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The General History of Africa: Studies and Documents' The genera] history of Africa: studies and documents 10 In this series: 1. The peopling of ancient Egypt and the deciphering of Meroitic script 2. The African slave trade from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century 3. Historical relations across the Indian Ocean 4. The historiography of southern Africa 5. The decolonization of Africa: southern Africa and the Horn of Africa 6. African ethnonyms and toponyms 7. Historical and socio-cultural relations between Black Africa and the Arab world frornl935 to the present 8. The methodology of contemporary African history 9. The educational process and historiography in Africa 10. Africa and the Second World War Africa and the Second World War Report and papers of the symposium organized by Unesco at Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, from 10 to 13 November 1980 Unesco Published in 1985 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7 place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris Printed by Imprimerie des Presses Universitaires de France, Vendôme ISBN 92-3-102324-1 French edition: 92-3-202324-5 © Unesco 1985 Printed in France Preface In 1964 the General Conference of Unesco, as part of the Organization's effort to further the mutual understanding of peoples and nations, authorized the Director-General to take the necessary measures for the preparation and publication of a General History of Africa. Scientific colloquia and symposia on related themes were organized as part of the preparatory work. The papers prepared for discussion and the exchanges of views on a wide variety of subjects at these meetings have provided valuable historical material, which Unesco decided to make known as widely as possible by publishing it in a series entitled 'The General History of Africa: Studies and Documents'. The present book, the tenth in this series, contains the papers presented and a report on the discussions that followed at the symposium held in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, from 10 to 13 November 1980, concerning Africa and the Second World War. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book, and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of Unesco and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Unesco concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contents Introduction 9 Africa and the legacy of the Second World War: political, economic and cultural aspects, Ali A. Mazrui 13 North Africa and the Second World War, Idris S. El-Hareir 27 Developments in North Africa during the Second World War, C.-R. Ageron 37 Black Africa and Germany during the Second World War, A. KurrCa Ndumbe III 51 The Horn of Africa and eastern Africa in the World War decade (1935-45), N. Ayele 11 The Horn of Africa in a decade of world conflicts (1935-45), A. Eshete 91 South Africa and the Second World War, B. Davidson 107 The Second World War in Volume VIII of the General History of Africa, J. J. Milewski 123 Report of the symposium on Africa and the Second World War, including Annex I: Guidance Note 133 Introduction Unesco has undertaken the task of preparing a General History of Africa. The first volumes published have already begun to change long-established meth­ odological approaches to the study of the history of the African continent. By its very nature, scale and scientific character, the General History of Africa project will undoubtedly further the African peoples' quest to define and assert their cultural identity. Indeed, it will portray the African view of the world from within and demonstrate the unique character of the values and civiliz­ ations of the peoples of the continent as a whole. The project was launched in 1965. The first five years were devoted to making a critical survey of the documentary sources, culminating in the publication of the series entitled 'Guide to the Sources of the History of Africa', which includes the following volumes: 1. Federal Republic of Germany (1970). 2. Spain (1971). 3. France I: Sources Conserved in the Archives (1971). 4. France II: Sources Conserved in the Libraries (1976). 5. Italy I (1973). 6. Italy 7/(1974). 7. The Holy See (1983). 8. Scandinavia: Sources in Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1971). 9. The Netherlands (1978). 10. The United States of America (1977). 11. Great Britain and Ireland (1971). The following guides are in preparation: Portugal, India. The first eight volumes were published by the Inter Documentation Company AG of Zug (Switzerland); Volume 9 was published by KG Saur Verlag KG Tostfach of Munich, and Volume 10 by the African Studies Association of Waltham, Massachusetts. The work is being supervised by an International Scientific Committee with thirty-nine members, who represent all the major geocultural areas. The Committee decided to divide the General History of Africa into eight volumes, each of which consists of thirty chapters, covering African history from 10 Introduction prehistoric times to the present day. It may be viewed, among other things, as a statement of problems concerning the present state of knowledge and the major trends in research. In addition, it highlights divergencies of doctrine and opinion where these exist. Each volume deals with a particular period and examines the evolution of ideas and civilizations, societies and institutions during that time. While aiming at the highest possible scientific level, the history does not seek to be exhaustive, but rather a work of synthesis which avoids dogmatism. It applies to African history the methods and techniques of a broad spectrum of disciplines, including linguistics, anthropology, archaeology, oral traditions, history of religions, arts, musicology, sociology, law and the natural sciences. Three volumes—Volume I {Methodology and African Prehistory), Volume II {Ancient Civilizations of Africa) and Volume IV {Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century)—were published in 1980 (French), 1981 (English) and 1984 (English). The Arabic version of Volume I was published in 1983 and the Arabic texts of Volume II and IV are now being prepared for publication. The other volumes will be issued as follows: Volume III: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (1985/86) Volume V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (1985/86) Volume VI: The Nineteenth Century until the 1880s (1985/86) Volume VII: Africa under Colonial Domination (1985) Volume VIII: Africa from 1935 (1986/87) Although the volumes are numbered in historical sequence, the order of their publication depends upon the completion by the authors involved. The entire history is being issued first in English, French and Arabic. Translations into Italian, Spanish and Portuguese of volumes already published are under way, and other translations into European or Asian languages are planned, since one of the primary objectives of the General History of Africa project is to inform the broadest possible public about the cultures and civiliz­ ations of the peoples of Africa. This goal, in turn, is part of Unesco's mandate to encourage and develop communication among the peoples of the world through a better understanding of one another's cultures. Abridged versions of the General History of Africa are now being prepared and will be published in Kiswahili and Hausa, and also in other African languages. An edition in the form of cartoon strips based on the abridged versions is also planned, as well as audio-cassette versions in African languages. Scientific colloquia and symposia have been organized in order to make available to the authors as much documentary material as possible and to take stock of the most recent research on the subjects to be covered in each volume. The papers prepared for discussion at these meeting are published in English, French and other languages in the series 'The General History of Africa: Studies and Documents'. Introduction 11 The following volumes have already been published: 1. The Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering ofMeroitic Script. 2. The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. 3. Historical Relations across the Indian Ocean. 4. The Historiography of Southern Africa. 5. The Decolonization of Africa: Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa. 6. African Ethnonyms and Toponyms. 7. Historical and Socio-cultural Relations between Black Africa and the Arab World from 1935 to the Present. 8. The Methodology of Contemporary African History. Volume 9, entitled The Educational Process and Historiography in Africa, is in press. The present volume, the tenth in this series, contains the papers presented at a meeting on 'Africa and the Second World War', together with a report on the discussions that followed. The meeting, which was held from 10 to 13 November 1980 in Benghazi (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), was organized by Unesco in connection with the preparation of Volume VIII of the General History of Africa (Africa from 1935). These papers examine Africa and the legacy of the Second World War by looking at the political, economic and cultural aspects; the impact of the war on North Africa; German attitudes and policy towards Black Africa during the war; the role of the Horn of Africa and Eastern Africa; and the Union of South Africa and the war. Africa and the legacy of the Second World War: political, economic and cultural aspects Ali A. Mazrui The Second World War was an important divide in Africa's history. There is widespread consensus that the war contributed towards Africa's political liberation. But what about economically? Did the war tighten the shackles of dependency or loosen them? Did it lay the foundations of economic self- reliance or prepare the way for greater external capitalist control of African economies? What about the cultural impact of the war? How relevant was the legacy of the Second World War for subsequent cultural relations between Africa and the Western world? Finally, there are the military implications of the war.
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