and software was in1plemented on example, the display of the results available, and a stereoscopic soft­ large cathode ray tube, or on the a Honeywell DDP-224 computer of three-dimensional statistical scal­ ware package was written for use general-purpose graphics. This sec­ ware calculations are sufficiently dual miniature cathode-ray-tube with 32,000 words of core storage. ing calculations nonnally would in­ with it." Although this scanned dis­ tion of the paper gives some feel fast to insure real-time operation, device, and whether the left image This computer is a 24 bit machine volve nothing more complicated play had such a low resolution that for these subroutine packages. or right image is to be plotted on and the data structure and argu­ with floating-point hardware and a than rotation, and hence a compu­ only a little over 100 points were ment strings are suffi ciently simple the left or right side of the display. cycle time of 1.9 micro-seconds. ter-generated rotational hologram available for each separate in1age Graphics Package This information is used by the to insure programming ease. One The actual hardware and software would suffice. H owever, when a of the stereoscopic pair, a reasona­ can only wonder whether the spe­ The general purpose graphics stereoscopic projection subroutine details of this facility have been considerable number of data points ble depth sensation was never­ cial-purpose hardware was perhaps package has subroutines for draw­ to calculate the appropriate con­ 1 5 previously described. In addition must be displayed, each point can­ theless possible. A stereoscopic a needless complication and ex­ ing dots, lines, and characters at stant offsets so that the values of to its use as a research facility for not be individually identified since scanned display would be particu­ pense for most applications and specified places on the display XL, Xa, and YLR can be used direct­ investigations of new fonns of man­ this would clutter the display. In larly useful for presenting detailed whether the elaborate program­ screen. The lines are drawn as a ly without further modification in machine communication, the com­ an interactive facility, the user can surfaces stereoscopically without ming languages and data structures series of closely-spaced dots, which the general purpose graphics sub­ puter facility is also being used use the three-dimensional input de­ flicker although research in this di­ might not have actually impeded are interpolated between the end routines for actual final plotting. quite extensively for on-line speech vice to latch on to a point, and this rection has not yet been conducted many application oriented uses. points of the lines. The interpola­ 10 17 research . • point can then be identifi ed by a using the DDP-224 computer fa­ Most certainly the final responsibil­ tion is in terms of equal intervals Speech scientists are quite ac­ number of some other information. cility. ity is upon the user to make use of along either the x-axis or the y-axis customed to spectrographic displays Also, the display might be recalcu­ the most approp1iate and expedient depending upon the slope of the of speech in which time is plotted lated for only a selected subset of Concluding Remarks techniques for his particular appli­ line. The characters are produced the data points. along the X-axis, frequency is plot­ Over the past few years compu­ cation. Also, many of the special from a basic 5 by 7 dot matrix and ted along they-axis, and spectral en­ purpose hardware, sophisticated can be varied in size. All of these ter systems have b een designed ergy is plotted as a darkening of the Full Power Application that use special digital hardware programming languages, and elabo­ subroutines result in sets of x-y paper. If the spectral energy were The full power of interactive rate data structures are most inter­ packed coordinate pairs being for performing rotations and per­ plotted in a third spatial dimension three-dimensional computer graph­ spective projects. 22 Also, fairly esting as research entities which placed in specified output arrays. and if shOit-time spectral slices ics was required for a program for must be adequately explored and Other subroutines specify the elaborate and sophisticated pro­ were calculated by the computer, drawing in three dimensions. evaluated for application to ex­ names and sizes of the output ar­ gramming languages and data then a three-dimensional plot of the Straight lines and curves could b e structures have b een devised for tremely complex interactive display rays and tum the display interrupt speech spectra could be made. This drawn by using the three-dimen­ 23 si tuations. on or off. The programmer deals interactive computer graphics. was done before, but the plot was sional device. These lines and with his data in terms of x and y The computer system described Other than three-dimensional not very successful in making the curves could then be latched onto coordinates, while the actual output herein does the rotation and stereo- drawing program, real-time interac­ spech·al peaks or formats more and either translated or rotated. All data is packed for him by the sub­ . scopic-projection calculations by live stereoscopy would seem to apparent. 18 Speech spectra were of this was real-time and only when routines. H ence the data structure software wlitten in assembly lan­ have been nothing but another aca­ hence displayed stereoscopically extremely-complicated objects were is simply arrays of x and y coordi­ guage for use as subroutines in demic exercise in man-machine with provision for rotating the drawn did a noticeable delay in ro­ nates while, the names of these ar­ FORTRAN or in assembly-lan­ communication. In most data dis­ spech·a so that they could be tation or translation occur, and for guage main programs. These soft- play applications, the monocular rays and their sizes form the bulk Figure 5. Sketch of a three-dimensional viewed from different directions. In of the subroutine argument strings. ir:put device. The wand is free to rotate in a gimbal whose ang ular position is this way one might look down the Of comse, everything is FOR­ sensed by two potentiometers. Radial valleys between the spectral peaks TRAN-compatible and the com­ movement of the wand is sensed by a and better distinguish these peaks. third potentiometer. plete package requires about 600 Although the technique worked, no ( decimal) locations. new insight was gained about the speech spectra. Stereoscopic Package It: lT·- The stereoscopic