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Legislation and the Built Environment in the Arab-Muslim City Center For
Legislation and the Built Environment in the Arab-Muslim City Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) 2005 Legislation and the Built Environment in the Arab-Muslim City An essay on a presentation made by Saleh al-Hathloul to Diwan al-Mimar on April 22, 2002. (1) Support for the publication of this essay has been made possible by a grant from the Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development. Introduction The subject of this Arabic-language lecture was based on Saleh al-Hathloul’s Ph.D. dissertation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1980) and his book The Arab- Muslim City: Tradition, Continuity and Change in the Physical Environment (1996). (2) Al-Hathloul explores the evolution of the Arab-Muslim city through an analysis of pre- modern legal documents that include records from 14th-century Tunis and 16th-century Medina. The study is partly an examination of the evolution of traditions. It emphasizes a number of prepositions. The first is that traditions grow out of a community’s need for continuity and regulations that govern social life. Another is that traditions are an extremely important source of knowledge, for they express the cumulative knowledge for a given society, and are the informational basis that enables a society to move forward. In spite of the importance of tradition, it should not have absolute reign in determining how society conducts itself. Tradition must be receptive to criticism, adaptable, and capable of development and change. Tradition can be explained through studying the history of legislation. In many instances, the study of such a history is more informative than the study of traditional narrative history. -
The Arab Awakening the Story of the Arab National Movement
THE ARAB AWAKENING THE STORY OF THE ARAB NATIONAL MOVEMENT by GEORGE ANTONIUS •• Arise, ye Arabs, and awake! Ode by Ibrahim Yazeji. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA NEW YORK. TORONTO Copyright, 1939, by J. B. Lippincott Company Made in the United States of America To CHARLES R. CRANE, aptly nicknamed Harun al-Rashia', affectionately. CONTENTS PACE Foreword - - - - - - - ix CHAPTER I T he Background - - - - - - 13 1. - The background. 2.- Geographical setting. 3.- Arab isation and Islamisation. 4 .- The Arab world defined. 5 .- The Turkish conquest. CHAPTER II A False Start - - - - - - - 21 1. - Mehemed-'Ali in Egypt and the Wahhabi movement. 2. - His conquest of Syria. 3 .- His plan for an Arab empire. 4 .- Ibrahim Pasha in Syria. 5 .- Palmerston’s opposition. 6 .- National consciousness non-existent. 7 .- T h e plan fails. CHAPTER III T he St a r t : 1847-68 ------ 35 1 .- First missionaries in Syria. 2 .- Educational beginnings. 3 . - Egyptian system. 4 . - American activities. 5 . - Catho lic activities. 6 . - Nasif Yazeji. 7--Butrus Biustani. 8 .- The first literary societies. 9 .- The earliest patriotic ode. 10.- Historical retrospect. CHAPTER IV T he H amidian D espotism: 1876-1908 - - - 61 1 Deposition of ‘Abdul-‘Aziz. 2 .- The Constitution of 1876. 3 .- The Sultan’s Arab possessions. 4 .- Foundations of ‘Abdul-Hamid’s rule. 5 .- His Islamic policy. 6 .- The Hejaz Railway. 7 .- The growth of German influence. iii c o n ten ts— continued CHAPTER V PACK T he Infant M ovement: 1868-1908 - 79 1 . - The Bairnt secret society. 2 . - Its proclamations. 3 .- Its effect on the movement of ideas. -
Mash Senza Confini INGRANDIME
Al Qamishili Al Yarubiyeh Middan Abbes Rabiah Algier Tunis Mosul N Aleppo Syria Beja Al Hasakeh Setif Idleb Ar Raqqa Ghardimou Souk Aras Lattakia Kirkuk Deir Ez Zor Hama Tartous Beiji Tabia Akkari Homs Oujda Tripoli Tadmur Al Bu Kamal Redjem Demouche MEDITERRANEAN SEA Mahein Lebanon Sharqiah Qa’eim Beirut Haqlaniya Rabat Fez Baqubah Gabes Rayak Akashat Fallouja Casablanca Mafraq Rutba Tyr Sour Damascus Baghdad Ras Ajdir Tripoli Irbid Daara Tunisia Jaber Border Border Zarqa Juction Mafraq Junction Benghazi Saudi Junction Morocco Jerusalem Amman Amman L.C. Iraq Marrakech Palestine Bechar Marsa Matruh Gaza Haditah Essaouira Al Salloum Alexandria Rafah Tarqumiya Bir El Abed Border Al Firdan Bridge Agadir Jordan Al Shouaiba Assidra Benha Cairo Maan ATLANTIC SEA Batn Al Ghoul Algeria Aqaba Al Mudawwara Kuwait City Nuweba Kuwait