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FORESTS Departiuent of WESTEBNAUSTBALIA ODC 441:414:12:232.32 ResearchPaper 6l 1980 FORESTS DEPARTIuENT OF WESTEBNAUSTBALIA /i - ,; t*,,. iff HERBICIDES FOR USE IN WESTERN AUSTRALIAN FOREST NURSERIES by C.J. SCHUSTERand R.R.A.FREMLIN SUMMARY The effectiveness of several pre- and post-emergent herbicides was tested on nursery beds in softnood (Pinus radiata D. Don) and hardwood lEucaJVpxus diversicoTor F. Muell,) nurseries. In both nurseries pre-emergent herbicides lrere lhe more effective in controllj.ng weeds. They also had no severe adverse effect on the lree seedlings, especially in the softwood nursery. The nost effective pre-emergent herbicide in both nurseries was nitrofen, whilst propazine was also effective in the softwood nurserv and diphenanid in the hardwood nursery. INTRODUCTION (3.4 kg.ha-I a.i.). However, neither could be used on E. deLegatensis R.T. Bak.i The Forests Departnent of Western only linuron vras satisfactory hrith this Australia operates ti'i'o nurseries in the species. Propazine was most effectively lower south-west of western Australia, used to control broad-leaved weeds, which produce open-rooted stock for field while annual grasses were better plantings. One at Nannup raises controlled with tbe use of chlorthal. approxirnately two million radiata pine lPinus radiaXa D. Don) seedlings annually' van Dorsser (I97I) observed that and the other, at Manjinup, raises lodgepole pine (P. contorta Dougl. var. approximately three million karri fatifoTia wats. ) was susceptible to (Eucaigptus diversicoTor F. Muell. ) applications of pre-emergent herbicides, seedlings annually. with the exception of chlorthal. chloramben (5.6 kg.ha-' a.i.) and In both nurseries weed control measures nitrofen (5.o k9.ha-' a.i. ) showed are necessaly. The vreed species, if left potential for use as post-energent untreated, compete with the tree herbicides with Douglas fir (PseudotseuEra seedlings for noisture, nutrients and nenziesii (Mirbel) Franco) r whilst growing space (swarbrick, 1976), and this nitrofen vras the only post-energent can cause reduced growth, lack of vigour herbicide amongst those tested that did and death. It is also more difficult to not affect lodgepole pine seedli.ngs tift the seedlings in preparation for adversely. t,lqrrLrrrv vu !. The residual effects of herbicides Different herbicides are effective in could determine their future use in controlling different types of weeds. forest nurseries ' However, irrigation crop plant tolerance of the various and cultivation before and after crop herbicides also varies considerably. removal increase the activity of soil micro-organ i sms, the most inportant In the hardwood nursery, linuron (o'7 deactivating agents for herbicides, by kg.ha-l active ingredient, a.i.) is increasing soil moisture and aeration be currently used as a Pre-energent herbicide (Swain, 1970) . They could therefore and no post-emergent herbicide is applied. useful in minimizing the residual In the softwood nursery, propazine (1.1 effect of herbicides. kg.ha-l a.i.) j.s used as a pre-energent herbicide and nitrofen (9'o k9'ha-r a.i. ) The trials reported here exarnined the as a posl-emergent herbicide. (Simazine weed control properties and the effect on vras formerly used as a pre-emergent tree seedlings of a wide range of pre- herbicide in the softwood nursery but. its and post-emergent herbicides. Many had not use has been discontinued. Its long been used before in Western Australian residual life in the soil (swain, 197o) forest nurseries. Recomnendationsfor has been detrimental- to pines, and the future prescriptions are presented. weed population now consists of sPecies that tolerate it. ) In both nurseries the I. SOFTWOOD NURSERY pre-emergent herbicides are appl ied irunediately after seeding. METHOD Many researchers have studied the Tria1 plots were 30 n long and 1.2 rn effects of herbicides in both softwood wide (the normal h'idth of a nursery bed). and hardvroodforest nurseries with the Each contained six rows of P. -radiata aim of clarifying crop plant and weed seedlings. responses so that effective herbicide regirnes can be prescribed. The pre-emergent herbicides tested in the softwood nursery were nitrofen "Tok Kurth and Van Dorsser (1969)' for (trade name E-25") 'diphenamid example. studying three pre-emergent ("Enide 50") and propazine ("Gesarnil"). herbicides, found that propazine and The post-emergent herbicides tested vJere chlorthal were effective for use with nitrofen. gllptlosate ("Round-up") and a P. radiata, and that the tree seedlings mixture of terbuthylazine and terbumeton "Caragard" could tolerate very high aPplication rates ( ) . The herbicides were aPPlied with a the necessity for a great number of logarithmic sprayer (Fig. f) . This replications. machine applies a continually decreasrng amount of herbicide across a plot so that a wide range of application rates can be The logarithmic