package is also 4-Dimensional Hypercube FORTAN compatible, consists of two subroutines, and requires about In another application, the facili­ 180 ( decimal ) locations. The three­ ty was used to display stereoscopic­ dimensional data must fall within ally the three-dimensional perspec­ a cube centered about the origin tive projection of a four-dimension­ and with an edge length of 4095. al hypercube.10 The stated purpose The first subroutine is for initializa­ of the experiment was to determine tion and for specifying the interfo­ if real-time interaction in the form cal distance D and the viewing dis­ of rotation in four-dimensional tance R. From these parameters, space might help to give some feel the scaling factor S and origin off­ for a fo urth spatial dimension. Un­ set correction factor D I ( 2R ) are forunately, once again no new in­ computed. The second subroutine sight was obtained. performs the stereoscopic projec­ Using an interactive computing tions from a single array containing facility for simply rotating three­ the X, Y, and Z coordinates in se­ dimensional data is a waste of com­ quence into three arrays containing Figure 6. Sketch of a three-dimensional pu ting power since such rotation is input device based upon a cartesi an Figure 8. Photograph of an interactive, XL, Xn, and YLR also in sequence. system using three mutually-perpendic­ b es t done with computer-generated Figure 7. Photographs of a three-dimensional cartesian input device both (a) with stereoscopic, man-machine communica­ 20 Sense switches on the console of ular linear potentiometers. rotational holograms. The compu- and (b) without external covers. tion system. Page 18 1 SID Journal September-October I Page 19 j while the subroutines for display­ are (XL, YLR) and Xn, YLR), where ment is corrected for, and this correction results in the = [( X+ ___!2_) _ 1 D By A. MICHAEL NOLL ing characters were w1itten by Miss positive XL and Xn are to the right. following equations: 2 R-z 2R Js ' Martha J. Southern. The mechani­ The vertical distance, YLn, of the cal design of the stereoscopes and projected point is the same in both = [( X - ___!2_) _ 1 D Js perspective depth clues are suffi­ XR 2 R-z + 2R ' the 3-D input device was per­ the left and the right picture where S is a scaling factor into which the focus dis­ ciently strong that stereoscopy can fOimed by Charles F. Mattke. The planes. The 1ight triangles making tance F has been absorbed. _ 1 ]s add very little more. For this rea­ DDP-224 computer facility with all up the geometry of the situation, as YLR = [ y R-z ' son, stereoptical data displays eith­ its associated hardware interfaces shown in Fig. A1, are similar tri­ er interactive or non-interactive and software was constructed by angles so that the unknown dis­ have not b een widely used. The 0. J. Jensen and programmed by tance Xr. is easily calculated. A sim­ data must b e devoid of monocular Mrs. Barbara E. Caspers under the ilar situation exists for Xn and also depth clues and reasonably com­ supervision and guidance of Peter for YLR as shown in Fig. A2. The 0 X plex before stereoscopy can be of B. D enes. equations are assistance. H ence, the prime areas D y of use thus far are in design and in Appendix: Theory of Stereoscopic Projection -x:=j 2 -x 24 XL = ( x + ___!2_)_!_, the visual arts. However, the dis­ 2 R-z P (x,y, z) Although the equations for ster­ I play of data involving four or more p ( x, y' z) dimensions in such a way that the eoscopic projection are simple and XR =( x - + ):z, user can easily and quickly grasp easily derived, they will be given PICTURE the structure of the data is an un­ here since the definitions of terms and PLANES solved and most challenging prob­ used in the equations might not b e F R lem. Stereoscopy might be of criti­ familiar and will be used later. YLR = y R-z cal importance in the solution of Many mathematical techniques can R-z such display problems. be used to derive the equations. The focus distance F manifests The simplest method involves the The work described in this paper itself in these equations as a con­ geometry of the situation (Figs. A1 is really a small subpart of a proj­ stant scale factor, equally affecting and A2) and nothing more compli­ ect to develop a tactile man-ma­ all three coordinate values. Hence, cated than similar triangles. LEFT A~ chine communication facility, and it will affect only the overall size Consider a cartesian coordinate PICTURE it is within this context that real­ of the left and right images. If the PLANE system X, Y, and Z with a point P time interactive stereoscopy will be final images are to be scaled in size in this system defined by the coor­ Al o-----.J of crucial importance. The tactile to fill the available plotting space, dinates x, y, and z. This point is to device will be used to augment the then the focus distance, F, can be be perspectively projected on to stereoscopic display for such tasks ignored since it will only b e re­ the left and the right picture planes as latching on to a line or object in placed by some other scale factor. 'vvith viewing points VPL and VPn three dimensions. It will also be In the derivations of the stereo­ separated by the "inter-pupilary" Figure A1. The geometry of stereoscopic 5. Bela Julesz and Joan E. Miller, "Au­ Army Electronics Command, Fort used in psychological investigations scopic projection equations, the ori­ projection as viewed perpendicularly to distance D and at a "focus" dis­ tomatic Stereoscopic Presentation of Monmouth, New Jersey, September of interactions between the human gin in the left and right picture the XZ plane. The point P is being pro­ Functions of Two Variables," Bell 23-25, 1969. tance F behind the picture planes. jected on to the left a nd right picture tactile and visual communication planes was assumed to be defined System Technical Journal, Vol 41, 13. Ivan E . Sutherland "A Head-Mounted The viewing points are at a dis­ planes. channels. A tactile communication by a perpendicular line from the March, 1962, pp. 663-676. Three Dimensional Display," AFIPS tance R from the X-axis. The per­ 6. Gary A. McCue, "Visualization of Conference Proceedings, Vol. 33, 1968 facility opens the door to a totally­ viewing point to the picture plane. Figure A2. The geometry of stereoscopic pendicular projection of VPL and The result of this definition is that projection as viewed perpendicularly to Functions by Stereographic Tech­ Fall Joint Computer Conference, pp. new man-machine communication niques," North American Aviation, VPn on to the left and the right the YZ plane. 