Border Hail Laayoune Lybia Egypt Jubail Safaga Bahrein Dammam Barhein City Quena Ghar Manama ARAB GULF Kharga Doha Houhouf Qatar Dubai Fujerah Salwa Riyadh Sohar Medina Abu Dhabi High Dam Border OMAN GULF United Arab Muscat Emirates Border Sinaw Jeddah Saudi Arabia Border Wadi Halfa Km 56 Nouadhibou Mecca Mauritania Oman Port Sudan Al Duqm Abu Hamad RED SEA Nouakchott Darb Border Atbarah Jizan Yemen Thumrait Al Qamishili Al Yarubiyeh Middan Abbes ARABIAN SEA Al Hodeidah Al Ghyda Al Hasakeh Aleppo Syria Khartoum Sudan Sana’a Al Mukkalla Lattakia Belhaf Deir Ez Zor Shaqra Hama Taizz Tartous Mocha Aden ADEN GULF Akkari Homs Tadmur Tripoli Mahein Al Bu Kamal Djibouti Port Djibouti Bosaso Lebanon Sharqiah Djibouti Beirut Berbera Rayak Tyr Sour Damascus Irbid Daara Border Jaber Border Palestine Border Zarqa Juction Mafraq Juction Saudi Junction Amman km 1450 Jerusalem Amman L.C. -
The Ottoman ºajj Route in Jordan: Motivation and Ideology
THE OTTOMAN ºAJJ ROUTE IN JORDAN: MOTIVATION AND IDEOLOGY Andrew PETERSEN As a background to an understanding of the Ottoman Hajj route in Jordan it is useful to remind ourselves of the position of the Ottoman empire both within the Middle East and further afield in Europe and Asia during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries 1 . Two major events inform the perception of Ottoman rule both within our own area of concern, Bilad al-Sham and in the wider world. The first of these events was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) by Sultan Mehmet Fatih in 1453. For the first time in its eight hundred year history a Muslim state had taken over the spiritual home of orthodox Christianity and in the process become a major factor in European domestic politics. The prestige accruing from this conquest firmly established the Ottomans as the principal Muslim power worldwide. The second event is the conquest of Egypt and Syria between 1515 and 1517 which also gave the Ottomans control of the Hijaz including both Mecca and Medina. The pre-eminent status of the Ottoman Sultan amongst Muslim rulers was now confirmed, as he adopted the role of protectors of the two shrines with the title of kh®dim al- ºaramayn al-Sharifayn 2 . Neither of these titles was held lightly and it can be seen that the Ottomans did their utmost to be seen as leaders of the Muslim world and defenders of Islam’s holiest cities. Of course this new status presented the Ottomans with new responsibilities which had not been encountered when they were a minor Turkish state. -
Facilities Along the Syrian Hajj Route in Southern Jordan with Special Reference to the Fort of Fassou'ah and Its Water System
ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 11 No 2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) www.richtmann.org March 2020 . Research Article © 2020 Mansour Shqairat. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Received: 1 January 2020 / Revised: 7 February 2020 / Accepted: 10 February 2020 / Published: 10 March 2020 Facilities along the Syrian Hajj Route in Southern Jordan with Special Reference to the Fort of Fassou'ah and Its Water System Mansour Shqairat Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology and Tourism Guidance, Petra College for Tourism and Archaeology, AL-Hussein Bin Talal University, P.O. Box 20 Ma'an, Jordan Doi: 10.36941/mjss-2020-0023 Abstract The Syrian Hajj (Pilgrimage) Road, which links Damascus with the holy cities of Medina and Mecca in Saudi Arabia, was a historical road supplying the most basic needs of the pilgrims during this long journey. Most important are the water control and storage systems facilities which are reflected as archaeological remains. This paper discusses the water supply installations associated with the Hajj route with special reference to the Ottoman fort of Fassou’ah as one of the Hajj stations in southern Jordan. Keywords: Hajj Route, Southern Jordan, Water control Systems, Ottoman fort, Cisterns, and Wells. Introduction The Arabic word for water, ma', occurs sixty-three times in the Quran. Muslims need water for wudu, washing before prayer, normally five times a day (Shqiarat 2005; 2008). The Syrian Hajj road (alternatively known as Darb al-Hajj al-Shami) linking Damascus and Mecca (a journey of at least 40 days) followed a pre-Islamic trade route of great antiquity, extending back to the Nabataean and Roman periods (Petersen 2012).