ENTO-084 08/18
Managing Insect and Mite Pests of Texas Small Grains
Ed Bynum Allen Knutson Blayne Reed John David Gonzales Associate Professor and Professor and Extension Extension Agent–Integrated Extension Agent–Integrated Extension Entomologist Specialist Pest Management Pest Management
The Texas A&M University System Contents Cultural Practices...... 3 Varietal selection ...... 3 Plant health ...... 3 Crop rotation ...... 3 Planting date ...... 4 Tillage ...... 4 Grazing Management...... 4 Biological Control...... 5 Insecticide use...... 5 Soil pests ...... 5 White grub ...... 7 True wireworm and false wireworm ...... 7 Imported fire ant ...... 8 Aboveground pests ...... 8 Army cutworm and other cutworms ...... 8 Fall armyworm ...... 8 True armyworm ...... 9 Wheat head armyworm ...... 9 Greenbug ...... 10 Russian wheat aphid ...... 11 Bird cherry-oat aphid ...... 13 English grain aphid ...... 13 Rice root aphid ...... 14 Winter grain mite ...... 14 Brown wheat mite ...... 14 Wheat curl mite ...... 14 Hessian fly ...... 15 Occasional pests ...... 17 Stinkbugs ...... 17 Beet armyworm ...... 17 Chinch bug and false chinch bug ...... 18 Grasshoppers ...... 18 Flea beetles ...... 18 Wheat stem maggot ...... 19 Pale western cutworm ...... 19 Leafhopper ...... 19 Policy statement for making pest management suggestions...... 19 Endangered species regulations...... 20 Worker Protection Standard...... 20 Quick reference guide for wheat pests with established thresholds...... 21 Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains..... 22 Foliar insecticides labeled for use on small grains...... 29 Photo credits...... 36
Acknowledgments Entomologists of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service assisted with the production of this publication. For more information, please contact your county Extension office. Cover photo by Melissa Askew on Unsplash Managing Insect and Mite Pests of Texas Small Grains
Integrated pest management (IPM) is the use of The practice of catching seed at harvest and multifaceted techniques that are the most economi- planting it the next season can result in the deterio- cal and ecologically sound to control insect and ration of seed quality, plant vigor, and plant resis- mite pests efficiently and effectively. IPM includes: tance. Wheat variety trials at multiple locations ■■ Cultural practices, such as crop rotation, over several years have identified the varieties that fertilization, and variety and planting date are best suited for local growing conditions. The selection varieties have been proven to maximize yield, qual- ■■ Biological control, including the use of pests’ ity, maturity, winter hardiness, and disease and natural enemies insect resistance in specific regions of Texas. ■■ Chemical control, aiming to use selected insecticides and rates judiciously to keep pest Plant health numbers below economically damaging levels Factors that affect a small grains plant will also The best pest-control strategy is prevention— affect the insects and mites that feed on it. The using good agronomic practices and cultural meth- healthier, larger, and more vigorously growing ods to keep the plants healthy. Apply insecticides the plant, the more pests it can tolerate without only when the pest population or plant damage significant loss. Thus, optimum planting date, soil reaches levels that can cause crop losses greater fertility, and irrigation will increase a crop’s pest than the cost of treatment. These levels are called tolerance. Research has demonstrated this increase the economic threshold or action level. for crops attacked by the bird cherry-oat aphid, For insect and mite pests of wheat and other greenbug, Hessian fly, and winter grain mite. small grains, IPM includes sound cultural prac- tices, grazing management, biological control, and, Crop rotation if necessary, insecticide applications. Crop rotation is particularly useful in manag- ing pests that have a limited dispersal range, such Cultural Practices as the Hessian fly, white grubs, winter grain mites, and wireworms. To increase the effects of rotation, Several cultural practices can reduce pest destroy the crop residue soon after harvest and numbers—choosing resistant varieties, maintain- eliminate volunteer host plants (a practice called ing plant health, rotating crops, and planting later summer host termination) and, where possible, in the season. Reduced tillage has produced mixed avoid planting next to neighboring crops that are results on pest populations, decreasing some pests hosts to insect pests of small grains. and increasing others. Varietal selection Some wheat cultivars are resistant to pests such as the greenbug, Hessian fly, and Russian wheat aphid (Fig. 1). However, these pests can develop new biotypes that overcome the resis- tant genes in these cultivars. Plant breeders continually work to develop new lines that are Figure 1. Insects for which wheat cultivars have been resistant to these new biotypes and to improve developed to be resistant to (from left): greenbug, Russian yield and grain quality. wheat aphid, and Hessian fly
3 Planting date ter grain and brown wheat mites increase where The planting date will be influenced by the there is crop residue. However, other research indi- planned use of the small grains—whether for live- cates that reduced tillage decreases aphid numbers. stock grazing or for producing grain. Small grains are Intensified pest management may be needed to cool-season plants and do not grow well when day- prevent crop losses in a reduced tillage program. time temperatures are in the upper 90s. When plant- Reducing small grains stubble and controlling ing early for grazing, producers should understand volunteer wheat plants and summer weeds will help that the field is at higher risk for disease and arthro- reduce the number of aphids, Hessian flies, and pod problems if there is a period when both summer wheat curl mites that can move into wheat fields. host plants and seedling small grains are growing next to each other. This allows arthropods and dis- Grazing Management eases to move from the summer host to the seedling small grains. To minimize this risk, plant later in the Growers plant wheat on more than 6 million season and use resistant varieties. The timing varies acres in Texas each year. About 40 percent of the within production regions; check with the local Texas wheat acreage is grazed to some extent, and about A&M AgriLife Extension Service office for the opti- 30 percent is used only for forage. Barley, oats, mum planting dates in your area. Producers can also rye, and triticale are also used for livestock forage. plant another small grain. For example, oats are not a Small-grains pastures are often seeded in late sum- host of Hessian fly and can be planted where Hessian mer or early fall to take advantage of soil moisture fly is a threat. In many regions, producers interested and to give the plants time to establish strong root only in grain production can delay the planting date systems that can support heavy grazing by an aver- until after mid-October to early November. Delayed age freeze date. planting allows wheat and barley to miss at least Grazing of small grains suppresses infestations part of the first generation of Hessian flies. It also of aphids and winter grain mites. However, if the leaves less time for greenbugs, Russian wheat aphids, aphid populations rise above the economic thresh- and bird cherry-oat aphids to establish populations. old after the small grains are well established, Destroying volunteer small-grain plants before plant- producers may opt to move livestock on part of the ing the small grains crop can reduce infestations of pasture and treat the remainder. After the reentry wheat curl mite. interval for grazing (specified on the insecticide label), the livestock can be turned into the treated Tillage part of the pasture. Once livestock return to the Tillage has long been recognized as an impor- treated area, inspect the untreated area to deter- tant practice for insect control. It not only destroys mine whether aphid control is still needed there. host plants, but it also may bury some insects In a heavily grazed field, aphid infestations are too deep for survival or physically kill shallow unlikely to be above the economic threshold. soil-borne or overwintering pests. Plowing under Grazing can reduce aphid numbers 3- to 10-fold stubble and volunteer wheat reduces the Hessian over fields not grazed. However, the difference will fly and some of the other pests that remain in and be less when aphid infestations are very light and around fields. many of the aphids are winged. In general, the Reduced tillage leaves more crop residue on heavier the grazing, the more an aphid infestation the soil surface, reduces soil temperatures, and is reduced. When livestock are taken off the pas- increases soil moisture. Research shows that tures, the aphids will increase. Livestock are gener- reduced tillage may encourage certain diseases ally removed from wheat pastures just before the and insects, particularly soil dwelling insects wheat begins jointing and rapidly growing. At that and pupae. For example, the wheat curl mite is a point, damaging numbers of aphids are less likely particular problem in the Texas Panhandle, where to develop because the plants are large and vigor- reduced tillage allows it to survive between crops ous and the pests’ natural enemies are more active on volunteer wheat, native grasses, and corn. Win- in warm, spring weather.