757-764. channel and quite obviously is a the origin of the three-dimensional Inc., Report SID 63-170, January 20, 14. L. G. Roberts, "The Lincoln Wand," picture planes, respectively, defines totally-new story worthy of its own coordinate system will be displaced 1963. MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report, June, the 01igins in the picture-plane co­ 7. H. R. Puckett, "Computer Method for 1966. paper which was published in SID sidewise in the left and right pic­ ordinate systems. Perspective Drawing," Journal of 15. Peter B. Denes and M. V. Mathews, Journal, July I Aug. 1972. ture planes by an amount D/(2R). Figures A1 and A2 depict the Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 1, No. 1, "Laboratory Computers: Their Capa­ If the three-dimensional data is January, 1964, pp 44-48. bilities and How to Make Them Work geometry of this situation as seen centered about the three-dimen­ Acknowledgments This paper is submitted in partial ful­ 8. A. Michael Noll, "Stereographic Pro­ for You," Proceedings of the IEEE, perpendicular to the XZ and YZ sional origin, its projections will fillm ent of the requirements for the Doc­ jections hy Digital Computer," Com­ Vol. 58, No. 4, April, 1970, pp. 520- The circuitry for the dual cath­ tor of Philosophy degree at the Polytech­ puters and Automation, Vol. 14, No. 530. planes, respectively. The coordi­ similarly also be displaced. More nic Institute of Brooklyn. ode-ray-tube stereoscope was de­ nates of the projected· point in the effi cient use of the plotting space 5, May, 1965, pp. 32-34. 16. Peter B. Denes, "Real-Time Speech 9. A. Michael Noll, "Computer-Gener­ Research," Proceedings of the Sympo­ signed by J olm J. Dubnowski, left and the right picture planes will b e made if this origin displace- References ated Three-Dimensional Movies," sium on the Human Use of Computing Computers and Automation, Vol. 14, Machines (Bell Telephone Laborator­ 1. Conrad H. Waddington, Behind Ap­ No. 11, November, 1965, pp. 20-23. ies) June, 1966, pp. 15-23. pearance, MIT Press, Cambridge, 10. Ivan E. Sutherland, "Sketchpad: A 17. Peter B. Denes, "Some Experiments Massachusetts ( 1970). Man-Machine Graphical Communica­ With Computer Synthesized Speech," 2. William M. Ivins, Jr., Art and Geo­ tion System," AFIPS Conference Pro­ Behavior Research Methods and In­ metry, Dover Publications, Inc., New cedings, Vol. 23, 1963 Spring Joint strumentation, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1970, pp. A. Michael Noll, Ph.D. (E.E.) is on the staff of th e Office of Science and Technology of the Executive York (1964). Computer Conference, pp. 329-346. 1-5. Office of the President, W ashington, D.C., a post he came to from ten years with Bell Telephone Labs, 3. Edward E. Zajac, "Computer-Made 11. William H. Ninke, "GRAPHIC-I : A 18. A. Michael Noll, "Computer Craphics Murray Hill (N.J.). There, he was early concerned with computer simulations and investigations of Perspective Movies as a Scientific and Remote Graphical Display Console in Acoustics Research," IEEE Trans­ short-time spectrum analysis and the cepstrum method for vocal pitch determination. His interests also Communication Tool," Communka­ System," AFIPS Conference Proceed­ actions on Audio and Electroacoustics, included computer-generated 3-dimensional displays of data, application of computer technology to the tions of the ACM, Vol. 7, March, ings, Vol. 27, 1965 Fall Joint Compu­ Vol. AU-16, No. 2, June, 1968, pp. visual arts and psychological investigations of human reactions to pseudo-random patterns. At the time 1964, pp. 169-170. ter Conference, pp. 834-846. 213-220. he left Bell Labs in 1971 he was exploring more effective forms of man-machine communication, includ­ 4. Bela Julesz, "Binocular Depth Percep­ 12. Hubert W. Upton, "Head-Mounted 19. A. Michael Noll, "A Computer Tech­ ing real-time 3-dimensional computer graphics and tactile communication. He has been widely pub­ tion of Computer-Generated Pat­ Displays in Helicopter Operations," nique for Displaying n-Dimensional lished and his "computer art" has been exhibited throughout the world and shown on network television. terns," Bell System Technical Journal, USAECOM - AAAA - ION Technical Hyperobjects," Communications of the He holds four patents in automatic speech production. He is the recipient of numerous degrees and Vol. 39, September, 1960, pp. 1125- Symposium on Navigation and Posi­ ACM, Vol. 10, No. 8, August, 1967, honors. He is a native of New Jersey. 1162. tioning, Headquarters United States pp. 469-473.

Page 20 I SID Journal September·October I Page 21 20. ?vfi chael C. King, A. Michael Noll, and Daniel H. Berry, "A New Approach to r:.tom Standards & Definitions Computer - Generated Holography," Welcome! New Members of SID Applied Optics, Vol. 9, No. 2, Febru­ The activities of the Standards members to the fullest extent pos­ ary, 1970, pp. 471-475. and Defi nitions Committee have sible, :m el would welcome expres­ The Society for Infonnation Dis­ Fagan, Columbus, Oh.; Jerome tonbury, Ct.; Richard W. Gurtler, 21. A Michael Noll, "Scanned-Display been conducted primarily in con­ sions of interest and parncipation Computer Graphics," Communications play welcomes the follO\ving new Feder, Murray Hill, N.J.; Bernard Phoenix, Az.; James Guynn, Chico, of the ACM, Vol. xx, No. xx, xxxx, pp. junction with other organizations by any others who want to contri­ members : Feldman, Goleta, Ca.; Jack D. Ca.; Andrew Haban, Park Ridge, such as IEEE, ANSI, and EIA. The bute their time, effort and knowl­ xxxx. Ralph M. Adams, Loma Linda, Finley, Boston, Ma.; Clyde A. Il.; Jerald R. Haegele, Menlo Park, 22. Thomas G. Hagan, Richard J. Ni:Diodes. The chainnan of of the Conference was to bring en­ would begin with the calibre of his W. Champion, Sunnyvale, Ca.; This reliance creates software Besides the usual outstanding that group is J. Pucilowski, an SID gineers and human factors scien­ Francis G. Christian, Tempe, Az.; problems which were described in technical program at the Confer­ member who is also secretary of scientifi c inventions and develop­ tists together to examine new re­ mental activities in ulh·a high-speed Robert M. Clary, Santa Rosa, Ca.; a few papers. For larger systems, ence, the event will include an ex­ the ANSI!X3 Ad Hoc Committee. search methods and applications Allen R. Clyde, Bedford, Ma.; one paper described a 3-D graph­ hibition of about 350 booths, dis­ The Electron Devices Committee and multiple-action photography relevant to this