sprayer aPPl ied tested. Using a known initial application 138 1.ha-l of herbicide per plot through "T rate, the effective application rate at jel' nozzLes, ab a travelling speed of any place within the ptot can then be 60 m.rnin-r. The travelling speed was calcutated. The logarithmic sprayer wag tirned by pacing one-metre steps along a used in these trials because it obviates marked tape, to a one-second pulse. !'IGUREI: The logarithnic sprayer used to apply a consistently decreasing amount of herbicide across the trial plots TABLE I Application rates (kg.ha-r a.i.; of herbicides applied to softwood nursery plots Eerbi.cide I a.1. Initial rate Final rate Nitrofen 25 lo. 9t 1.90 Pre- Dj.phenamid 50 IO.26 1.30 ernergent Propaz ine 50 3.73 o.09 Nitrofen 25 r6.78 2.I8 Post- Glyphosate 36 o.67 o.09 emergent Ter bu thyla z i ne- 50 3.73 o.o9 terbuneton There were two replications for each application rates rnere highest, the pre-emergent herbicide and one replicati.on distance to where each vreed species was no for each post-emergent herbicide. Table 1 longer controlled was measured. This t1'as shows the initial and final application generally taken as the point at which rates across the plot for each herbicide. cornpetition became adverse to the pines. Some preliminary screening h?as carried out The application rate of the herbicide at to determine the most likely range of this point was then calculated for each effective application rates for each weed species. herbicide. There were no control plots because sorne degree of weed suppression is Since none of the herbicides damaged considered necessary. the pine seedlings, no assessment of the seedlings was undertaken. The pre-emergent herbicides were RESULTS applied when the pine seed was solrn in mid- october, nine nonths prior to planting out Table 2 shows the conparative the seedlings, The post-emergent effectiveness of pre- and post-emergent herbicides were applied 55 days after herbicides, indicating for each the sowing, when germination of the pine application rate at lrhich weed control seedlings was completed. was effective without damage to the pine seedlings. Also included is a cost per Effectiveness was assessed lol days hectare (chenicals only) for spraying at after appLication for the pre-emergent these rates in 1979. herbicides and 52 days after application for the post-emergents, From the Nitrofen and propazine were the two initiation point of each p1ot, where most successful pre-emergent herbicides. TABLE 2 Effective rates of application, cost and effectiveness ln controlling weeds for pre- and posL-energent herbicides in the softwood nurserv tri.a1 Initial Effective Cost,/ha Weeds not Herbicide r ate 1979 controlled .i\ 1kg.ha-l a. (k9.ba-' a. i, ) ($ Aust ' ) Nitrofen 10.91 3.86 96.95 1*. 8, tt, t2 Pre- Diphenanid IO.26 4.46 118. 13 I, 4, 5, 8, TL, ernergent L2 3.73 o. 09 Ir IIr IJ Ni trofen 16,78 10.50 264.20 6t 7,8,9, lo LL uryPrru>q Ls o,61 o.24 L2.25 6, 7, 8, 9, emergent Terbuthylazine- 3.73 1,86 22.20 2 te rbumeton *Key to weed sPecies l. Cgnodon dactg fon 6. Anagallis arvensis IL. Echinochloa crusgaLfi 'l 2. ConvoTvuJus arvensis . Rumex aceXoseLla !2. Trifoliun subterraneun 3. Arctotheca caTendufa B. Sonchus ofexaceus rJ. utgtLdLt4 >allvutt!4ttr ., . cQ'l.lttulu 11!9L atu 9. Lotus nanot 5. ?TichocJ-ine spathuTatun lo. conzga bonatiensis Neitber affected the gernination and and each contained six rows of growth of pine seedlings, even at their E. divers icoJ-or seedlings. highest rates of application. While propazine is nuch cheaper to apply for The pre-emergent herbicides tested satisfactory weed control, it was not were nitrofen ("Tok E-25"), diphenanid effective in controlling EchinochLoa ("Enide 50"). propazine ("Gesamil") and crusgaffi, Cqnodon dacxgTon and Digjtatja chlorthal ("Dacthal") . They \aere applied sanguinalis, a1I sunmer-growing grass at the time of sowing in January (mid- species. Nitrofen, however, was capable sumner). The post-emergent herbicides used of effectively controlling D. sanguina-Lis, were nitrofen' glyphosate ("Round-up"), a and gave linited control over the other mixture of terbuthylazine and lerbuneton spec]'es. ("Caragard"), and nonosodium methylarsonate (MSI4A) ("Daconate 8"). They were applied Of the post-emergent herbicides ' 30 days after the pre-energent herbicides, terbu thylaz ine -terbume ton and nj.trofen lvhen the kalri seedlings vrere at the six- proved to be the nost effective. leaf stage (approximately 5 cm tall) r this Glyphosate was not totally effective is because eucalypts are more prone than (Swarbrick, within the range of applications tested, pine seedlings 1976) to but to increase the application rate damageby the herbicides used in this would probably result in damage to the trial, lthich are laf,gely for the control pine seedlings (increased application rates of broad-leaved weed species. f glyphosate had been observed to danage P.
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