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Feasibility of Diverting and Detaining Flood Water and Urban Storm Runoff, and the Enhancement of Natural Recharge

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Feasibility of Diverting and Detaining Flood and Urban Storm Runoff and the Enhancement of Ground Water Recharge in the Tucson Area, Pima County, Arizona (Phase I Draft) Authors Water Resources Research Center Publisher Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Download date 09/10/2021 23:23:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/314310 Phase I Draft FEASIBILITY OF DIVERTING AND DETAINING FLOOD WATER AND URBAN STORM RUNOFF, AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF NATURAL RECHARGE. Water Resources Research Center College of Earth Sciences University of Arizona FEASIBILITY OF DIVERTING AND DETAINING FLOOD AND URBAN STORM RUNOFF AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE IN THE TUCSON AREA PIMA COUNTY ARIZONA DRAFT THE WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER COLLEGE OF EARTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON, ARIZONA 85721 MAY 1980 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prepared for United States Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District Tucson Urban Study Regional Flood Control Element by The University of Arizona College of Earth Sciences Water Resources Research Center in cooperation with College of Agriculture Investigators: Professor Sol D. Resnick, Director, WRRC Dr. K. James DeCook, Hydrologist, WRRC Dr. L. G. Wilson, Hydrologist, WRRC in cooperation with: Mr. J. E. Posedly, Department of Soils, Water and Engineering, College of Agriculture Project Coordinator: Jonathon C. Goldman Contributors: Editors: John E. Stufflebean K. James DeCook Dale A. Altshul Sol D. Resnick John B. Price Jonathon C. Goldman Jonathon C. Goldman Sol D. Resnick Staff: Graphics: L. Donald R. Brokaw J. Newhouse A. Troutner S. Schuster N. Svacha i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PHASE I FEASIBILITY OF DIVERTING AND DETAINING FLOOD WATER AND URBAN STORM RUNOFF, AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF NATURAL RECHARGE Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii INTRODUCTION 1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1 HOW TO USE THIS REPORT 1 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 2 DIVERSION AND DETENTION 4 PRECIPITATION 5 RAINFALL - RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS 38 RUNOFF 77 METHODS OF DIVERSION AND DETENTION 113 CHANNEL HYDRAULICS 115 CHANNEL MODIFICATIONS 116 Historic 116 Present and Planned 117 EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION 124 QUALITY (DIVERSION AND DETENTION) 127 QUALITY (GROUND WATER RECHARGE) 137 RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT 141 INTRODUCTION 141 METHODS 142 Spreading - Basins /Pits 142 iii Page Factors that Affect Basins and Pits 143 Design and Operation of Basins and Pits 146 Examples of Basins and Pits 151 Wells /Shafts 153 Factors that Affect Wells and Shafts 158 Design and Operation of Wells and Shafts 164 Augmenting Streambed Infiltration 168 Factors that Affect Streambed Infiltration 168 Design and Operation of Streambed Infiltration Enhancement 170 TECHNICAL INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS /COLLECTION TECHNIQUES 170 Infiltration 170 Percolation 173 Storage 175 Recovery 177 DATA AVAILABLE 178 Infiltration 178 Recharge 187 Hydrogeologic Conditions 191 Subsidence 205 SOURCES AND USE 207 CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT 208 History 208 The Plan at Present 209 Quality of Delivered CAP Waters 214 Delivery Sites 214 Summary 215 BENEFICIAL USE 215 Legal Definition 215 Uses 220 Reduction of Flood Damage 220 Flood Damage Reduction by Diversion, Detention and Recharge of Storm Runoff 221 Municipal and Domestic Uses 223 iv Page Mining and Industrial Uses 232 Agriculture 239 Summary 247 Recreational Use 242 Summary 247 Other Benefits 248 Exchanges 248 LAND USE INVENTORY AND PROJECTIONS 250 NATURAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM LAND USE 251 LAND USE