complex subject. Althm R. Colgan, Palos Verdes, ics package operating in Atlas 2. playing the newest in information is also reviewing several standards and cinematography and continue Over sixty papers were presented, processing equipment and systems. with his literary contributions in Ca.; John H. Congistre, Santa in two parallel sessions, covering a For alpha-numeric applications, on CRT's and related devices and Clara, Ca.; Richard E. Cook, Hol­ Persons not members of Society some revision may result. articles, technical journals and very wide range of topics, from the another paper desc1i becl an appli­ land, Mi. ; Neal H. Cosand, Fuller­ cations independent package for for Infonnation Display, who reg­ To summarize, there is a good books. It would take note of his de­ uses of liquid crystals to the evalu­ sign of specialized instruments in ton, Ca.; William W. Cowles, Palo ation of ergonomics problems at use with touch-wires. ister for the FJCC at Anaheim can deal of standards work going on turn in their regisb·ation stub for a many fi elds including underwater Alto, Ca.; Gerald J. Crawford, War­ the Air Traffic Control ( ATC ) in­ In discussion, delegates empha­ $15 credit on membership in SID, which is led by SID committee photography and research, high­ rensville Hts., Oh.; Phillip P. Cm­ terface. Contributors and delegates sized that software is now more ex­ according to Dr. Carlo Crocetti, members or in which they partici­ resolution sonar equipment, pho­ rier, Lawrence, Ks.; Chris J. Cur­ from many disciplines attended pensive than hardware for many President, SID. To register, or for pate very extensively. While there tography of shock waves set off by tin, Beaverton, Or.; Michael Dan­ from countries as far away as Ja­ projects, and is responsible for infom1ation, call or write SID, 654 has been no activity exclusively rockets and aircraft in flight, night iels, Salt Lake City, Ut.; Alan J. pan and the USA. greater delays in project comple­ aerial reconnaissance, and nuclear­ Dawes, San Jose, Ca.; Michael C. tion. Regret was expressed that N. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles SID sponsored and none is pro­ Display Technology 90049, 213-472-3550. test measurement, as well as the DeJule, Chicago, II. ; Anthony De­ few papers tackled the software jected for the immediate future, a rare distinction of his being Insti­ Lorenzo, N.Y., N.Y.; George W. Several papers were concerned engineering difficulties, or ex­ program to standardize terms and tute Professor Emeritus at MIT, Dick, Colt's Neck, N.J. ; Hans G. with specific applications of mod­ plained the principles or tech­ defi nitions is under consideration Honorary Chairman of the BoaTel Dill, Newport Beach, Ca.; Gary ern elecb·onics knowledge to the niques involved. GOOD WORD FOR THE DAY and may become active. To date, of EG&G, the international corpo­ A. Dir, Webster, N.Y. ; Joseph A. problem of producing better hard­ DiSabato, Whippany, N.J. ; Pat Du­ ware for the display of volatile Human Factors - O.B.T.W. - def. - an after­ however, it appears that SID is ration he co-founded, and a recipi­ thought, the harbinger of bad news. Puis, Los Angeles, Ca.; Frederick data. Until very recently the cold The papers dealing with htunan most eff ective in generating joint ent of many international honors Roughly translates to 'Oh By The and awards. Contact Russell P. A. Ebeling, Urbana, II.; Millard J. cathode munerical indicator tube factors aspects attracted considera­ Way'. PhTase is often used in place actions and participating in other Cook, Polaroid Corporation, 730 Edgerton, Palo Alto, Ca.; Raymond and the cathode ray tube have ble interest. The topics covered of 'and now for the bad news'. industry, and technical society ao­ Main Street, Cambridge, MA. Ellis, London, England; Adam B. been the most suitable for this pur­ ranged from general recommenda- tivities. We have tried to enlist SID 02139. Empacher, N.Y. , N.Y.; James R. pose. The former were used almost tum t o page 30

Pa ge 22 I SID Journal September-October I Page 23 New GE Color TV Projector General Electric has introduced a new light valve, large-screen col­ or television projector, Model PJ- 500, which provides approximately twice the light of its predecessor model. Formal introduction of the new equipment was made at the recent 1972 Society for Information Display Conference in San Fran­ cisco. By using the unique light valve which operates with a single electron beam and optical path, the Tektronix Display Read-After-Write PJ500 inherently provides registra­ System Pioneer Head tion of colors, while simultaneously Pioneer Electronic Corporation, offering high brightness, contrast Components & Data Products Divi­ and resolution. Use of the sealed sion announces a dual channel light valve pennits the PJ500 to b e read after write head for .150 inch a small compact unit, adaptable to cassette and mini digital computer many applications not previously applications. The magnetic reading served by conventional video pro­ head model RAW -7201 is a dual jection devices. gap, H all-Effect head. RA W-7201 Like its predecessor, the PJ500 generates an output signal propor­ operates with a maximum of 8,000 tional only to the recorded magnet­ volts, eliminating the possibility of ic flu x and is totally independent of X-ray emission from the system. the tape speed. This, it is said, eli­ For the demonstration, the equip­ minates the need for additional ment was shown in both front and circuitry to compensate for output rear projection applications. By level variations at different tape using mirrors to fo ld the optical speeds. pa lL and video sweep reversal techniques, G.E. demonsb·ated the equipment's flexibility in confined areas, as well as in large auditori­ ums and theater applications. The PJ500 accepts either RGB or NTSC encoded video signals. Super CRT Display: 4-Color Graphics Circle # 103 on Readers Service Card with Black and White Sharpness Measures Radiance That's right. CRT viewing's just gone Some of the Super Features Tektronix, Inc. has just an­ The Model 730 Radiometer/ Pho­ colorful in a sharp new way w ith the Four colors: red, orange, yellow & green nounced the "first off-the-shelf APL tometer is designed to make accu­ CPS-8001 . This great Color Monitor Graphics System" at a low price. It High .025" line width, rate radiomeh·ic and photometric offers you high resolution, general­ includes a 4013 Computer Display resolution: .015" optional measurements in the lab , on the purpose graphics in red, orange, High light 25 foot