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RADIO VALVE DATA
Characteristics of 3,000 Valves, Transistors, Rectifiers and Cathode-Ray Tubes
Compiled by the stuff of ' WIRELESS WORLD'
First published February, 1949 Sixth Edition (:), Ilitre & Sons Ltd. 1958
A ' Wireless World' Book
LONDON ILIFFE & SONS LTD
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Valve Abbreviations EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES CONTENTS a—a Anode-to-anode BT Beam tetrode PAGE 3 THE INFORMATION GIVEN refers to the main electrical OUTPUT VALVES 1 Explanation of the Tables Ca k Anode-cathode capacitance Grid-anode capacitance characteristics of valves together with their base con- Triodes, beam tetrodes and pentodes are all included cgc, nections. Physical dimensions are not included since Tables of Valve Characteristics : c Grid-cathode capacitance here with normal maximum operating conditions as Distortion there is a limit to the amount of information which it is output valves for single-valve Class A operation for a.f. :51 practicable to give and size is only occasionally an Frequency-changers . . 7 DD Double-diode application. They are distinguished by the letters (T), 14 Double-beam tetrode important factor in the choice of a valve. (BT) and (P) following the type number and those Screened Tetrodes and Pentodes DBT The valves are classified under main headings accord- 24 DP Double-pentode containing diodes have additionally (SD) or (DD) for Output Valves 1 ing to their type. In each section they are divided Output Valves 2 34 DT Double-triode single- or double-diode. 39 FW Full-wave according to their make and then sub-divided into A few contain the elements of an h.t. rectifier in Output Valves 3 obsolete, replacement and current types. The tables are Thermionic Diodes 41 g—g Grid-to-grid addition and these are distinguished by the letter R. 43 Conversion conductance largely self-explanatory, but the following notes should In some cases the conditions for a tetrode or pentode Semiconductor Diodes gic be read carefully if they are to be fully understood. Point Contact Transistors 46 gin Mutual conductance operating as a triode with screen-grid joined to anode 46 HW Half-wave Litifitations of space necessarily restrict the amount are given also. This condition can be distinguished by Symmetrical Transistors of infOrmation which can be included in these tables, so Junction Transistors 46 H Heptode the absence of a figure for screen voltage, but in addition 48 H„, Hexode designers requiring more detailed information should (T) is placed after the type number to indicate that the Amplifier 'Triodes consult the valve manufacturers' published literature. Small Transmitting Valves 57 Ik Cathode current conditions are those of a triode. The fact that the Valve Rectifiers 58 MV Mercury vapour electrode structure is that of a tetrode or a pentode is Metal Rectifiers 65 O Octode FREQUENCY-CHANGERS obvious as the valve appears in another row followed by (BT) or (P). E.H.T. Rectifiers 69 P Pentode Valves in this section are intended primarily for use as Cathode-ray Tuning Indicators - 71 Pa Anode dissipation frequency-changers in superheterodynes and the figures Even under Class A conditions the anode and screen Barretters 73 PI Peak inverse given are the normal operating conditions for this currents rise with the signal input to a small extent. Voltage Stabilizers 73 R Rectifier The anode current with full drive is about 2 per cent application. Some of the valves included are occasion- greater than the quiescent value. With some valves the Thyratrons 75 ra Anode a.c. resistance ally used for other purposes, however, and the voltages Television Cathode-ray Tubes 77 Rh Cathode bias resistance and currents may then be very different. Even in their screen current increases much more and may become as Oscilloscope Cathode-ray Tubes 80 R, Optimum load resistance normal application differences may be found in individual high as three or four times the quiescent value. This Efficiency Diodes 85 SD Single diode Increase is usually greatest when the valve is of a type receivers, since not all designers adopt the " normal " drawing a very low quiescent current. SE Secondary emission conditions ; this is particularly the case when the oper- Explanation of Valve-base Connections 87 SQ Special Quality ation is on short-wave bands. Since there is no standard method Of rating valves, the figures quoted in the tables are sometimes for the T Triode It is to be noted that some valves which do not include 88 TD Triple diode no-signal condition and sometLacs for full drive. It is Valve Base Diagrams an oscillator section, and which thus apparently require believed that most of the figures for British valves are TH Triode heptode a separate oscillator, can actually be used as complete TI-4 Triode hexode for no-signal, whereas most of those for American types Trade Names and Manufacturers' Addresses 108 frequency-changers by using an oscillator circuit coupled are for maximum applied signal. TP Triode pentode between cathode and another electrode. The operation TT Tetrode The matter is mentioned chiefly to explain small Index, Base Connections and Valve Equivalents 109 of such valves is likely to be more critically dependent differences which may exist between the figures given VD Voltage-doubler on the oscillator circuit design than