4 Biological Control definitive information is available on the effective- ness of releasing natural enemies in wheat (such as Factors that often hold insect and mite infesta- when and how many to release), Extension entomol- tions below damaging levels include weather, inad- ogists cannot provide guidelines for augmentation equate food, and natural enemies. Recognize the as a management tool in wheat. effect of these natural control factors and, where possible, encourage them. Biological control uses living organisms— such as parasites (which live Insecticide use in or on the host and may kill it), predators (feed Insecticides are a key component of IPM because on the pests), and pathogens (cause diseases in they can reduce a pest population rapidly to avoid pests) to reduce pest numbers. The primary natural crop loss. However, they should be used only as enemies of insects and mites attacking wheat are a last resort to prevent economic loss from pests. several kinds of lacewings, lady beetles, and para- Apply insecticides when pest density or plant dam- sitic wasps. Other predators include big-eyed bugs, age approaches the economic threshold. Inspect damsel bugs, spiders, and syrphid flies. Pathogenic the fields once or twice a week to determine crop fungi may control aphids occasionally. For more growth, damage levels, and the pest and beneficial information on the natural enemies of wheat pests, insect population levels. This information is nec- see the AgriLife Extension publication Biological essary to determine if the pest is at the economic Control of Insect Pests of Wheat, which is available threshold or action threshold and if an insecticide online at agrilifebookstore.org. treatment is needed to prevent economic loss. Biological control is most effective when used Unfortunately, economic thresholds have not been with other compatible pest control practices in an developed for all pests. When using insecticides, integrated pest management program. These prac- always read and follow the label directions. tices include cultural control, host plant resistance, Because pests are active at different times of the and the selective use of insecticides when other growing season, knowing when specific pests are practices fail to keep pest numbers below economic likely to be present can help you anticipate pest levels. Methods of biological control are conserva- infestations. Figure 2 compares the stages of small tion, importation, and augmentation of natural grain development. Table 1 shows the periods of enemies. plant development when pests are likely to attack. Conservation involves protecting existing The occurrence and development of differ- populations of natural enemies. To prevent the ent small grains pests are usually related to plant development of economically damaging pest development and various environmental factors. infestations, avoid using insecticides until they Although the severity of insect problems cannot are needed. When you do apply an insecticide, be predicted, the pest occurrence profile in Table 1 minimize the effects by using those that are selec- indicates the insect and mite pests that may attack tive—that is, more toxic to the target pest than to small grains in various seasons and stages of devel- the natural enemy. opment. Inspect the fields carefully to determine Importation is the release of natural enemies the presence and damage potential of each pest. into areas where they do not occur naturally. This method has been effective where an exotic pest has entered Texas without the natural enemies Soil pests that help control the pest in its native country. For example, several species of natural enemies have The most common soil insect pests of Texas been imported into Texas to control the Russian small grains are white grubs, wireworms, false wheat aphid. wireworms and cutworms. Weeds are important Augmentation is the periodic release of natural food sources for these pests. Key methods of reduc- enemies that occur naturally but not in sufficient ing these soil pests include controlling weeds by numbers to provide pest control. This practice can summer fallowing, tillage, and using herbicides to be effective in greenhouses. However, because little reduce crop residues and kill weeds.