lamberts Terminal with full ASCII and APL yellow and green. How about that? output: (worst case) capability, 188 printing characters; production line or in the fi eld. The Now, for the first time, there's a color High speed: 2 /Lsec per inch, 15 and PLOT-10 APL/ GRAPH Soft­ unit is particularly useful in accu­ JLSec color change graphics display on the market that ware. All of the accessories and in­ rately measuring the radiant flu x High contrast has resolution, speed, light output terfaces in the Tektronix 4010 fami­ While data is being written, the output of monochromator systems faceplate: HEA coated ly are fully compatible with the RAW -7201 head can be used to and contrast comparable to moni­ Low power High voltage over the wavelength region of 250 new 4013 display terminal. This of­ check the read data. This simulta­ tors available in black and white, and dissipation: switches are 90% to 1100 nm. The NEP at 700 nm is efficient fers the user the fl exibility of inter­ neous function allows verification at moderate cost. Give us a call: CPS, facing with as many as 20 major of written data accuracy without 10-' 2 watts. 'Vhen used in the pho­ High 722 East Evelyn Avenue, Su nnyvale, reliability: mini-computer systems; IBM 360/ the necessity of stopping the tape tometric mode, the digital display All solid state Ca. 94086. Phone (408) 738-0530. CRT size: 21" diagonal 370 Sys tems, as well as the major and reversing it for check reading. reads directly in footcandles. The computers in use in time-sharing Using Pioneer's RA W-7201 saves noise equiva lent illuminance is 10-' systems. In addition, the 4013 dis­ time and equipment cost by elimi­ fc. With the optional input optics, play terminal can be easily inter­ nating the need for backspacing of changed with existing APL type­ tape which otherwise would b e re­ the Model 730 also measures radi­ writer terminals. quired. ance and photometric luminance. Circle # 1 01 on Readers Service Card Ci rcle # 10 2 on Readers Servi ce Card Ci rcle # 1 04 on Readers Service Card CPS INC. Circle 5 on Readers Service Card Page 24 I SID Journal # SolidState Display, New EEV Storage Bipolar-Compatible N-Channel Device Digital Clocks Cathode Ray Tube Direct-view storage cathode-ray tube type E716A manufactured by English Elech·ic Valve Co. Ltd., said to b e completely new storage tube with square faceplate. De­ signed for oscilloscopes, it is equal­ new ly useful for special applications new such as medical instrumentation, ultrasonics, computer graphics, ra­ products dar and sonar equipment. It has a TTL+ products useful viewing area of 10cm x 10cm and because of its good deflection sensitivities is particularly suitable A bipolar-compatible N-Channel 115 mW. for compact transistorized equip­ Digital Spotmeter Burroughs Panel Si Gate RAM has been announced The new RAM also features EA's The ERC Series 2400 Digital ment. by Electronic Arrays. The EA 1502 proprietary bit cell design which Display Subsystem Clocks are compact, rugged time­ The tube, which has a robust is a 1024 by 1 random access mem­ permits operation in an "automatic of-day or real time monitoling and storage layer and uses an alumi­ ory with input level shifters and an refresh" mode. In this mode a display insn·uments. The units are nized P31 screen, has a light output output sense amp on the chip for single write pulse applied once self contained, panel mounted, de­ in excess of 90ft lamb erts in the direct TTL compatibility at the ad­ every system cycle refreshes the signed as easy to use system com­ storage mode and a valiable per­ dress and data inputs, and the data memory and eliminates any re­ ponents. sistence giving a choice of storage output. The EA 1502 eliminates off­ quirement for peliodic memory BCD outputs are provided for time from several minutes to less chip interface circuits and has a busy signals. During write cycles, system use plus l.O sec. and 0.1 sec. than one second. With the flood maximum 200 nsec. access time RAM's in the memory board matrix output timing pulses for auxiliary gun switched off, a storage time of from the TTL drive circuit to the that are not enabled are automatic­ use. An interruption of power is in­ several days is obtainable provided TTL receiving circuit. The EA 1502 ally refreshed without b eing writ­ dicated by an unchanging display that no further writing is applied. op erates on + 12 volt power sup­ ten into. of all "8's", and by a logic level out­ Circle # 107 on Readers Service Card put. Normal operation is returned plies. Power dissipation is typically Circle # 10 9 on Readers Service Card by resetting the unit. ltek Test Targets Circle # 105 on Readers Service Card Itek Corporation Optical Systems Hi-Contrast Screen Division announces the availability velops the following outputs. of a new set of precision photo­ A multi-voltage, high-current, graphic test targets designed spe­ regulated power supply for use Voltage Current Regtdation cifically for electro-optical scanners with BDS40832-200 series SELF­ + 5.0 vdc 8.0 Amps ±2.5% and image reconstruction equip­ Photo Research announces the SCAN® panel display subsystem ment. Originally designed for n ew multi-purpose SPECTRA ® has been announced by the Elec­ - 250 vdc 0.08 Amp ~~:gt NASA under GSFC Specifi cation DIGITAL SPOT:rviETER™. This n·onic Components Division of Bur­ for "L" Bar Scanner Targets, the 6 new Spotmeter is the latest in a roughs Corporation in Plainfield, + 30 vdc 0.04 Amp + .0% - 5.0 targets can also b e used for evalu­ series of precision light measuring New Jersey, m a nufact urer of ation of a variety of electro-optical instruments. The advanced solid­ NIXIE® tubes, PANAPLEX™ pan­ + 12 vdc 0.175 Amp ~ ~: ~% devices. state electronic package is housed el displays, and SELF-SCAN panel The set consists of three separate - 12 vdc l.O Amp ±5% in the optical head to provide a displays. film chips of high, medium and low completely self-contained system. This supply, designed and built The BDS40832-PSI power supply contrast. Each 4-inch by 5-inch film With one lens the new Spotmeter by Burroughs, provides a variety of can operate at both 50 and 60 Hz, chip contains a series of line pat­ can be focussed to make precise voltages in a compact package and and input taps are provided for terns located within the central 2- measurements at distances from 2 eliminates the need for multiple operation at 115/ 220V input. Input inch by 2-inch area. Each L-bar inches to infinity. This lens permits supplies in a system design. High­ is three-wire including separate pattern