DOCSLIB.ORG

Temporal Dynamics of Escherichia Coli and the Microbiome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Temporal Dynamics of Escherichia Coli and the Microbiome TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND THE MICROBIOME by Jonathan Nathan Vernon Martinson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2020 ©COPYRIGHT by Jonathan Nathan Vernon Martinson 2020 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my partner (Kristin) and to my family: my dad (Goodwin), my mom (Joanne), and my brothers Philip and Vince for their constant support and encouragement. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Seth Walk is a tremendous scientist and mentor. The environment he created in the laboratory allowed me to grow as a scientist and as a human. I thank Seth for allowing me to develop and drive a new project within the laboratory and providing me with guidance along the way. I’m always surprised by Seth’s depth of knowledge and his ability to reframe problems as opportunities. The members of the Walk lab have made research very enjoyable. Thank you to Susan Broadaway for providing encouragement and a meticulously organized laboratory. I thank Mike Coryell, Brittany Jenkins, Qian Wang, Mark McAlpine, Ben Deuling, Josh Matts, Jinxing Li, and Genevieve Coe, for the conversation and comradery. Thank you to the host of undergraduates that assisted me in data collection – especially, Garrett Peters. Thank you to Nick Pinkham for assisting me with bioinformatics and invaluable coffee breaks. Next, I would like to thank my dissertation committee: Michael Franklin, Blake Wiedenheft, and James Wilking for providing feedback and advice throughout my PhD. Much thanks to the Kopriva and Murdock foundation for providing me with resources to pursue my research. I would like to thank my friends and fellow graduate students within the Microbiology and Immunology department (you know who you are). Finally, I would like to thank the participants that provided their time (and stool) to my project. This work would not be possible without their generosity. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ESCHERICHIA COLI RESIDENCY IN THE GUT OF HEALTHY HUMAN ADULTS ..............................................................................................................................1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................4 Temporal E. coli Dynamics in the Pre-PCR Era ..............................................................6 Temporal E. coli Dynamics in the PCR Era ..................................................................13 Theoretical Considerations and Mechanisms for Clonal Turnover ...............................21 Nutrient Competition .............................................................................................22 Competition for Physical Space .............................................................................25 Direct Damage and/or Killing of Competitors.......................................................29 Bacteriocins................................................................................................30 Phages ........................................................................................................30 Response (or the Lack of) to Cellular Stress .........................................................35 Conclusions and Future Directions ...............................................................................36 Needed Areas of Research .....................................................................................37 References Cited ............................................................................................................39 2. RETHINKING GUT MICROBIOME RESIDENCY AND THE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE IN HEALTHY HUMAN ADULTS ......................................49 Abstract .........................................................................................................................52 Introduction ...................................................................................................................52 Methods .........................................................................................................................53 Sample Collection and Processing .........................................................................53 Sampling and Characterization of Resident Clones...............................................53 16S rRNA Sequencing and Analysis .....................................................................53 Results ...........................................................................................................................54 Study Participants and Stool Samples....................................................................54 16S rRNA Sequencing Reveals Similar Microbiomes Within Participants Over Time ......................................................................................54 OUT/ASV Residency Varies Significantly ...........................................................55 Culture-Based Evaluation of Enterobacteriaceae in the Healthy Human Adult Gut ..............................................................................................58 Enterobacteriaceae Residency ..............................................................................58 16S rRNA Sequencing Is Not Diagnostic for Enterobacteriaceae or Escherichia/Shigella .....................................................................................58 Discussion .....................................................................................................................60 References Cited ............................................................................................................62 Supplemental Figures and Tables ..................................................................................64 v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED 3. PHENOTYPIC PREDICTORS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI RESIDENCY IN THE GUT OF HEALTHY HUMAN ADULTS ..........................................................81 Abstract .........................................................................................................................83 Introduction ...................................................................................................................84 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................86 Direct Competition Assay ......................................................................................87 Cellulose Production ..............................................................................................89 Catalase Activity ....................................................................................................89 Antibiotic Resistance .............................................................................................90 Results ...........................................................................................................................90 Cellulose Production is Not Significantly Different Among Residents and Transients ...................................................................................90 Antibiotic Resistance Among Residents and Transients Does Not Differ ..........................................................................................................91 Direct Competition in the Gut Sometimes Predicts Turnover Events ...................92 Direct Competition Predicts Residency Time........................................................92 Engraftment of Probiotics and Pathogen Colonization Resistance ........................94 Discussion .....................................................................................................................94 References Cited ............................................................................................................97 Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................100 Legends ................................................................................................................100 Figures..................................................................................................................101 Tables ...................................................................................................................106 4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE STUDIES ..............................................................107 Conclusions .................................................................................................................107 Future Directions .........................................................................................................109 References Cited ..........................................................................................................110 CUMULATIVE REFERENCES CITED ........................................................................111 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................126 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Summary of samples, sampling days, number of OTUs and residence time according to operationally defined estimates of time ..................55 S2.1 Summary of non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae characterization and identification by API 20E biochemical profiling ..........................................78
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
    Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Volume 431 Series Editors Rafi Ahmed School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Shizuo Akira Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan Klaus Aktories Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Arturo Casadevall W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Richard W. Compans Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Jorge E. Galan Boyer Ctr. for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Adolfo Garcia-Sastre Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Bernard Malissen Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Centre d‘Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France Rino Rappuoli GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy The review series Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology provides a synthesis of the latest research findings in the areas of molecular immunology, bacteriology and virology. Each timely volume contains a wealth of information on the featured subject. This review series is designed to provide access to up-to-date, often previously unpublished information. 2019 Impact Factor: 3.095., 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.895 2019 Eigenfaktor Score: 0.00081, Article Influence Score: 1.363 2019 Cite Score: 6.0, SNIP: 1.023, h5-Index: 43 More
    [Show full text]
  • Systemic Infection Induced by Campylobacter Jejuni: Development of a Mouse Model and Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms Samantha Terhorst Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 Systemic infection induced by Campylobacter jejuni: Development of a mouse model and elucidation of molecular mechanisms Samantha Terhorst Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Terhorst, Samantha, "Systemic infection induced by Campylobacter jejuni: Development of a mouse model and elucidation of molecular mechanisms" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12653. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12653 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systemic infection induced by Campylobacter jejuni: Development of a mouse model and elucidation of molecular mechanisms by Samantha Ashley Terhorst A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Toxicology Program of Study Committee: Qijing Zhang, Major Professor Byron Brehm-Stecher Paul Plummer Orhan Sahin Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Samantha Ashley Terhorst, 2012. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Family of Sonja Escherich-Eisenmenger-Weber