PROJECTIONS 253 REFERENCES CITED 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY 268 APPENDICES 275 APPENDIX A - 276 APPENDIX B 299 APPENDIX C 303 APPENDIX D 347 APPENDIX E 358 APPENDIX Z 389 APPENDIX K 400 APPENDIX X 403 APPENDIX Y 405 v TABLES Number Title Source LA Normals, Means & Extremes National Weather Service 2A Duration array - return periods Reich, 1978 3A Coefficients - Atterbury Fogel, 1969 4A Hydrologic effects - Urbanization Savini & Kammerer, 1961 5A Description, Curve numbers, Coefficients - Kao et al., 1973 Urban Watersheds 6A Mean rainfall - runoff Modified SCS Boyer & DeCook, 1975 7A Events - Tucson Area Arai et al., 1977 8A Storms and Runoff High school WS Diskin & Resnick, 1976 9A Storms and Runoff Arcadia WS Diskin & Resnick, 1976 10A Statistical parameters High school WS Diskin & Resnick, 1976 11A Statistical parameters Arcadia JJS 12A Relationships between Variables High School WS 13A Relationships between Variables Arcadia WS 14A Rainfall - Runoff data Tucson Arroyo WS Foerster, 1972 15A Rainfall - Runoff data Atterbury WS 16A Distrubution of annual Streamflow Condes de la Torre, 1970 17A Monthly flood peaks above base IV II II II 18A Variablility of peak discharge II II II II 19A Flood Volumes it II II 20A Historic peak flows U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1975 21A Peak flows - IR & SPF " 1973 22A Average Velocities of flow II 1975 & 1973 23A Rates of Rise and Duration n y n n 1975 & 1973 24A 5 Highest peak flows by year - High School Diskin & Resnick, 1976 WS 25A 5 Highest peak flows by year - Arcadia WS 26A Peak flows by frequency - High School and - Arcadia Watersheds 27A Urban Runoff Pima Ass'n. of Governments, 1977 28A Annual Runoff - Urban & Semi -Urban vi TABLES (cont.) Number Title Source 100 Range and Mean of Chemical Constituents Laney, 1972 110 Water and Suspended Sediment discharges Laney, 1972 RECHARGE ENHANCEMENT 1B Tucson Basin Inflow, outflow, Infiltration. Burkham, 1970 2B Tucson Basin Water Budget 3B Hydrogeologic Characteristics Fogg, 1978 10 CAP Water Allocation, Delivery Schedule - Bureau of Reclamation, 1979 and Priorities 20 Consumptive uses and demand Quality - (Summary) Quantity - v. 30 Treated Water Quality Standards & Goals Bóz`et,1974 40 Ground Water Quality - Upper Santa Cruz Pima Association of Governments, Groundwater Basin 1979 50 Industrial Water Consumptive Use Projections 1978 60 Industrial Water Quality Demands Federal Water Pollution Control Admin., 1968 70 Projected and Total Irrigation Consumption Pima Association of Governments, 1978 80 Herbicide Levels for Irrigation Waters Federal Water Pollution Control Admin., 1968 90 Effluent Quality Gudelines for Various Uses RGA Consulting Engineers, 1979 100 Summary of generalized Land use in Eastern City of Tucson et al., 1975 Pima County vii FIGURES Number Title Source Fig. 100 Location of Study Area WRRC I, lA Precip. and Temperature Summaries National Weather Service 2A Precipitation monthly (WRRC, 1979) 3A Total Precipitation 1976 Wood, NWS 4A Total Precipitation 1977 Wood, NWS 5A Total Precipitation 1978 Wood, NWS u 6A Total Precipitation 1979 Wood, NWS " 7A Precipitation vs. Altitude Condes de la Torre, 1970 8A Atterbury, Experimental Watershed Boyer & DeCook, 1975 9A Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (Renard & Kepple.) " 10A Isohyetal map Storm of Aug. 20, 1956, Woolhiser & Atterbury Schwalen, 1960 " 11A Frequency of magnitude of storm centers Woolhiser & Schwalen, 1960 12A Storm Center, Area -Depth Relations Woolhiser & Schwalen, 1960 " 13A Isohyetal map Storm of July 16, 1975 Boyer & DeCook Atterbury 1975 " 14A Depth of Rainfall - Recurrence Fogel & Duckstein, 1969 " 15A Occurrences - Depth Osborn et al., 1972 " 16A 2 yr. - 6 hr. Precipitation Zeller, 1977 " 17A 2 yr. - 24 hr. precipitation Zeller, 1977 viii FIGURES Number Title Source Figure 100 Location of Study Area WRRC " IA Precipitation & Temperature Summaries National Weather Service ft 2A Precipitation monthly (WRRC, 1979) 3A Total Precipitation, 1976 Wood, NWS 4A Total Precipitation 1977 Wood, NWS 5A Total Precipitation 1978 Wood, NWS 6A Total Precipitation, 1979 Wood, NWS