5 Stem extension Heading Ripening
Stage Jointing Boot Stage 11 Stage 10.5 Stage 10.1 Flowering Stage 10 9 In Ligule of “boot” last leaf just Tillering Stage visible 8 Last leaf Stage just 7 Stage visible 6 Second node Stage First node visible Stage 5 of stem 4 Leaf Stage visible Stage 3 Leaf sheaths 2 Tillers sheaths strongly lengthen erected Stage Tillering formed 1 begins One shoot
Figure 2. Feekes scale of small grain development
Table 1. Seasonal pest profile—the seasons and stages of plant development when various insect and mite pests may infest small grains Pest occurrence Planting and crop establishment ------Harvest------Insect pest Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Army cutworm Bird cherry-oat aphid Brown wheat mite English grain aphid Fall armyworm Flea beetles Grasshopper Greenbug Hessian fly Russian wheat aphid Soil insects True armyworm Wheat curl mite Winter grain mite Insect presence Possible damaging insect infestations
6 It is important to prepare the seedbed prop- seedling roots and erly and inspect the soil for these pests before can reduce stands planting. There are no effective methods of treat- and plant vigor. ing soil pests with insecticides once the crop has Noticeable stand been planted and seedlings have emerged. No losses are evi- insecticides are labeled for preplant soil applica- dence of wireworm tion to small grains fields. Some insecticides can damage. Damage Figure 5. False wireworm be applied to the seed before planting to control increases when dry certain soil pests if damaging numbers of these weather in the fall delays germination, providing pests are detected before planting or if the field has more time for wireworms to feed on the seed. a history of pest damage. Cultural controls are the same for both types of wireworms: White grub ■■ Killing weeds in fields White grubs are the larval stage of May and ■■ Rotating to warm-season crops June beetles (Phyllophaga spp. and Cyclocephala ■■ Rotating to crops that can be treated with a spp.). The larvae are C-shaped with white bodies pre-plant soil insecticide and tan to brown heads (Fig. 3). The last abdominal Some species of wireworms are abundant only segment is trans- in poorly drained soils. Proper drainage of such parent, making soils will help prevent damage. the dark, digested Sample fields for wireworms:Fields can be material inside vis- sampled for wireworms using solar bait stations ible. The larvae vary placed in the field about 3 weeks before planting. in size according To make a wireworm bait station: to age and species. 1. Dig a hole about 3 to 4 inches deep and 6 to 9 inches wide. The grubs feed on Figure 3. White grubs plant roots and 2. Place ½ cup of wheat in the bottom of the can kill small seedlings and reduce stands. Larger hole. plants with severely pruned roots may be stunted 3. Backfill the baited area and mound soil over and become more susceptible to drought. As the it. soil cools in the fall, white grub feeding decreases 4. Cover the mound with an 18-inch square and the larvae migrate deeper into the soil. Delayed of black plastic and a 1-yard-square sheet of planting may improve stand establishment. clear plastic. Although no insecticides are registered to control 5. Put soil on the plastic edges to hold the white grubs in wheat, limited field tests suggest sheets down. that insecticide seed treatments may suppress light 6. Set about a dozen bait stations per 40 to 50 infestations. acres. After 2 weeks, dig up the bait and count the True wireworm and false wireworm wireworm larvae. If the stations average one or more wireworms, consider treating the wheat seed True wireworm (Elateridae family) and false with an insecticide. The reliability of this method wireworm (Tenebrionidae family) larvae are simi- depends on soil temperature, soil moisture levels to lar looking, but the initiate seed germination, and the population size adult true wireworm and distribution of wireworms in the soil profile. is a click beetle, and To decide whether to treat seeds or implement the adult false wire- other practices to reduce wireworm problems, worm is a darkling know how to recognize wireworm damage, keep beetle (Figs. 4 and good records of wireworm problems in the field, 5). Both feed on and know each field’s history of wireworm prob- planted seeds and Figure 4. True wireworms lems.
7 Imported fire ant on cloudy days to feed. They cut off small plants at Imported fire ants,Solenopsis invicta Buren, feed or near the soil surface. During the day, the larvae on wheat seeds along field margins where colonies hide under soil clods and debris close to the base of are concentrated (Fig. the plant. The army cutworm has one generation 6). Feeding may cause per year. During late summer and early fall, the stand loss extending female moth lays 1,000 to 2,000 eggs as it migrates 10 to 15 feet into the through an area. The eggs hatch in a few days, and field. Damage is most the larvae feed periodically through the fall and common during dry, winter on warmer days. By mid- to late winter, the warm weather that larvae in small grains can be ⅜ to 1½ inches long. delays germination Large populations can cause considerable damage by defoliating plants and reducing stands, especially and gives ants more Figure 6. Imported fire ants time to feed. Loose, in February and March as the grains begin to green dry soil gives ants easy access to the seed. up. Particularly vulnerable to the army cutworm are thin, late-planted, or poorly tillering stands. In outbreak years, fields can have 10 to 20 cut- Aboveground pests worms per square foot. On sunny days, they will Army cutworm and other cutworms be under debris or slightly below the soil surface. Consider applying insecticide when infestations Cutworms are the immature stages of drab, reach four to five cutworms per square foot. The brownish moths that are most active at night. larvae pupate in the soil in early spring and emerge Several species can damage small grains. Cut- as moths about 3 to 4 weeks later. These moths worm moths lay eggs in grassy, weedy fields; army are attracted to lights and can become a nuisance cutworm moths lay eggs even on bare soil. Newly around homes and buildings. The moths migrate hatched cutworms from the Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains to are brown to black escape the summer heat, returning in late summer and feed on small and early fall to begin the cycle again. To minimize grain seedlings. The cutworm numbers, reduce weeds and crop residues older larvae look in fallowed fields, and delay planting until the fields shiny or greasy (Fig. have been clean-plowed. 7). The larvae clip the aboveground Figure 7. Army cutworm Fall armyworm part of the plant Caterpillars of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera from the root system frugiperda (J. E. Smith)) feed on seedlings in the at or below the soil fall, thinning stands and reducing the production surface (Fig. 8). of early-season forage. The larvae are most consis- Infested fields look tently shades of brown but may also be greenish as if they have been to nearly black (Figs. closely grazed, and 9 and 10). They have the damage may be a white inverted “Y” “clumped” in spots between the eyes (Fig. in the field. 11) and four distinct In Texas, the Figure 8. Army cutworms black spots on top of most common and damage in wheat the eighth abdominal Figure 9. Fall armyworm cutworm species segment. Mature larvae attacking small grains is the army cutworm (Euxoa larva showing the four are 1½ inches long. In distinct black spots on auxiliarias). Although it is a true cutworm, it feeds addition to small grains, the eighth abdominal much like an armyworm. The caterpillars are sur- fall armyworms feed segment face feeders and move to above ground at night and
