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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will afind good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyier's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, Engiand HP10 8HR Il 77-18,713 I MAZZARELIA, Mario Dominic, 1941- THE BRITISH CATHOLIC PRESS m O THE RISE OF NAZI G E R M ^ 1933-1940. The American University, Ph.D., 1977 History, modem Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 0 1977 MARIO DOMINIC MAZZARELLA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE BRITISH CATHOLIC PRESS AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY 1933-1940 by Mario D . Mazzarella Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Signature of ^pjimmittee: Chairman Dr. Qarl G. Anthqr Dean of the College ean T. Da r Ira Klein 1977 The American University Washington, D. C. 20016 THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Simple justice demands that recognition be granted to at least some of the many people and institutions without whose aid and guidance this dissertation could not have been written. First in line for thanks is my dissertation committee, Drs. Carl G. Anthon, Jean T. Joughin and Ira Klein who directed my research and writing. The staffs of the libraries of The American University, Georgetown University and Catho­ lic University, the Library of Congress and the Public Record Office in London were invaluable aids to research. Those individuals who granted me interviews in England greatly enriched my research, my under­ standing; my disagreement with some does not in the least diminish my regard for any. Thanks are due to my colleagues at Christopher Newport College who kindly granted me sufficient leave to complete the bulk of the work. Mrs. Edna Carney produced the excellent final copy. Special thanks go to my wife, Kathy, for typing several preliminary drafts, for editing my grammar and for her never-failing encouragement and support. Finally, thanks are due to my parents and teachers for their support and guidance throughout my academic career. For their help, and the help of all those mentioned above, I thank God. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. Introduction and Background: The British Catholics. 1 The Catholic Community............................... 1 Composition...................................... 3 Growth............................................ 3 Influence ................................... 6 Unity and Diversity......................... 7 Catholic Social and Political Principles............. 8 Expositors of Principles................................ 10 The British Hierarchy: Manning to Bourne........... 10 The Papacy.......................................... 13 English Catholic Press..............................19 Publicists.......................................... 30 S u m m a r y ................................................ 41 II. Appeasement and the Accession of H i t l e r ................... 42 Evolution of the Appeasement Policy ................... 42 Post-war disillusionment........................... 42 Treaty revision, arms and the League............... 43 Appeasement formulated..............................46 The Accession of Hitler ................................54 Hitler's attitude to Britain....................... 54 British reaction to Hitler......................... 54 Consolidation of the Nazi regime....................... 56 Tightening the g r i p ................................56 The Nazis and the German Catholic Church........... 61 The Concordat.................................. 67 Nazi Persecution of the Church................. 69 German Anti-Semitism and Nazi Persecution of the Jews........................................ 73 German Foreign Policy ............................... 81 General policy lines................................81 British response.................................... 82 A u s t r i a ............................................ 84 Catholic concern................................84 1934: the abortive P u t s c h ..................... 86 iv V II. (Con't) Mussolini's Italy ................................... 88 Debate; Catholic principles and Italian Fascism . 88 Italian foreign policy........................... 93 Communism: Threat and Challenge..................... 93 Treaty Revision ...................................... 95 Fascism in England. ............................. 98 S u m mary................................................ 102 III. Disruption and Disarray ....................................104 Overview 1933-1937 ................................. 104 Stresa...................................................107 Ethiopian Crisis.................... 109 P r e l u d e ............................................ 109 War; sanctions or alliance?....................... 110 Remilitarization of the Rhineland................... 118 Spanish Civil W a r ...................................... 124 Outbreak............................................ 124 England divided ................................. 126 Neville Chamberlain and his policy..................... 139 Catholics and Politics.................................. 143 Peace and w a r ...................................... 143 Fascism and reform.................................. 148 Mit brennender Sorge.................................... 155 Continuing persecution..............................155 The encyclical...................................... 161 Summ a r y .................................................168 IV. From Vienna to Munich ...................................... 171 A nsc h l u s s ................................. 172 Hitler vs. Schuschnigg.............. 172 Crisis and c o u p .................................... 174 Reaction............................................ 176 Nazism and Austrian Catholics ................... 178 Munich...................................................182 Background.......................................... 182 VI IV. (Cou't) May Crisis........................................ 185 The Munich Crisis ............................... 188 To the brink................ 189 Munich: the settlement...................... 201 Assessment................................... 202 Aftermath........................................ 209 Nazi Persecution of the Jews......................... 212 Persecution increases ........................... 212 Crystal Night .................................... 215 Reaction.......................................... 215 Fascism-Communism-Democracy......................... 222 Summ a r y .............................................. 226 V. From Prague to Danzig ................................... 229 Pius XII: Failed detente............................. 229 Spanish Civil War ends............................... 229 Prague c oup ................ 230 Lull.............................................. 230 Hitler marches.................................... 231 Diplomatic revolution ............................... 231 Guarantees........................................ 232 I t a l y ............................................ 242 Vatican peace effort............................. 245 The Russian question............................. 247 Polish crisis ........................................ 252 Pressure m o u n t s ................................. 253 Nazi-Soviet Pact................................. 254 W a r .............................................. 260 S u m m a r y .............................................. 261 VI. The Twilight War.......................................... 263 Catholics and the War . ........................... 264 Conspiracy at Rome...................................
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