If 7A Precipitation vs. Altitude Condes de la Torre, 1970 It 8A Atterbury Experimental Watershed Boyer & DeCook, 1975 " 9A Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed Renard & Kepple) l0A Isohyetal map; storm of 8/20/56, Atterbury Woolhiser & Schwalen, 1960 11A Frequency of magnitude of Storm Centers Woolhiser & Schwalen, 1960 " 12A Storm Center, Area -Depth Relations Woolhiser & Schwalen, 1960 " 13A Isohyetal map; storm of 7/16/75, Atterbury Boyer & DeCook, 1975 tt 14A Depth of Rainfall - Recurrence Fogel & Duckstein, 1969 it 15A Occurrences - Depth Osborn et al., 1972 it 16A 2 yr. - 6 hr. precipitation Zeller, 1977 17A 2 yr. - 24 hr. " 18A 5 yr. - 6 hr. it " If tt 19A 5 yr. - 24 hr. " 20A 10 yr. - 6 hr. " 21A 10 yr. - 24 hr. It 22A 25 yr. - 6 hr. t, 23A 25 yr. - 6 hr. t, If 24A 50 yr. - 6 hr. " 25A 50 yr. - 6 hr. If It 26A 100 yr. - 6 hr. " 27A 100 yr. - 24 hr. 28A Area - Depth Curves N WS, 1961 29A Point -Area Conversions; 30- minute Osborn, Lane & Meyers, 1979 30A Point -Area Conversions ;60 -minute 31A Point -Area Conversions; 2 -hr. " ix FIGURES - Cont'd Number Title Source Figure 32A Point -Area Conversion; 6 -hr. Osborn, Lane & Meyers, 1979 tt tt " 33A Fraction of Watershed Area 34A Intensity - Duration of Flow Reich, 1978 It 35A Peak discharge - Recurrence)Walnut Gulch Osborn & Laursen, 1973 It " 36A Peak discharge vs. Drainage Area It 37A Urban Hydrology - Experimental Watersheds Kao et al., 1973 38A Rainfall - Runoff small watersheds tt tt 39A Urbanization effect on curve number t tt 40A Volume - peak relationships tt tt 41A Model -max series; rainfall - runoff Fogel et al., 1974 42A Impervious area - depth of runoff 43A Hydrograph - High School Watershed Arai et al., 1977- It It " 44A Hydrograph - Railroad Watershed tt It " 45A Hydrograph - Arcadia Watershed It tt " 46A Hydrograph - T -3 Watershed 47A Tucson Arroyo - Arroyo Chico Watershed 48A Channel losses; Santa Cruz River Condes de la Torre, 1970 49A Distribution of daily flows Sabino
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  • Surface Flow, Sediment Transport and Water Quality Connections in the Lower Santa Cruz River, Arizona

    Surface Flow, Sediment Transport and Water Quality Connections in the Lower Santa Cruz River, Arizona

    Surface Flow, Sediment Transport and Water Quality Connections in the Lower Santa Cruz River, Arizona Thomas Meixner, Associate Professor of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona Eylon Shamir, Research Hydrologist, Hydrologic Research Center, San Diego Jennifer Duan, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Arizona Report Prepared for U.S. EPA Region IX October 2009 1 Executive Summary The nature of hydrologic connections and their impact on water quality conditions in rivers is of ecological, hydrologic and biogeochemical importance. In this report, the nature of hydrologic connections and water quality impacts between the Upper Santa Cruz River basin, the Lower Santa Cruz River, and the Gila River are investigated. First a discussion of the important processes active in arid and semi-arid rivers is provided, emphasizing the nature of sediment and particulate transport and the opportunity for the channel network to provide an ecosystem service in the way of contaminant and nutrient removal. Following this, an analysis is conducted of the historical nature of hydrologic connections within the Lower Santa Cruz River system. The result of this analysis shows that existing infrastructure and actions of decision-making organizations recognize that the Upper and Lower Santa Cruz rivers are hydrologically connected. Next the nature of this hydrologic connection between the USGS gages at Cortaro and Laveen is analyzed through specific events, hydrologic response, and statistically. This analysis shows that large flows at Cortaro take approximately two days to propagate through the Santa Cruz River channel to Laveen. The statistical analysis shows that large flows at Cortaro lead to the largest flows observed during the period of record at Laveen and that these hydrologic connections of import occur approximately on an annual to bi-annual basis.