    A Brief History of the family of Sonja Escherich-Eisenmenger-Weber © Copyright 1990 Ernst Weber, Tryon, North Carolina Part I Pfaundlers, Oetz and Piburg Part II Theodor Eseherich and Child Care in Vienna Part III Sonya Escherich-Eisenmenger, 1895 until 1936 Privately Printed By M.A. DESIGNS Tryon, NC An Introduction to Sonya & Ernst Weber An address by James M. Flack (son-in-law of Sonya Weber) at the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C. Tuesday, October 14, 1975 on the occasion of the establishment of the Sonya & Ernst Weber Scholarship Fund. Dr. Bugliarello, Friends, Associates and Family of Sonya and Ernst Weber. It is my honor and privilege to speak on behalf of the dose members of the Weber family. Dr. Bugliarello, we are grateful to you and to Polytechnic for establishing the Sonya and Ernst Weber Scholarship Fund. The criterion for the awards - based on excellence and regardless of need is most appropriate. This is consonant with the lives of the Webers. They have searched for the good - for things of real value. And when things of value were discovered, they were able to recognize, cherish, nurture and reward them to assure their continuity and growth. Sonya and Ernst Weber are well known - both nationally and internationally, each in her and his own field. They have each been showered with honors for their achievements and contributions to a better way of life in our time and for the future to come - Ernst in the field of science as a physicist, engineer, educator and administrator; Sonya also in the field of science as a doctor of physical medicine and physical fitness.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 2, September 2011
    Quarterly Newsletter of the Belgian Society for Microbiology Issue no. 2, September 2011 Contents Welcome by the president of BSM Page 1 As indicated in the program, the morning session Membership Page 2 consists of 4 plenary lectures, while in the News from FEMS Page 2 afternoon 2 parallel sessions (bacteriology, BSM Symposium 2011 Page 3 virology) are programmed with time reserved for Theodor Escherich Page 5 short oral communications from selected Report on MRM Symposium Page 7 abstracts. PhD Corner Page 9 Call for contributions Page 10 Besides this, there will be also ample time to Composition of the BSM board Page 10 discuss during the posters session. As such this meeting is also meant as an opportunity to meet microbiology colleagues and to exchange ideas. More details of the symposium, and how to Welcome register, you will find on p 3. Concomitantly with the start of the new academic year, we send you Issue 2 of the E-Newsletter of the We also started with a series of short overviews Belgian Society for Microbiology. Since the first E- on historical data in microbiology (see p 4), and Newsletter, the BSM board was further active in continue with the PhD corner, and report on FEMS several respects. sponsored activities. The BSM Board has further worked on finalizing the BSM was also for the first time host of the FEMS th program of the symposium (Brussels, 16th November Council meeting held in Leuven 16-17 2011), the yearly most important activity of BSM. September, which was attended by 37 delegates (22 different nationalities) representing different This year’s topic is “Live, death and survival of Micro- microbiological societies unified under the organisms” emphasizing that thanks to the umbrella of FEMS, which altogether represent continuous progress in microbiological sciences, more than 30000 European microbiologists (see strategies used by micro-organisms to live and http://www.fems-microbiology.org).
    [Show full text]
  • 5Th Theodor Escherich & 2Nd AMICI Joint Symposium
    5th Theodor Escherich & 2nd AMICI Joint Symposium 8th - 9th November 2018 Neuer Med Campus, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2 Medical University of Graz, Austria ABSTRACT BOOK If you do’t like iroes, you’re o the rog plaet (Stewart Brand, adapted) In behalf of the organizing committee of the 5th Theodor Escherich & 2nd AMICI Joint Symposium 2018 we cordially welcome you at the Medical University of Graz. We are very pleased with the high number of renowned national and international scientists oerig the topis iroioe ad aer, iroioe ad utritio, iroioe ad eiroet, egleted eers of the hua iroioe, iroiota odulatio ad the plat iroioe that hae aepted our iitatio to speak. We will have more than 200 guests from Austria and Europe, interested interdisciplinary microbiome research. The new Campus at the Medical University in Graz provides an excellent venue for this event, and we are convinced that the wonderful atmosphere in this building will support personal exchange and discussion amongst young researchers and PIs. We are particularly thankful for the fruitful interaction with the Austrian Microbiome Initiative AMICI, serving as an excellent networking platform for microbiome research – resulting in this joint adventure this year! We are extremely grateful for the generous support from our sponsors and industry partners. We are looking forward to a very fruitful meeting, The local organizing committee Gabriele Berg Gregor Christoph Robert Krause, Christine Moissl- TU Graz Gorkiewicz, MUG Högenauer, MUG MUG Eichinger, MUG www.medunigraz.at/microbiome Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen! Bakterien, Viren, Archaen, Parasiten und Pilze – unseren Körper teilen wir mit Billionen Bakterien, die Mundhöhle, Haut und Darm besiedeln.