8 leg on the abdomen). The head, which has a pattern of narrow lines that looks like a net, lacks the white inverted “Y” of the fall armyworm. Armyworm larvae do not develop well once daytime highs average 88°F. The heat causes their numbers to decrease dramatically. Infestations often begin in areas where the small grains are the tallest and thickest or near the edge of fields, where Figure 10. Larvae of fall Figure 11. White inverted weeds provide a favorable environment. During armyworm hatching “Y”of a fall armyworm the day, armyworms hide at the bases of the plants; they move up the plants to feed late in the after- on alfalfa, corn, cotton, cowpeas, peanuts, grain noon, at night, and during cloudy weather. They sorghum, and sorghum-grass hybrids. can cause extensive damage below the crop canopy Early planting of small grains greatly increases before they are detected. Early armyworm detec- the risk of fall armyworm infestations. The moths tion is important because small larvae are easier to may deposit egg masses (Fig. 12) on the leaves of control. Also, the larger the larvae, the more they seedling small grains. Small larvae feed on the leaf consume. Signs of damage include defoliation and tissue, creating tiny “win- beard and head clipping. It is important to protect dowpanes” in the leaves. the flag leaf and grain head from armyworm dam- Larger larvae consume age. Control measures are suggested when four to entire leaves and are five larvae per square foot are found in combina- more difficult to control. tion with evidence of extensive feeding on lower On seedlings, consider leaves. applying insecticide if fall Figure 12. Mass of fall armyworms are present armyworm eggs Wheat head armyworm and reducing the stand. Although wheat head armyworms are a minor Once plants are established, control is suggested pest of wheat, they appear each year as a late- when there are 4 or more larvae 1 inch or longer per season wheat pest in the Texas High Plains. There square foot and when their damage threatens the are 13 known species of wheat head armyworms stand. Delaying planting can reduce damage when in the genus Dargida (synonym Faronta) and all other host crops have large infestations or when dry of the larvae and moths look similar. The moths conditions limit the attractiveness of other hosts. have a wingspan of about 1¼ to 1½ inches. Moths Under these conditions, large numbers of armyworm are yellow-brown with a lengthwise brown stripe may infest newly planted wheat. on each forewing. They emerge to lay eggs in the True armyworm spring, and the first generation of larvae emerges in late May and June. Infestations often occur along The larvae of the true armyworm Pseudaletia( field margins. unipuncta (Haworth)) can attack small grains in The larvae are slender and greenish to light tan, large numbers, devouring all material in their path. depending on the maturity of the grain (Fig. 14). Outbreaks are favored by cool, damp weather from They can be up late March through June. When fully grown, the to 1½ inches larvae are 1½ inches long and green to brown with long. Yellow, light stripes on their white, and sides and back (Fig. brown stripes 13). A brown or Figure 14. Wheat head armyworm run lengthwise armyworm dark band is on the on each side of outer side of each the body. The larvae feed in the wheat heads and Figure 13. True armyworm proleg (small, fleshy damage the kernels, primarily those in the soft
9 dough stage. Infestations are heavier in dryland age when small grains lack moisture during a mild fields and on the edges of irrigated fields. Feeding winter and cool spring. The damage may be con- damage is most often evident after harvest, when fused with moisture stress, nitrogen deficiency, or hollowed out kernels become apparent. No thresh- dryland root rot (foot rot). olds have been established for treatment. Plus, Estimating greenbug infestations: The Glance the pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) for most avail- ‘n Go greenbug sampling system calculates treat- able insecticides make it difficult to treat when the ment thresholds based on the potential crop value, larvae are causing damage. Most products labeled cost of control, and time of year. This method is for other armyworms have a 14- to 35-day PHI quicker and simpler than counting greenbugs. for grain. Insecticides with the active ingredients The system was developed by wheat researchers malathion and chlorantraniliprole have PHIs of 7 of Oklahoma State University and USDA–ARS at days and 1 day, respectively. Stillwater, Oklahoma. For Glance ‘n Go informa- tion and scouting forms, visit http://entoplp.okstate. Greenbug edu/gbweb/index3.htm. Greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)) Producers still wanting to count greenbugs can are pale green aphids that usually have a dark green walk diagonally across the field, making at least stripe on the back (Fig. 15). They are about 1⁄16 inch five random counts per 20 acres of field area. Each long. Greenbugs count should consist of 1 linear foot of row. Green- suck plant juices bugs can be counted while they are on small plants. and inject toxins For larger plants, slap the plant against the ground into wheat plants, or a clipboard to jar the insects loose for counting. causing the leaves to If the greenbugs are numerous, estimate the num- ber of insects present. Sample greenbugs during the yellow and die. They Figure 15. Greenbugs also are an impor- warmest part of the day, when they are most likely tant vector of the barley yellow dwarf virus and to be exposed on the aboveground parts of the possibly more plant diseases. plants. During cool, dry weather, the insects may Under favorable conditions—temperatures congregate in loose soil at the bases of plants, which between 55 and 95°F—greenbugs reproduce rap- makes detection and chemical control difficult. idly, develop in large numbers (Fig. 16), and can When to treat greenbugs: Table 2 provides a cause economic general guide for determining the need for treat- losses. Their ment when counting greenbugs. It is impractical natural enemies, to specify all the conditions under which to apply however, repro- insecticides for greenbug control. Some of the fac- duce slowly at tors are the number of greenbugs present, the size temperatures and vigor of the plants, air temperature, time of below 65°F. year, moisture conditions, plant growth stage, and Figure 16. Greenbug colony Consequently, effectiveness of parasites and predators. However, greenbugs may increase to enormous numbers in low temperatures slow the activity and effectiveness cool weather, while their natural enemies are mul- of most insecticides. It may take twice as long for tiplying slowly. an insecticide to kill at 45°F as it would at 70°F. For In winter, 99 percent of the greenbugs can be best results, apply insecticides when temperatures killed when temperatures average below 20°F for at are above 50°F. If you must spray at lower tempera- least 1 week. The population also must be without tures, use the highest rate recommended. protection from snow cover. Greenbugs can infest Irrigated small grains can withstand larger spots in fields or entire fields. As the populations greenbug populations. The presence of yellow or increase, areas in the field may turn yellow from brown plants caused by greenbug feeding in spots aphid feeding. Heavy, uncontrolled infestations in the field may indicate a need to estimate infesta- may kill the plants. Greenbugs cause more dam- tion levels. Occasionally, treating very young plants