that of types ha\ ing VM Variable mu here and those which may be found in other lists. The separate oscillator sections. differences are, in practice, unimportant for they are less than the normal variations between individual specimens SCREENED TETRODES AND PENTODES of the same type. Transistor Abbreviations The main application of valves in this section is to Because of the rising current with drive there is a slight difference in the output powers obtainable with dissipation at 25°C r.f. and i.f. amplification and the operating conditions P, Collector are normal ratings for this condition. No distinction is fixed grid bias on the one hand and self-bias by a cathode V, Collector volts resistor on the other. Figures for battery-type valves Collector current made between tetrodes and pentodes because it is im- Ie material in most cases, which type a valve is as long are invariably for the fixed bias condition. For other GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS le Emitter current valves there may be some discrepancies since again there =rb Base resistance as its characteristics are otherwise suitable. It is only rb in special applications, where separate use is made of the seems to be no standard procedure for indicating output. Used in Valve Data Tables re—re Emitter resistance The difference is not large, however, and can be ignored Collector resistance suppressor grid, that it is important and then the re normal characteristics are in any case insufficient to for most purposes. In general, the output with cathode * appended to filament or heater voltage indicates re' Collector resistance (common emitter coii-' bias is up to 10 per cent less than with fixed bias. nection) enable a choice of valve to be made. Except where the a directly heated cathode (that is, filament). Valves suppressor grid (g3) is internally connected, it is possible The maximum resistance which may safely be included without the asterisk have indirectly heated cathodes. 1-,,, Mutual resistance in the grid-to-cathode external circuit depends on the Current gain (common emitter connection) - to determine whether a valve is a tetrode or a pentode oc.' by reference to the valve-base connections. method of obtaining grid bias. With valves taking appended to filament or heater current indicates oc Current gain more than about 20 mA cathode current it is a safe 1. Alpha cut-off frequency Some of the valves in this section are also listed under that the valve has a centre-tapped filament or heater. fot Amplifier Triodes. The characteristics given there are rule to limit the grid resistor to 0.5 Mi) for self-bias The figures given are invariably for the parallel con- Ice Collector current at Ie=0 and 0.1 MS2 for fixed bias. '(1 + ix') the ones obtained with the screen-grid connected to nection of the two parts ; for the series connection the re=---re the anode. In individual cases and under particular operating voltage is doubled and the current halved. Many of the valves are suitable for use in RC-coupled conditions it may be safe to exceed these figures, but this should not be done without close investigation. (Some directly heated valves of low current, con- al. amplifier stages. When so used the voltages applied sumption may need the conned-lion of a resistor across Published for " Wireless World" by Iliffe & Sons Ltd., Dorset to the electrodes and the currents obtained are very one half of the filament when using the series con- House, Stamford Street, London, S.E.1, and printed in England by different from the r.f. amplifier condition. They cannot OUTPUT VALVES 2 nection.) Cornwall Press Ltd., Paris Garden. London, S.E.I. BKS 3133 readily be given, however, since they are as much a The conditions included here are those for push-pull property of the circuit values as of the valve. operation of a.f. output stages. Five modes of push- [2] pull are recognized and distinguished in the " Class " They can, however, be used in other applications for small-signal conditions are likely to be decreased re units and there are also different stacking methods for !column ; they are A, ABI, AB2, Bi and B2. In Class A where, pulses of high peak voltage occur for short and decreased a'. The table on page 2 explains the units for use as half-wave, full-wave, voltage-doubler !both valves are conductive over the whole input cycle periods. symbols used. and bridge rectifiers. The total number of rectifier and the anode current with full drive is substantially The amount of information provided in this section assemblies possible with only a few basic units is thus the same as that with no drive. In Class AB the valves is necessarily limited, and operating conditions vary so AMPLIFIER TRIODES very large. In order to reduce the numbers, therefore, are worked individually under non-linear conditions widely with circuit application that in all cases of doubt a few examples are listed as guides and from these the and may be individually cut-off over a small part of the the manufacturers' literature should be consulted. The conditions given are those pertaining to operation input cycle ; the anode current for full output is appre- as transformer-coupled a.f. amplifiers at maximum other possible ratings can be reduced. For example, with the G.E.C. P types and Westinghouse 16 types the ciably higher than that with no input. In Class B each THERMIONIC DIODES