consists of two set of lines measurements of spots as small as current capacity in the Vee section earth ground. From :Ji to full load, and spaces at right angles. Spatial 0.010 inches in diameter with no ( 8 amperes) allows the system de­ the regulation described above in­ frequency ranges from 8 to 114 accessory lenses. signer freedom to add function log­ cludes variations for 10% line fluc­ cycles/ mm in a sixth-root-of-two Ci rcle # 111 on Readers Service Card ic without the worry of overloading tuation, ripple, component accura­ progression. his supply. ( When used with the cy, and temperature effects. Stabili­ Each target also includes a cen­ BDS40832-200 se1ies SELF-SCAN ty is ± 1% for eight hours after four trally located Sieman's star for dis­ Tektronix, Inc. offers large-screen 11-inch, flat, direct view storage panel display subsystem, which re­ homs of warm up with a constant tortion analysis and alignment fi du­ CRT display with high contrast, display which puts out four times quires + 5V at 2.5 Amps, the supply full load. The + 5V section of the cials. A microdensitometer calibra­ Ultra-Bright 613. Firm says screen brightness of other large storage Please Pass the r=:IDD.l has an additional 5.5 Amps capacity supply has overvoltage protection. tion of contrast is included for each puts "visual appeal into your alpha­ CRT displays. Offers "group view­ We'd like this issue of sm JOUR­ in the Vcc section to d1ive T 2L and numeric and graphic displays." NAL to get as wide circulation as If the Vee rises to + 7V, the Vee is target. Bar width-to-space width ing" in office where ambient light­ DTL logic.) de-energized. The other voltage ratio is maintained within 5% of Company asserts cost of new possible. So, let your co-workers, ing is as high as 100 foot candles. The BDS40832-PSI power sup­ sections are protected with appro­ unity throughout the entire fre­ screens is competitive. maybe even your boss, read tlus ply, which will find applications in pri ate fuses of their output circuits. quency range. According to Infonnation Dis­ Said to have no flicker. issue. terminal and display systems, de- Circle # 106 on Readers Service Card Circle # 108 on Readers Service Card play Products Division, screen is an Circle # 11 0 on Readers Serv!ce Card

Page 26 I SID Journal September·October I Page 27 McLean, Va.; Kenneth R. Nielsen, Rodney K. Toone, Santa Clara, Ca.; NEW DOD SATCOMS NEARI NG New Members Albuquerque, N.M.; James F. No­ R. Maurice Tripp, Saratoga, Ca.; LAUNCH, Philip J. Klass, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 11 Janu­ . -- r:JDDJr:JDDlr:JDDJ continued from page 23 lan, Toledo, Oh.; John F. O'Calla­ John C. Urbach, Portola Valley, ary I971, page 40. AI 1 ghan, Australia; Jerry L. Ogden, Ca.; Dr. Elliott A. Ushkow, Sara­ FIRST INTELSAT 4 PLACED IN C lVI leS r;JDDlr;JDIJlr;JDIJl Silver Spring, Md.; Shingo Ooue, toga, Ca.; Gerald S. Ustach, Ag­ ORBIT, Aviation Week and Space rensville Hts., Oh.; Kenneth A. Japan; Charles S. Osborne, Jr., Lan­ oura, Ca.; Dennis W. Vance, Palo Technology, 1 February 1971, page 23. Huelsman, Carlsbad, Ca.; Gabriel caster, Ca.; Richard L. Paidosh, Alto, Ca.; John C. Van Voorhees, WEATHER SATELLITES: II, Arthur CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS P. Intano, ·woodbridge, Va. ; Mar­ Littleton, Co.; Marcel J. Vogel, San W. Johnson, January 1969 Scientific Minn., Mn.; Kyu-Chang Park, York­ American, page 52. vin C. Iwerks, Whippany, N.J.; town Hts., N.Y.; Michael B. Par­ Jose, Ca.; Gary D. Wall, Los Ala­ Marvin Jasper, H awthorne, Ca.; 1972 Dec. 4-6 Fall Joint Computer mett, Menlo Park,. Ca.; Wm. B. mos, N.M.; Gerard 0 . Walter, 12 GHZ Area Transmission Richard A. Jauer, Bridgeton, Mo.; Fall Joint Computer Conference Pennebaker, Yorktown Hts., N.Y.; Menlo Park, Ca.; George A. Ward, NASA'S USE OF THE RADIO FRE­ Donlan F. Jones, Lake Oswego, QUENCY SPECTRUM IN AERO­ Dec. 5-7 Conference San Francisco, Calif. Kenneth A. Peterson, Farmingdale, Wilmington, De.; John B. Waugh, Or.; Richard A. Kashnow, Schenec­ SPACE SYSTEMS, John M. Clarke and Anaheim, California N.Y.; Robert J. Phelan, Jr., Boulder, Mountain Lakes, N.J.; John G. William I. Thompson III, Telecommun­ tady, N.Y.; H enry Kasperowicz, Co.; Ronald E . Phillips, Freehold, Weber, Bellbrook, Oh.; Larry F. ications, December I970, page 29. Dec.B 5th Annual SID Hawthorne, Ca.; Robert A. Kauff­ 1974 N. J.; John P. Pittman, Plainfield, Weber, Urbana, II. ; H arry A. Whit­ THE STANFORD INSTRUCTIONAL Technical Confer- man, Cinnaminson, N.J.; R. Gilbert Spring Joint Compu- N.J.; ·John Fairman Preston, III, ted, San Diego, Ca.; Leo Wiesner, TELEVISION NETWORK, Joseph M. ence, "SID UPDATE Kaufman, Chicago, II.; Robert N. Pettit, Donald J. Grace, IEEE Spec­ ter Conference Philadelphia, Pa.; Durward H. Irvington, N.Y.; Peter J. Wild, Swit­ '73" San Diego, Kavanagh, Saskatchewan, Canada; trum, May I970, page 73. California Apr. 23-25 Chicago, Illinois Prieb e, Sunnyvale, Ca.; George zerland; Richard Wilkinson, Burl­ Raymond P. Kavlick, Ann Arbor, Ragovis, Washington, D.C.; Nadir ingame, Ca.; Donald S. Williams, CRT's Versus Matrices May 21-23 15th International Mi.; Richard E. Kehrli, Atlanta, Rashid, Billerica, Ma.; Jacques Ray­ Pasadena, Ca.; Ben C. Willmarth, ELECTROLUMINESCENT DISPLAY 1973 SID Symposium Ca.; Wm. R. Kincheloe, Jr., Stan­ mond, Ottawa, Canada; Clyde M. Boulder, Co.; James A. Wise, El MATRIX WITH OVONIC THRESH­ Spring Joint Compu- Town & Country OLD SWITCH ISOLATION, K. E. ford, Ca.; Edward L. Klopfer, Buf­ Rea, Phoenix, Az.; Joseph W. Reid, Paso, Tx.; William G. Wolber, ter Conference Hotel, San Diego, falo, N.Y.; Allan R. Kmetz, Richard­ Van Landingham, D. L. Nelson, G. R. Phoenix, Az.; Barton L. Richard­ Southfield, Mi.; Drew Woloshyn, Fleming and T. C. Sebring, Digest of May 1-3 Philadelphia, Penn. California son, Tx.; Shunsuke Kobayashi, son, Minden, Nb.; James C. Rill, Mt. View, Ca.; Chan H. Yeh, Mt. Papers from the SID 1970 IDEA May 15-17 14th International Japan; Nicholas A. Kopchick, Del Mar, Ca.; Malcolm L. Ritchie, View, Ca.; Charles B. Yeltin, Man­ Symposium, page 14. SID Symposium Fall 7th Annual SID Xenia, Oh; Saul Kravitt, Newport Dayton, Oh.; Carl E. Rumsey, St. itoba, Canada; Shou-Chen, Yih, HIGH-PERFORMANCE MATRIX DISPLAY SYSTEM, E. E. Loebner, B. Statler-Hilton Hotel Technical Beach, Ca.; Paul J. Krueger, Bed­ Paul, Mn.; Ernest E. Sarazen, Law­ Sunnyvale, Ca.; Paul K. York, Pla­ New York City Conference ford, Ma.; Stewart K. Kurtz, Briar­ L. Frescura and J. C. Barrett, Digest of rence, Ks.; Helmuth 0 . Sautter, centia, Ca.; Joseph