10 Table 2. Treatment thresholds for greenbugs in small Russian wheat aphid grains The Russian wheat aphid (RWA) first appeared Plant height Number of greenbugs in the United States in March 1986 in the Texas (inches) per linear foot High Plains. It has since spread throughout the 3–6 100–300 Great Plains, into Canada, and to the West Coast. 4–8 200–400 This aphid Diuraphis( noxia (Mordviko)) is lime 6–16 300–800 green, spindle shaped, and about 1⁄16 inch long. It has short antennae and a projection above the cauda, or tail. The projection gives the insect a may be warranted when greenbug populations “double tailed” appearance (Figs. 17 and 18). average 25 to 50 aphids per foot of drill row. Heavy, rapidly increasing greenbug infestations Russian wheat aphid can cause excessive damage. However, when the Antenna weather is warm, lady beetles and parasitic wasps short No stripe can reduce greenbug populations. Where there are No cornicles one to two lady beetles (adults and larvae) per foot of row, or 15 to 20 percent of the greenbugs are mum- mies from being parasitized, delay control measures until you can determine whether the greenbug “Forked tail” population is continuing to increase. Other impor- tant predators include spiders, damsel bugs, lace- Body elongated wing larvae, and syrphid fly larvae. When weather Greenbug conditions are favorable for predators and parasites, they will significantly reduce greenbug populations Antennae Dark stripe in within a week. More information is available in the about 2/3 middle of body length Cornicles Texas A&M AgriLife Extension publication Biologi- of body short, mostly cal Control of Insect Pests of Wheat, which is available transparent online at agrilifebookstore.org. Insecticide-resistant greenbugs: In 1990, sur- veys conducted in sorghum fields in counties north Tail not “forked” of Amarillo found greenbugs that were resistant Body teardrop shaped, to some registered insecticides. And, a resistant not elongated population was again found in the western Pan- Figure 17. Comparison of Russian wheat aphid (top) handle in 2014. Resistant greenbugs may be mixed and greenbug with susceptible greenbugs and be detected only after an insecticide application for greenbugs or Russian wheat aphids. To delay greenbug resistance Russian wheat to pesticides, apply insecticide only to fields where aphids lack prominent economic thresholds have been exceeded. cornicles. While feed- Host plant resistance: In 1996, TAM-110 was ing, Russian wheat the first wheat variety to carry resistance to all aphids inject a toxin current greenbug biotypes (E, I, and K). In 2005, that causes white and TAM-112, which had the same greenbug resistance purple streaks run- genes as TAM 110, was released with improved ning lengthwise on yield and milling characteristics. In some years, the leaves. Tillers of planting wheat varieties with resistance to disease heavily infested plants may be equally or more important than planting appear flattened, and Figure 18. Russian wheat varieties with resistance to insects. leaf edges roll inward, aphids
11 giving the entire leaf a tubelike appear- ance (Fig. 19). Rus- sian wheat aphids prefer feeding on the younger, uppermost leaves of a plant. Unlike the greenbug and bird cherry-oat Figure 19. Russian wheat aphid, the Russian aphids feeding wheat aphid does not spread the barley yellow dwarf virus. Because these aphids cause the most damage when small grains are moisture stressed, use cul- tural practices that reduce crop stress. Destroying volunteer wheat and planting later will delay the initial infestation. Figure 20. Texas counties where Russian wheat aphids Predators and parasites are also important in have been found. (Dark brown indicates area where reducing Russian wheat aphid populations. Many Russian wheat aphids are most damaging.) of the natural enemies that attack greenbugs also attack Russian wheat aphids. To help conserve Although the aphid occurs in the Rolling Plains, it these natural enemies, use insecticide judiciously. is not an important pest because it cannot survive For hosts, the Russian wheat aphid prefers the summer (over-summer) there. In the High wheat and barley to oats, rye, and triticale. They are Plains, RWA can over-summer on warm-season occasionally observed on corn and sorghum but grasses such as buffalo grass, green sprangletop, are not known to cause any damage. and several species of grama grass. Cool-season In 2003, a Russian wheat aphid biotype was grasses that are wild hosts of the Russian wheat detected that had developed resistance to all previ- aphid include various brome grasses, jointed goat ously resistant Russian wheat varieties with the grass, and several species of wheat grasses. Insec- Dn4 resistant gene. This aphid biotype, RWA2, ticides applied to the seed can control early-season was first found in Colorado. The formerly resistant infestations of RWA. Once the crop has reached wheat varieties are Ankor, Halt, Prairie Red, Prow- soft dough, an insecticide application may not be ers, and Stanton. Although adapted to the Texas justified. High Plains, they were used primarily in Colorado Sampling and economic thresholds for RWA: and Western Kansas. A survey across the Great Sampling involves walking across a field and Plains in 2005 found that 88 percent of the Russian randomly selecting 100 tillers, each from a dif- wheat aphids sampled from the Texas High Plains ferent site. To prevent bias, reach down and grab were the resistant RWA2 biotype. However, surveys the tillers without looking at them. Then carefully in 2010 to 2013 indicated that the aphid had shifted examine each tiller and record the number of tillers to biotypes that were not resistant (90 percent) that are infested. Consider any tiller with one or to the Dn4 resistant gene. These changes in RWA more Russian wheat aphids as infested. Determine biotypes indicate that to help protect against RWA the percentage of tillers that are infested. Then damage, producers need to plant wheat varieties use Table 3 to decide whether treatment is justi- with the latest resistance to RWA. Also, scout the fied. For example, if the market value of the crop is fields routinely for unexpected infestations and projected to be $50 per acre and control costs are damage. $9 per acre, the treatment threshold is 36 percent RWA populations are largest and, consequently, infested tillers. The thresholds in Table 3 are for the most damaging in the High Plains (Fig. 20). Russian wheat aphids infesting wheat in late winter