rating, which is the most suitable condition for com- paring valve characteristics. Conditions for RC coupling highest and lowest ratings are given and it is to be valve is cut off for about one-half of the input cycle and The main characteristics required to be known about the anode current at full output is much greater than depend too much upon the circuit constants to be useful. understood that intermediate ones are available. With a diode are given here. Some of the double types have At the reduced voltages normally applied to the elec- the S.T.C. V and B types, voltage ratings are available that with no input signal. The subscripts i and 2 show a common cathode, whereas others have separate, that operation is respectively without and with grid trodes with RC coupling, the a.c. resistance and mutual at 18V per plate up to a limit of 40 plates where the cathodes. These can be distinguished by reference to the! suffix is W or 60 plates where the suffix is RW ; e.g., current. The anode and screen currents quoted for valve-base connections. Some guidance to the internal! conductance are usually 20 to 50 per cent higher and Class A and AB operation are with the maximum input lower respectively than the figures listed B25-14-1RW indicates 25-mm plates (permitting max. resistance of a diode is given by the column giving the current of 100mA) and 14 plates x 18V = 250V. signal voltage ; the currents for Class AB2, B1 and B2 maximum rectified current, since types of high current, operation, however, are subject to considerable variation are invariably of lower resistance than those of low; SMALL TRANSMITTING VALVES E.H.T. RECTIFIERS with input, so it is more useful here to give figures for current. All categories are included in this section (triodes, These rectifiers are used in television for obtaining the the quiescent conditions. With Class AB and B opera- Multiple valves which include diodes are not listed! pentodes, beam tetrodes, etc.) having up to 50 watts e.h.t. voltages of several thousand volts necessary for tion the manufacturers' literature should, in any case, here but will be found under the section appropriate! anode dissipation. The figures given are for Class C r.f. the anode of the cathode-ray tube. Two common I be consulted. to the main assembly of the valve ; that is, Screened; amplification on telegraphy. It should be noted that in methods of doing this are recognised in the data. First, For Class AB2 and B2, the minimum grid-to-grid Tetrodes and Pentodes, Amplifier Triodes and Output the case of double valves (identified by (DT), (DBT), etc., by rectifying the high voltage obtained from the flyback input resistance is given. The figure, together with that Valves 1. in the " Type " column) the figures for anode, screen and pulse of the line timebase—and here the ratings given of the input voltage, is necessary for the design of the grid currents, dissipation and output refer to the pair. assume a pulse duration of approximately 10 microsecs— driver stage. Regarding the operating frequency column, the figures and secondly by rectifying the output of an oscillator The valves included in this section fall into two SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES This section includes crystal diodes, together with under " Reduced Rating " can generally be taken to be working at 100 kc/s or upwards. groups. One consists of double triodes and double the maximum frequencies at which the valves will give Both thermionic diodes and metal rectifiers are in- pentodes intended mainly for Class Bi and Class B2 those metal rectifiers which are suitable for signal- frequency use. Maximum ratings are given, and in a useful power output. As the efficiency of a valve cluded in this section. operation. They are chiefly battery types which used decreases at these higher frequencies, it is necessary to to be designated as q.p.p. and Class B stages. There order to assist in the correct choice of a type, a column is included to show typical applications. make some reduction to the ratings (or power input) in TELEVISION CATHODE-RAY TUBES are also a few indirectly heated cathode types (for order to ensure that the power dissipated in the valve All the tubes in this section are designed for magnetic example 6A6) which have other applications ; these deflection. It should be noted that the figure given for last will also be found in the appropriate section (usually JUNCTION TRANSISTORS does not exceed the safe limit. The percentage reduction varies from valve to valve, however, so it is advisable deflection angle is the total number of degrees subtended Amplifier Triodes) with the figures appropriate to one All ratings and parameters here are for a temperature by the picture diagonal. Although the diameter of the section of the valve as an amplifier. to consult the manufacturers' literature if the reduced of 25°C. This enables the products of different manu- ratings are required. screen is given as a round number of inches for the sake Figures for anode and screen currents are quoted facturers to be compared, but if operation at higher of convenience, this should not be taken too literally as per valve (or per unit in the case of double valves) and in temperature is required fuller data should be consulted, VALVE RECTIFIERS there are slight variations of a few millimetres from tube some cases several sets of different