Zorn, Bridge- Papers from the SID I970 IDEA Sym­ Fall 6th Annual SID Nov. 19-21 Fall Joint Computer cliff Manor, N.Y.; Milton L. LaB.en, Holmdel, N.J.; Carleton E. Sawyer, port, Ct. ______posium, page I6. Technical Conference Phoenix, Az. ; Cecil E. Land, Al­ Littleton, Ma.; Richard A. Schlot­ A MATRIX-ADDRESSED FERRO­ Conference Anaheim, California buquerque, N.M.; Ian W. Larson, hauer, Redondo Beach, Ca.; Ed­ ELECTRIC BISMUTH TIT AN ATE Copperas Cove, Tx.; Edward W. ward R. Schmidt, Cupertino, Ca.; By E. A. ULBRICH DISPLAY, G. W. Taylor and A. Miller, Digest of Papers from the SID 1970 Lascelle, Ontario, Canada; Donald Edward J. Schmitt, Van Nuys, Ca.; continued from page 12 B. Learish, Wright-Patterson AFB, IDEA Symposium, page 18. r=JDDJ Sustaining Members Robert J. Schneeberger, Pittsburgh, COLOR MOSAIC DISPLAY SYSTEM Oh.; Larry J. Leblanc, Richardson, Pa.; Jack W. Schuck, Minn., Mn.; -ADVISION, M. Takeda, H. Nakatsu, Tx.; Lawrence J. Leppert, Sunny­ James A. Scott, Huntsville, AI.; BROADENING THE VIEW-VIDEO S. Matsumoto and K. Tatematsu, Di­ BURROUGHS CORPORATION SIEMENS AG CASSETTES OFFER POTENTIAL Defense, Space & Special Systems vale, Ca.; Wm. J. Lewis, Encino, Wayne G. Sellin, Silver Spring, gest of Papers from the SID 1970 IDEA Tubes Division FOR FUTURE BUT PROBLEMS FOR Group 76 St. Martinstr Ca.; Lewis T. Lipton, Oceanside, Md.; Merlyn L. Seltzer, Goleta, Symposium, page 20. Paoli, Pennsylvania Munich, West Germany Ca.; Kenneth Lock, LaJolla, Ca.; NOW Ca.; Phil G. Shepard, Chico, Ca.; THE GREATEST THING SINCE Coding Techniques COURIER TERMINAL SINGER-LIBRASCOPE John R. Loose, Malibu, Ca.; Bryan COMMUNI CATION AND DATA SYSTEMS, INC. John L. Simonds, Rochester, N.Y.; THE NICKELODEON, Forbes, July Aerospace & Marine Systems Group E. Loucks, Sunnyvale, Ca.; A. J. FLOW OPTIMIZATION FINAL RE­ 2202 E. University Drive 808 Western Avenue Richard L. Sirocka, Santa Clara, 1, 1970, page 13. Phoenix, Arizona Glendale, California 9I20I Mallett, Houston, Tx.; Thomas H. Ca.; Sid N. Smilowitz, W estbury, PORT, l0/ 2I/ 70, B. P. Kerfoot, McCully, San Jose, Ca.; Stuart L. Digital Communication MDCG08I5, available from McDonnell DuMONT ELECTRON TUBES N.Y.; Carroll G. Smith, Richardson, Douglas Corporation, 5301 Balsa Ave­ DIVISION SYNTRONIC INSTRUMENTS, INC. McNaughton, P01tland, Or.; Allan DIGITAL TRANSMISSION ON THE Clifton, New Jersey 100 Industrial Road Tx.; George E. Smith, Cupertino, L-4 COAXIAL SYSTEM, J. F . Gunn, nue, Huntington Beach, California Addison, Illinois D . Newton, MacDill AFB, Fl.; Telecommunications, December 1970, 92647. FERRANTI ELECTRIC COMPANY Ca.; Gerald C. Smith, Crouton, Plainview, New York TEKTRONIX, INC. Lynn D. Maax, Los Alamos, N.M.; N.Y.; Michael E. Smith, Northridge, page 23. CODING AND ITS APPLICATION Information Display Products Richard B. MacAnally, Pasadena, IN SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, G. GML CORPORATION Ca.; Patrick A. Smith, San Jose, Optical Communication P.O. Box 500 Ca.; Alfred J. Macintyre, Nashua, David Forney, Jr., IEEE Spectrum June 594 Marrett Road Beaverton, Oregon 97005 Ca.; Sterling E. Snow, Seattle, Wa.; OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS IN 1970, page 47. Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 N.H.; L. Magagna, Ontario, Cana­ Raymond J. Sonners, Fullerton, THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, Ber­ HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY THOMAS ELECTRONICS, INC. da; Timo Malmberg, Sweden; Mar­ nard Cooper, IEEE Spectru m, July Culver City, California 90230 IOO Riverview Drive Ca.; Arthur W. Speckart, Redondo 1966, page 83. Wayne, New Jersey 07470 tin Mandelberg, Oakdale, Ct.; Beach, Ca.; Clarence J. Spector, IBM CORPORATION Satellites THOMSOM-CSF David Margerum, Malibu, Ca.; Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; Jon F. Spencer, Armonk, New York TECHNICAL AND COST FACTORS Advertisers Index Paris, France Guy A. Marlar, Mt. View, Ca.; Panorama City, Ca.; Robert Spin­ INFORMATION DISPLAYS, INC. James J. Mattis, Hackettstown, N.J.; THAT EFFECT TELEVISION RE­ .Mt. Kisco, New York WEAPONS RESEARCH rad, El Segundo, Ca.; Robert L. CEPTION FROM A SYCHRONOUS I. Gene Mauldin, El Paso, Tx.; NAC INCORPORATED ESTABLISHMENT Stettiner, Waltham, Ma.; Joseph R. SATELLI TE, FINAL REPORT, 30 7 - I Ginzanishi Stores & Transport Branch H erbert E. Meier, Endicott, N.Y.; Stewart, Rockville, Md.; Nancy A. June 1966, Jansky and Bailey Systems CPS ...... 8, 25 Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Supply Engineering Department report TR­ Pennington, South Australia 5013 Harry J. Meinholtz, Palo Alto, Ca.; Storch, Livermore, Ca.; Kent F. PL-9037. OY NOKIA AB ELECTRONICS Allen H. Meitzler, Morristown, N.J.; Struckhoff, Covina, Ca.; Nicholas Electrovision Industries ...... 31 Helsinki, Finland XEROX DATA SYSTEMS POST OFFICE TO PARTICIPATE Robert V. Miller, Sylmar, Ca.; S. Szabo, Cupertino, Ca.; Mikio PHILCO-FORD CORPORATION El Segundo, California 90245 IN DOMESTIC SATCOM CASE, Kath­ Gamma Scientic, Inc • ...... 11 Palo Alto, California William H. Moore, St. Petersburg, Takagi, Santa Barbara, Ca.; Norm­ erine Johnsen, Aviation Week and RADIATION, INC. NEW SUSTAINING MEMBER Fl.; Milton A. Morton, Chico, Ca.; an Tarowsky, Sunnyvale, Ca.; Fred­ Space Technology, 21 December I970, page 51. General Electric ...... 32 r..r!elbourne, Florida PHOTO RESEARCH DIVISION Musti A. Narasimham, H opewell erick W. Terman, Monterey, Ca.; RCA KOLLMORGEN CORPORATION Junction, N.Y. ; H arvey C. Nathan­ Donal D. Thomas, San Jose, Ca.; ADDED ST ARTER FILES FOR SAT­ Photo Research Corporation . . . . . 4 Electromagnetic & Aviation Systems 3000 N. Hollywood Way COM PERMIT, Aviation Week and Van Nuys, California Burbank, California 9I505 son, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Peter D. T. E. Neal Tompkins, Ann Arbor, Mi.; Space Technology, 30 November 1970, Ngo, Holmdel, N.J.; Paul Neuwirth, Ben H . Tongue, Old Bridge, N.J. ; page I7. Syntronic Instruments, Inc...... 2