12 Table 3. Russian wheat aphid economic threshold using needed to prevent damage from direct feeding. percent infested wheat tillers as the sampling unit However, an insecticide treatment may be neces- Market value of crop ($) per acre sary when this aphid is very abundant and the Control crop is under moisture stress. Like the greenbug, cost per 50 100 150 200 250 300 the bird cherry-oat aphid is an important vector acre $ Percent infested tillers of the barley yellow dwarf virus and possibly other 4 16 8 5 4 3 3 diseases. Seed treatments to control early-season 5 20 10 7 5 4 3 infestations of greenbugs and bird cherry-oat 6 24 12 8 6 5 4 aphids may reduce the potential spread of barley 7 28 14 9 7 6 5 yellow dwarf virus by these aphids. 8 32 16 11 8 6 5 9 36 18 12 9 7 6 English grain aphid 10 40 20 13 10 8 7 English grain aphids (Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)) are about 1/10 inch long and larger than 11 44 22 15 11 9 7 other cereal aphids. They are light green to brown 12 48 24 16 12 10 8 and have long, black antennae, cornicles, and legs (Fig. 22). These aphids can be a concern in the and spring. The thresholds are based on the cost of spring, when they feed on stems during flowering control and the market value of wheat. For every and on developing 1 percent of the tillers infested, yield drops by 0.5 kernels in the wheat percent. heads. Their feed- A formula for calculating when to treat can be ing can result in used instead of the table. The formula for deter- shrunken grain and mining the economic threshold level is based on lower test weight. the percentage of tillers infested before flowering: Because many of the same predators and Figure 22. English grain % tillers Cost of control/acre × 200 parasites that help aphid infested = control the green- Expected yield/acre × Market value per bushel to treat bug also control English grain aphids, they seldom To calculate the threshold during and after flow- cause yield losses. They are a vectors of barley yel- ering, substitute 500 for 200 in the formula. low dwarf virus. Treatment thresholds for English grain aphid have not been developed for Texas. Bird cherry-oat aphid Until more information is available, the thresholds used on winter wheat in Nebraska can serve as a Bird cherry-oat aphids feed on various grains guide for managing English grain aphid in Texas. and grasses and are particularly abundant on To use these thresholds: small grains. These aphids Rhopalosiphum( padi 1. Count the English grain aphids on each stem (L.)) are yellowish green, dark green, or black and and each head at several sites across the field. have a reddish-orange area around the base of the 2. Calculate the average number of aphids per cornicles (Fig. 21). stem (including those on the head). Because bird cherry- 3. Consider applying insecticide if infestations oat aphids do not across the field average inject a toxin while ■■ 5 or more aphids per stem during the flow- feeding (unlike the ering stage greenbug), they ■■ 10 or more per stem during the milk stage are less damaging. of grain development Control measures ■■ More than 10 aphids per stem during the for the bird cherry- Figure 21. Bird cherry-oat milk to medium dough stage oat aphid are rarely aphid
13 Rice root aphid winter grain mite. Its The rice root aphid Rhopalosiphum( rufiabdomi- rounded body is metal- nalis (Sasaki)) feeds on plant roots in spots within lic dark brown with a wheat fields. Stunted plants may be the first indica- few short hairs on the tion of its presence, with only a small percentage back. The front legs are of plants infested. These aphids are olive or dark about twice as long as green and up to 1⁄10 the other three pairs of inch long (Fig. 23). legs (Fig. 25). This mite They usually have a occurs throughout the High Plains and Roll- reddish area at the Figure 25. Brown wheat rear between and ing Plains. Brown wheat mite around the base of the mites are most prevalent cornicles. Rice root in dry weather (Fig. 26), and populations increase aphids vector barley when wheat suffers from deficient moisture. Figure 23. Rice root aphid yellow dwarf virus. Miticides are often not warranted if the crop is so Insecticidal control measures have not been devel- drought stressed that it cannot respond. oped for this insect. Its primary hosts are peaches and plums. Secondary host plants include rice, wheat, and other small grains. Winter grain mite The winter grain mite Penthaleus( major (Dugés)) feeds on the leaves of barley, oats, and wheat. Feeding turns the leaf tips brown, stunts the plants, and causes them to appear silvery gray. These mites range from 1⁄32 inch to 1⁄16 inch long. The adult has four pairs of reddish-orange Figure 26. Brown wheat mite damage legs, and the body is dark brown to black (Fig. 24). Winter grain mites Wheat curl mite feed primarily at night Figure 24. Winter grain The wheat curl mite Aceria( tosichella Keifer) and remain around the mite is white, sausage shaped, and about 1⁄100 inch base of the plant during long (Fig. 27). It has four small legs on the front. the day. They are less active in hot, dry weather. This mite vectors wheat streak mosaic, triticum The most significant damage occurs in winter mosaic, and wheat mosaic virus (formerly called and early spring. It is usually more severe in fields High Plains virus) where small grains were planted in previous years. but causes very little To reduce infestations, rotate with other kinds of damage otherwise. crops. The appearance of feeding symptoms and Mite feeding alone the presence of mites indicate the need for control. causes the leaves to roll and take on an Brown wheat mite onion leaf appear- The brown wheat mite Petrobia( latens (Mül- ance. If the virus is ler)) is about the size of the period at the end of present, the leaves this sentence and is considerably smaller than the become mottled and Figure 27. Wheat curl mites
14 streaked with yellow. Wheat curl mites reproduce fastest at 75 to 80°F. They crawl very slowly and depend almost entirely on wind for dispersal. The mite is most active during warm weather and moves mostly on warm, southwesterly winds. Consequently, most symptoms of the wheat streak mosaic virus develop from southwest to northeast across a field. The mites over-summer on grass- type hosts and volunteer wheat. Volunteer wheat is the most important host for the mite as well as for the wheat mosaic virus, wheat streak mosaic virus, and possibly the triticum mosaic virus. Populations of wheat curl mites are likely to be highest when: ■■ Mites migrate to early volunteer wheat after hail damages wheat that is nearing maturity. ■■ July rains produce good stands of volunteer wheat. Figure 28. Counties in which the Hessian fly has been ■■ Volunteer wheat is not destroyed, or not de- recorded stroyed until after the planted wheat is up. ■■ Wheat is planted early. Hessian fly ■■ Summers are cool. The Hessian flyMayetiola ( destructor (Say)) ■■ Autumn is warm and dry, the optimum con- infests wheat in the Central Rolling Plains and ditions for mite reproduction and movement. central and southwest Texas (Fig. 28). The mos- There are no remedial control options once quito-like Hessian fly adult is 1⁄10 inch long and has a wheat plant is infected with the wheat streak dark wings, a black thorax, and a dark red abdo- mosaic virus or wheat mosaic viruses. Chemi- men. Females deposit an average of 200 eggs in cals do not control the mites or prevent disease clusters of 5 to 12 glossy red eggs in the grooves on infections. Therefore, the most effective control the upper leaf surface. They prefer to lay eggs on strategies are avoiding infection and choosing younger plants and leaves. After hatching, the lar- plant resistant varieties. Research has shown that vae move down the leaf grooves and under the leaf TAM112 has resistance but not immunity to both sheath, coming to rest just above the plant crown the mite and the viral diseases. or just above a node. As they develop, the larvae Prevent the wheat curl mite from transmitting suck plant juices and form a shallow depression in viruses by breaking the “green bridge” from one the stem. Newly hatched larvae are red but turn wheat crop to the next by using these management lighter in a few days. Fully developed larvae are practices: white with a semitransparent green stripe down the ■■ Eliminate grass weeds and volunteer wheat middle of the back (Fig. 29). At maturity, the larva around your fields and neighboring proper- forms rigid, dark ties. brown, outer case, ■■ Delay plantings near properties under the or puparium. This Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) or period is known as native stands of grasses until the grasses have the “flaxseed” stage senesced. because the pupar- ■■ Destroy grass weeds and volunteer wheat by ium resembles a flax tillage or a burn-down herbicide at least 21 seed (Fig. 30). The days before planting wheat. Hessian fly survives the summer as a Figure 29. Hessian fly larvae