    [Show full text]
  • Interplay of Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance and Epidemiology in Escherichia Coli Clinical Isolates
    Interplay of virulence, antibiotic resistance and epidemiology in Escherichia coli clinical isolates Elisabet Guiral Vilalta Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 4.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 4.0. Spain License. Facultat de Medicina Departament de Fonaments Clínics Programa de Doctorat de Medicina i Recerca Translacional “Interplay of virulence, antibiotic resistance and epidemiology in Escherichia coli clinical isolates” Doctoranda: Elisabet Guiral Vilalta Departament de Fonaments Clínics Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona‐ Universitat de Barcelona‐ Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Directors de tesi: Dr. Jordi Vila Estapé i Dra. Sara M. Soto González Departament de Fonaments Clínics Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona‐ Universitat de Barcelona‐ Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Barcelona, Setembre 2018 El Dr. JORDI VILA ESTAPÉ, Catedràtic del Departament de Fonaments Clínics de la Facultat de Medicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Cap del Servei de Microbiologia de l’Hospital Clínic de Barcelona i Research Professor i Director de la Iniciativa de Resistències Antimicrobianes de l’Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal) i la Dra. SARA M. SOTO GONZÁLEZ, Professora Associada del Departament de Fonaments Clínics de la Universitat de Barcelona i Associate Research Professor d’ ISGlobal, CERTIFIQUEN: Que el treball de recerca titulat “Interplay of virulence, antibiotic resistance and epidemiology in Escherichia coli clinical isolates”, presentat per ELISABET GUIRAL VILALTA, ha estat realitzat al Laboratori de Microbiologia de l’ISGlobal, dins les dependències de l’Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, sota la seva direcció i compleix tots els requisits necessaris per la seva tramitació i posterior defensa davant del Tribunal corresponent.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Mucosal Iga Immune Responses Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli
    pathogens Review Human Mucosal IgA Immune Responses against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Saman Riaz 1,2, Hans Steinsland 3,4 and Kurt Hanevik 1,5,* 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies veg 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] 2 Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway 3 Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] 4 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway 5 Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-5597-5000; Fax: +47-5597-2950 Received: 16 July 2020; Accepted: 24 August 2020; Published: 29 August 2020 Abstract: Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major contributor to diarrheal illness in children in low- and middle-income countries and travelers to these areas. There is an ongoing effort to develop vaccines against ETEC, and the most reliable immune correlate of protection against ETEC is considered to be the small intestinal secretory IgA response that targets ETEC-specific virulence factors. Since isolating IgA from small intestinal mucosa is technically and ethically challenging, requiring the use of invasive medical procedures, several other indirect methods are used as a proxy for gauging the small intestinal IgA responses. In this review, we summarize the literature reporting on anti-ETEC human IgA responses observed in blood, activated lymphocyte assayss, intestinal lavage/duodenal aspirates, and saliva from human volunteers being experimentally infected with ETEC.
    [Show full text]
  • Shiga Toxin Encoding Bacteriophages and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Escherichia Coli O157
    Shiga toxin encoding bacteriophages and horizontal gene transfer in Escherichia coli O157 Eby Mazini Sim A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2016 Certificate of Authorship/ Originality Certificate of Authorship/Originality I certify that the work presented in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree, nor has it been submitted as part of the requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the written preparation of the thesis, and all experimental work associated with it, has been carried out solely by me, unless otherwise indicated. Finally, I certify that all information sources and literature used are acknowledged in the text. ____________________________ Eby Mazini Sim i Acknowledgements Acknowledgements My journey as a PhD student, starting from The University of Queensland, Brisbane and the subsequent relocation to The University of Technology, Sydney, has been challenging, exciting and immensely rewarding. However, this thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance from a number of amazing people along the way. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my principal supervisor Dr. Nico Petty. Nico not only supervised the work presented in this thesis and provided feedback on this thesis, she also guided and encouraged me through these years. Her passion for research is truly inspiring. I would also like to acknowledge my co-supervisor Dr. Kari Gobius. In spite of his responsibilities at the CSIRO, Kari always made time to mentor me. Both of my supervisors contributed enormously to my development as a scientist and I couldn’t have asked for a better supervisory team for my PhD journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Genome Sequence of the Original Escherichia Coli Strain