Page 28 I SID Journal September·October I Page 29 A. Gartenhaus A. Ortony The design features of an operational A system for stereo viewing Book Review inter-active graphic system A. Ortony continued from page 23 B.]. Giddings Interactive stcreographics Contrast enhancement with CRT and P. B. Page other self luminous display devices The effects of electronic circuits on tions for design and evaluation to P.M. Giles alphanumeric display capabilities studies of particular display ar­ Avionics displays: with particular and costs rangements. reference to area navigation systems D. A. Paine L. P. Goodstein Display aspects of nehvork analysis There are four important elements standing behind engineering and quality control capability in the in­ Operator communications in modem A. R. Peaker Display Systems process plants Light emitting diodes and diode arrays the EVI special purpose CRT's .. . elements which dustry. We are small enough to have a completely A wide spectrum of display sys­ R. G. Green and R. A. Eclenborough using gallium phosphide have created one of the widest lines in the industry personal interest in servicing your particular special tems was mentioned during the The incidence and effects at the man­ ]. R. Peters and A . D. Brisbane -and one of the most consistently reliable. Those purpose CRT needs. An alphanumeric word module using Conference but three fields were computer interface of failure to elements are: The EVI Wide-Line Cathode R ay T ubes Include: optimise the display planar Ga( AsP) arrays in a pro­ Multi-Gun CRT-T wo-Color CRT- T hin Tubes particularly evident, the control of R. E. G rindlert, C. R. Dixon, grammed-function keyboard Our Engineering Capability, Our Qualitative Pro­ road traffic, air traffic and electri­ C. B. Besant and A. ]ebb H. Racll-Koethe and E. Schubert duction Capability, Our Individualized Service -Ultra-High R esolution CRT-Ultra-High Con­ city supply. Use of low cost displays in engineering Comparative studies of the legibility of Capability and Our Unique trast CRT-Fiber Optic Face CRT-Back Ported Most of the papers presented in design light emitting numerals Prototyping Capability. CRT-Monoscope CRT-Spe cial Phosphor Screen R. F. Hall, K. E. Johnson and K. C. Mohan Rao We are large enough to pro­ CRT-High Voltage Projection Tubes. the conference are available in this G. T. Sharpless The use of computer driven displays in book. A table of contents of this A tabular data display using a cross­ the supervision and control of large duce a thousand tubes when For Information Telephone President Ed publication follows: bar addressed glow discharge panel power systems you need them. We are small Tavetian or V. P. Marv Lester at 213/ C. H ilswn ]. Rasmussen enough toproducethatonetube 772-5251 L. Bainbridge Light from semiconductors Man as information receiver in diag­ that you must have right now. R. S. H irsch nostic tasks ELECTRO V ISION INDUSTRIES, The InAuence of display type on A choice of displays in an information ] . M. Rolfe and]. W. Chappelow We are large enough to offer INC. 500 South Douglas Street, El decision making some of the most sophisticated Segundo, Calif. 90245 M.S. Bil'kin, H. Dell and R. H. A pperley retrieval system Display of information in the aircraft V. D. Hopkin cockpit Driving cab displays for high speed The evaluation of touch displays for A. Sansom and E. T. Kozol trains air traffic control tasks Deformographic storage display tube P. G. Bishop V. D. H opkin and R. A. E denborough ( DSDT )-a light-valve projection dis­ Display and input software for on-line Computer-derived alphanumeric in­ play having conh·olled persistence control formation on air traffic control displays W. T. Singleton R.]. C . Bown \1. D. Hopkin and]. F. Parsons The ergonomics of information The active sonar information display Computer-generated displays for presentation problem psychological research S. H. Sones D. A . Boyland, D.]. Nomwn and K. W. Hudclart Head-up display systems in modern L. S. Allard Huatl lra!llc coulrol-examples of aircraft Bi-colour display tubes I display design P. Stucki ]. Clarke and D. W elboume H. F. Huddleston Picture processing using a general­ Display systems for use on-line in An evaluation of alphanumerics for a purpose computer system power stations 5 x 7 matrix display P. Stt.ret B. Copping, V. D. Alexander and M. W. ]ei'Vis ]. ]. Hunter Simplifying the man machine interface CRT displays of graphs in CEGB with the touch terminal Human factor assessment of some power stations numeric visual displays ]. Szilard, G. Scruton, S. Y. Ralkar and D. M. Johnson K. G. G. Corkindale P. R. M. ]ones Effects of signal-to-noise ratio, band­ The evaluation of visual displays An ultrasonic fast scanning system for width and contrast on information pro­ ]. W. Dillow visualising soft tissue anatomy cessing in simulated digital encoding ]. G. Titchnwrsh Data reduction, transmission and television systems p resentation, particularly crt displays at The A. C . plasma panel A. B. Keats R. Veith the CEGB l ational Control Centre A tluee dimensional cathode ray tube B. A. Eales Input device for handwritten graphical display of multi parameter data data A scanned GaAsP display system E. W.Kirk E. Edwa~·ds and F. P. Lees The all-singing all-dancing office F . Walters Information display in process control ]. Ki,rton DC gas discharge matrix displays R. W. Elbaum. Elec tro-optic effects in liquid crystals P. ]. Wild and P. U. Schulthess H.A.P.P.l. ( Height and plan position and their use in display devices Liquid crystal bar graph displays indicator) L. H. Light and D. M. Momo D. C. Williams A B. E. Ellis Comparative assessment of a new real­ Graphic display facilities for on-line A direct view storage tube \ovith time analogue recorder for displaying process control selective erasure as a data terminal three dimensional infonnation P.A. Woodsford display ]. ll. Mahaffy Gino-a 3-D graphics sofhvare package R. Ellis, N. ]. Werring, A. Vecht, Computerized traffic control and sur­ for a range of displays P. ]. F. Smith and]. H. Williamson veillance systems-a police viewpoint Copies of this excellent publication of Zinc sulphide dee! displays, \vith F. B. Moore papers from worldwide contributors may longer life Ground display systems for the be purchased from: C. R. Evans and W. I. Card Apollo/ Saturn vehicle SID Comparison of the relative acceptability /\.. l\'e::.u and S. Naito 654 North Sepulveda Blvd. of VDU and standard teletype :\n effective system for displaying a Los Angeles, California 90049 terminals in a medical history-taking large character set Price per copy: ~vlcmbers $20.00 project ]. Nokes and]. T. Boardman i\on-lvlembers $30.00 D. R. Evans Evaluation of man/ machine interface Or copies may be purchased directly ATC displays problems in ATC systems from the Institution of Elecb·ical Engi­ B. C. Francis E. I-1. Oet::;mann and D. E. Radley neers, Savoy Place, London WC2R OBL. Display systems for vertical take-off A modular interactive display system transport aircraft for use as a local or remote terminal H. L. BJELLAND Circle # 6 on Readers Service Card Page 30 I SID Journal