15 dormant, fully devel- varieties for your area is available from your oped larva inside the county Extension agent and wheat seed puparium. The adult dealer. fly emerges from the ■■ Plant later in the fall to reduce the potential puparium (Fig. 31). for a fall generation. It will live no more ■■ Destroy volunteer wheat, which serves as an than 3 days. early-season host. The larvae injure ■■ Bury crop residue 4 to 6 inches deep. wheat by feeding ■■ Rotate to crops other than wheat or barley to on stem tissue at Figure 30. Hessian fly larvae suppress the fly population. the crown of young in the “flaxseed” stage ■■ Avoid moving infested straw to a non-infest- plants or just above ed area. the nodes on jointed Resistant varieties: Some wheat varieties are wheat. They cause resistant to certain populations of the Hessian fly more damage to but susceptible to other populations of this pest. newly emerged and These unique populations of Hessian flies are younger seedlings called biotypes. They result from genetic changes than to older, estab- Figure 31. Hessian fly adult that allow the flies to feed and survive on different lished plants. In the varieties of wheat. fall and early winter, feeding stunts infested til- Some biotypes cannot survive on wheat variet- lers, and the leaves become somewhat broader and ies that have specific genes for resistance. This is darker green. Stunted tillers, particularly in younger why planting Hessian fly-resistant varieties usually plants, usually wither and die. Consequently, stands works well to prevent losses. are thin in the fall, less forage is produced, and However, Hessian flies can overcome resistance more plants succumb to winterkill. If the infested in wheat just as rust fungi develop new races. Over tillers survive, their growth and yield will decrease. time, the widespread planting of one or two resis- Hessian fly infestations in the spring also stunt tiller tant varieties can favor biotypes that survive on the growth and cause uneven plant height. Larval feed- resistant varieties. This new, virulent biotype even- ing at the nodes weakens the stem at the feeding site tually can become so common that the formerly and may cause significant lodging or stem breakage, resistant varieties begin to suffer damage. making harvest more difficult. During kernel for- TheTexas Wheat Variety Trial Results lists the mation, feeding can also interfere with nutrient flow resistance of hard red winter varieties to Hessian fly to the head, reducing grain quantity and quality. each year. The report is posted under “Wheat Vari- Expect significant grain losses when fall infestations ety Results – State Wide, at http://varietytesting. exceed 5 to 8 percent or when spring infestations tamu.edu/wheat/#varietytrials. It includes a table, exceed 20 percent of the stems. “Hard Red Winter Wheat Characteristics,” that lists Although the preferred host is wheat, infesta- the susceptibility or resistance of these varieties. tions have been seen on barley, emmer, rye, spelt, Delayed planting: Postponing planting mini- and triticale. Oats are not a host for the Hessian fly. mizes the damage from the Hessian fly and reduces It has occasionally been found on wild grasses such the number of fall generations. as little barley, goatgrass, quackgrass, timothy, and A date in late fall after which flies do not emerge western wheatgrass. There are likely other grass is called the fly-free date. In central Oklahoma and hosts in Texas. farther north in the wheat belt, planting after this date has effectively reduced or prevented Hes- Management strategies sian fly infestations and damage. This practice has To reduce economic losses, adopt the following proved to be of limited value in Texas, where inter- cultural practices: mittent periods of warm weather allow the adults ■■ Grow adapted wheat varieties with resis- to emerge, mate, and lay eggs well into December. tance to Hessian fly. Information about these
16 If you must plant wheat early for grazing live- stock, minimize the risk of Hessian fly infestation by planting a variety that is resistant to the fly, or consider treating the seed with insecticide for fields with a history of Hessian fly damage. Destroying volunteer wheat: Controlling vol- unteer wheat is a useful management tool for many Figure 32. Stinkbugs that occasionally feed on and wheat pests, including aphids, Hessian flies, and damage wheat during flowering and grain fill (from wheat curl mites. The lack of wheat deprives the first- left): Conchuela, rice, and southern green stinkbugs generation adults of a place to deposit their eggs. Reducing crop residue: Plowing under old feeding and damage are the flowering and milk wheat stubble 4 to 6 inches deep in August greatly stages. Once the grain is in the soft dough stage, it reduces adult emergence from buried plant residue. is less susceptible to damage from stinkbugs. However, soil erosion and moisture-retention prob- In a research study, one rice stinkbug per 10 lems in some areas can dictate that residue burial wheat heads (spikes) during the milk stage signifi- be limited to conform to conservation practices. cantly reduced germination and kernel weight. Rotating crops: Although crop rotation helps During the soft dough stage, no significant reduc- reduce Hessian flies in a given field, they can tion in germination or kernel weight was found remain in the old wheat residue for 2 years, and until at least three rice stinkbugs per 10 heads were wind can carry the adults to nearby fields. Burning present. Similar results were observed for southern the straw kills the exposed pupae and larvae in the green stinkbug. These results suggest that if rice or stems but not the pupae at the soil surface or below green stinkbugs average one or more per 10 heads the soil line. during the flowering or milk stage, apply an insec- Containing infested straw: Avoid moving ticide to protect the crop from damage. During the infested straw or hay to a non-infested area. When soft dough stage, consider treatment if infestations buying or selling wheat hay or straw, look for average 3 or more per 10 heads. An infestation of 1 brown pupae behind the leaf sheaths at the nodes stinkbug per 10 heads is a high infestation. Stink- to make sure the material is not infested with live bugs are usually not distributed uniformly within a Hessian flies. field. Instead, they are often more abundant in local Applying pesticide: Insecticide seed treatments areas, often near field margins. To accurately assess labeled for control of Hessian fly can suppress light the infestation before deciding on treatment, scout infestations in seedling wheat in the fall. These several areas of the field. treatments may not protect the seedling wheat from damage when large numbers of Hessian fly Beet armyworm infest the crop. Fully developed beet armyworm larvae (Spodop- tera exigua (Hübner)) are 1¼ inches long. They are Occasional pests light green with a conspicuous black spot on each side of the thorax above the second pair of tho- Stinkbugs racic legs (Fig. 33). Damaging populations are most Several species of stinkbugs feed on and dam- likely to occur in late summer or early fall when age wheat during flowering and grain fill, including hot, dry conditions inhibit the growth of preferred the rice stinkbug, southern green stinkbug, several hosts, forcing the moths to deposit egg masses on species of brown stinkbugs, and in West Texas, the young, small grains. conchuela stinkbug (Fig. 32). Stinkbugs have pierc- Compared to other ing-sucking mouthparts that penetrate the develop- caterpillar pests, ing kernel. The insects’ feeding on immature grain beet armyworms can reduce germination, kernel weight, and baking are more difficult quality. The periods most susceptible to stinkbug to control with Figure 33. Beet armyworm