figures are given for to determine the appropriate ratings and characteristics. The ratings- given are maximum ones and assume a to tube. the same' valve under different conditions. Apart from In general it may be said that the major effects of ! double valves, most of the valves in the section appear also supply frequency of 50 c/s. In some cases a higher elevated temperature are to reduce the permissible dis- current output is permissible if the input voltage is OSCILLOSCOPE CATHODE-RAY TUBES t in Output Valves 1, and to distinguish between pairs sipation and increase the collector leakage current Ica. The deflection sensitivity of an oscilloscope tube is of valves and double valves, which may not be hsted reduced and in nearly all cases the input voltage can be (This approximately doubles for each rise of 10°C and considerably increased and the output current slightly normally expressed in millimetres per volt. Since, how- elsewhere, the heater-current figures are given only for can affect bias conditions with unsuitable circuit arrange- , ever, this depends on the e.h.t. voltage applied to the double valves (unless otherwise stated). The figures for increased if the rectifier is followed by a choke-input ments.) Other characteristic changes which take place, filter instead of the usual reservoir capacitor. final anode, the figure in the " Deflection " column is the others are obtainable from Output Valves 1. with temperature are of a relatively minor magnitude given as a constant which must be divided by whatever Very few Class A conditions are given because they and in many cases may be ignored. The figure for minimum resistance can be reduced if a smaller reservoir capacitor is used. When an input final anode voltage is used to obtain the deflection are usually obtainable directly from Output Valves 1. The figure for Ve max. should never be exceeded in, sensitivity in the correct terms. For example, the For push-pull Class A the currents and anode-to-anode normal use. In many circuits the maximum allowable! transformer is used, this resistance is usually provided by the resistance and leakage reactance of its windings, deflection sensitivity of the Y plates of the Mullard load are normally twice the figures for single-valve h.t. rail voltage will be half this figure. DP7-6 with, say, 800 volts on A2 is given by operation. The power output for the same odd-order The small-signal parameters chosen for tabulation, but in transformerless circuits it must be provided to limit the peak current. 200 distortion is usually a little more than double. are the conventional equivalent-T network ones for the, = 0.25 mm/V. The differences between fixed bias and self-bias are common emitter configuration. This is by far the most Figures for the mean unsmoothed output voltage are not given, since they depend on the current and reservoir 800 considerable under Class AB and Class B conditions. common circuit arrangement in use with junction, In the " Capacitance " column, the figures given are Where no value is quoted for a bias resistor it is to be transistors. Corresponding figures for common base' capacitance as well as the valve. With no current drain the voltage reaches 1.414 times the r.m.s. input voltage measured between one plate and earth. understood that operation with a fixed bias is required ; and common emitter arrangements are easily derived. Included in this section are a number of the older where a bias-resistor value is given, the other figures The collector voltage and current at which the small and this figure should be taken for the voltage rating of the reservoir capacitor. At maximum current the types of television cathode-ray tubes with electrostatic refer to self-bias operation. With fixed bias, it is usually signal parameters are given is defined. This is important deflection plates and some radar tubes. necessary for the bias source to be of low impedance ; since some of the parameters vary considerably with output voltage is approximately equal to the r.m.s. with positive drive it is essential. the bias point. In particular there is a large increase' input voltage in the case of rectifiers of 60 mA and EFFICIENCY DIODES The value of bias resistor quoted (RK) is that required in re with decreasing Ie. upwards current rating. The purpose of these diodes, applied to television per valve, or per unit in the case of double valves. The figure for alpha cut-off is for the common base line scan circuits, is to provide a section of the line configuration and is lower by a factor of approximately METAL RECTIFIERS scan sawtooth waveform from the energy stored in the OUTPUT VALVES 3 a' for the common emitter arrangement. No attempt, Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers are both made deflector coils during the flyback, thereby reducing the The valves in this section are used mainly in tele- is made to specify large signal behaviour. In general in basic units of low voltage rating and in various sizes amount of anode current required in the line scan output vision as output amplifiers for the line scan waveforms. the most important departures from the figures quoted for different currents. Different voltages are catered stage. The thermionic diodes here may also be found for by stacking together various numbers of the basic under Valve Rectifiers, and from the latter section it will [4) ; 51