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Dunne et al., Microbial Genomics 2017;3 DOI 10.1099/mgen.0.000106 Sequencing a piece of history: complete genome sequence of the original Escherichia coli strain Karl A. Dunne,1 Roy R. Chaudhuri,2 Amanda E. Rossiter,1 Irene Beriotto,1 Douglas F. Browning,1 Derrick Squire,1 Adam F. Cunningham,1 Jeffrey A. Cole,1 Nicholas Loman1 and Ian R. Henderson1,* Abstract In 1885, Theodor Escherich first described the Bacillus coli commune, which was subsequently renamed Escherichia coli. We report the complete genome sequence of this original strain (NCTC 86). The 5 144 392 bp circular chromosome encodes the genes for 4805 proteins, which include antigens, virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance factors and secretion systems, of a commensal organism from the pre-antibiotic era. It is located in the E. coli A subgroup and is closely related to E. coli K-12 MG1655. E. coli strain NCTC 86 and the non-pathogenic K-12, C, B and HS strains share a common backbone that is largely co-linear. The exception is a large 2 803 932 bp inversion that spans the replication terminus from gmhB to clpB. Comparison with E. coli K-12 reveals 41 regions of difference (577 351 bp) distributed across the chromosome. For example, and contrary to current dogma, E. coli NCTC 86 includes a nine gene sil locus that encodes a silver-resistance efflux pump acquired before the current widespread use of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, possibly resulting from the widespread use of silver utensils and currency in Germany in the 1800s.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmids 101
    Plasmids 101 A Desktop Resource Created and Compiled by Addgene www.addgene.org March 2017 (3rd Edition) Plasmids 101: A Desktop Resource (3rd Edition) INTRODUCTION TO PLASMIDS 101 By The Addgene Team | March, 2017 Any newcomer who joins a molecular biology lab will undoubtedly be asked to design, modify, or construct a plasmid. Although the newcomer likely knows that a plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA often found in bacterial cells, additional guidance may be required to understand the specific components that make up a plasmid and why each is important. Our mission with this eBook, Plasmids 101: A Desktop Resource, is to curate a onestop reference guide for plasmids. This resource is designed to educate all levels of scientists and plasmid lovers. It serves as an introduction to plasmids, allowing you to spend less time researching basic plasmid features and more time developing the clever experiments and innovative solutions necessary for advancing your field. ~ The Addgene Team addgene.org blog.addgene.org facebook.com/addgene twitter.com/addgene linkedin.com/company/addgene youtube.com/addgene blog.addgene.org/topic/podcast 2 | Page Table of Contents Plasmids 101: A Desktop Resource (3rd Edition) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Section 2 Introduction to Plasmids 101 7 Chapter 1: What is a Plasmid? 8 A Brief History of Plasmids 10 What is a Plasmid? 12 Antibiotic Resistance Genes 14 Common Antibiotics Table 15 Origin of Replication 18 The Promoter Region 25 Terminators and PolyA Signals 28 Methylation and Restriction Enzymes 31 Blue-White Screening 34 Common Lab E. coli Strains 39 E.
    [Show full text]
  • “Nature Is Inexorable and Immutable; She Never Transgresses the Laws Imposed Upon Her, Or Cares a Whit Whether Her Abstruse Re
    “Nature is inexorable and immutable; she never transgresses the laws imposed upon her, or cares a whit whether her abstruse reasons and methods of operation are understandable to men” Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) “As my father’s daughter, I felt I had a duty to get involved” Aung San Suu Kyi (1945 - ) University of Alberta Yolk Sac Infections in Broiler Chicks: Studies on Escherichia coli, Chick Acquired Immunity, and Barn Microbiology by Ana Milena Ulmer Franco A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science ©Ana Milena Ulmer Franco Fall 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. To God, the Almighty Father To my beloved husband Lance, for his unlimited support at all times To my Colombian and Canadian families, for believing in me Abstract The avian yolk sac is a well vascularised membrane that surrounds the yolk of an embryonated egg and functions as a placenta-like structure transferring yolk nutrients including maternal antibodies, to the embryo.
    [Show full text]
  • Building the Biofilm Matrix: Gene Regulation and Cell Organization
    Building the Biofilm Matrix: Gene Regulation and Cell Organization by Janet Elizabeth Price A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology) in The University of Michigan 2020 Doctoral Committee: Professor Matthew R. Chapman, Chair Professor Robert A. Bender Professor Philip C. Hanna Professor Ursula Jakob Professor Lyle A. Simmons Janet E. Price [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4385-9283 DEDICATION For Kyle, Pierce, and Elliot, who always were there to remind me there is life outside of lab. For my family. For Mika, my loudest and proudest cheerleader. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Progress in a PhD would not be possible without a dedicated community of friends and supporters. I have been fortunate to always have an ear to listen to all my ideas and a shoulder to cry on when experiments go awry. Through their actions I am able to complete this dissertation. To all that have been there for me over the years, a heartfelt thank you. To a few individuals instrumental in my success, I wish to acknowledge them individually. I could not have imagined a better mentor than Sir Dr. Professor Matt Chapman. Matt has an enthusiasm for science that can be felt after spending any amount of time with him. He welcomed me into his lab and pushed me to be a better scientist every day. Knowing that I didn’t plan to stay in academia, Matt went above and beyond to encourage me to seek out opportunities to grow in business and communication.
    [Show full text]