17 insecticides. Choose an insecticide that lists beet numbers to other crops, including small grains. armyworm on the label. Fields planted after mid- False chinch bugs suck sap from the stems and October usually escape beet armyworm infestation. heads of small grains. This feeding may cause poorly filled heads and shriveled grain, but the Chinch bug and false chinch bug extent of their damage is not well documented. Adult chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus leuco- Before applying insecticide, consider the per- pterus (Say)) are about 1⁄8 inch long. The body is centage of the field infested and make sure that black, but the wings are mostly white with black these bugs are feeding on the small grains and not triangular spots at the just migrating through. middle of the outer margin (Fig. 34). Grasshoppers Young chinch bugs Several species of grasshoppers are occasional are shaped like the problems in Texas small grains (Fig. 36). Most adults. They are red at damage occurs in the fall when these pests migrate first but turn darker into fields. as they mature. They Before planting, check the areas around the have a white band wheat fields for heavy infestations. Treat them across the abdomen Figure 34. Chinchbugs before the planted wheat emerges. Some insec- (Fig. 34). ticides applied as seed treatments are labeled for In early spring, chinch bugs move into small grasshopper control. grains from bunch grass, where they overwinter. Young and adult chinch bugs feed on small grains, Flea beetles and very heavily infested plants may be stunted or Flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)) are killed. Infestations are usually confined to small, black, shiny, and about the size of a pinhead (Fig. well-defined spots. When a damaging infestation 37). They jump read- occurs on the field border, prompt treatment may ily when approached. prevent infestation of the entire field. In the fall, these Adult false chinch bugs (Nysius raphanus beetles may infest (Howard) are 1⁄8 inch long, narrow, and a dull the borders of a field yellowish gray (Fig. and gradually move 35). The wing tips across it, feeding on are transparent and and killing plants as Figure 37. Flea beetles extend beyond the they go. They skel- end of the abdomen. etonize the leaves, giving injured plants a bleached These insects often appearance before they wilt and die. increase in the spring Fields and field borders that have been kept on weedy plants in the clean of weeds during the previous season are less Mustard family and subject to flea beetle damage. then migrate in large Figure 35. False chinchbugs
Figure 36. Grasshoppers that occasionally cause problems in Texas small grains (from left): Packard, red-legged, migratory, and two-striped grasshoppers
18 Wheat stem maggot The second-generation wheat stem maggot (Meromyza americana Fitch) produces adult flies that emerge in the spring and lay eggs on the leaves of barley, oats, rye, wheat, and other grass hosts. The developing larvae, or maggots, feed on the stem just above the last stem joint, cutting the flow of moisture and nutrients to the head (Fig. 38). The head turns from green to tan to white, but the leaf sheath and stem below where the maggots have tunneled remain green. These white heads are eas- Figure 39. Pale western cutworm damage ily pulled from the plant. Because the infested tillers seldom exceed 1 per- cent of the wheat, insecticide treatments are rarely, ing in August. Because if ever, necessary. dry weather favors the survival of pale western cutworms, outbreaks may follow dry springs. Consider treating if Figure 40. Pale western you find one larva per cutworm square foot when the potential for yield is good, and 2 larvae per square foot when the potential for yield is low. Leafhopper Sometimes during dry weather in late fall, the aster leafhopper and other leafhopper spe- cies migrate in large numbers into fields of small grains. These pests apparently increase on wild Figure 38. Wheat stem maggots (left) and damage hosts and move into small grains to feed on suc- culent plants. Leafhoppers suck sap from the leaves. Pale western cutworm When infestations are large, the fields can look silver. Infestations often decline after freezing tem- The pale western cutworm Agrotis( orthogonia peratures. Insecticide recommendations have not Morr.) is a subterranean cutworm that feeds almost been developed for leafhoppers infesting wheat. entirely on the stems of the wheat crown just below the soil surface. The larvae prefer loose, sandy, dry, or dusty soil. Policy statement for Evidence of caterpillar feeding includes wilted leaves, thinning stands, and dead tillers (Fig. 39). making pest management When the infestation is severe, the larvae can suggestions destroy a field in a matter of days. In late summer and fall, the adult moths The information and suggestions in this pub- emerge and deposit up to 300 eggs per female in lication reflect the opinions of Extension ento- cultivated soil. Although some eggs may hatch in mologists based on field tests and experience. The the fall, most hatch in late winter or early spring. recommendations are a product of research and are After developing in the spring, the mature larvae believed to be reliable. (Fig. 40) burrow into the soil to transform into a However, it is impossible to eliminate all risk. pre-pupa. This stage over-summers until pupat- Unforeseen or unexpected conditions or circum-
19 stances may result in less-than-satisfactory results, These restrictions are subject to change. To even when these suggestions are used. The Texas determine what restrictions apply to your area, AgriLife Extension Service will not assume respon- refer to the Environmental Hazards or Endangered sibility for risks. Such risks shall be assumed by the Species discussion sections on the product labels user of this publication. or call your county Extension agent or Fish and Pesticides must be registered and labeled for use Wildlife Service personnel. by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Regardless of the law, pesticide users can be the Texas Department of Agriculture. The status good neighbors by being aware of how their actions of pesticide label clearances is subject to change may affect people and the natural environment. and may have changed since this publication was produced. The user is always responsible for the effects of Worker Protection Standard pesticide residues on his livestock and crops, as The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a well as for problems that could arise from drift or set of federal regulations that applies to all pes- movement of the pesticide from his property to ticides used in agricultural plant production. If that of others. Always read and follow the instruc- you employ any person to produce a plant or plant tions on the container label carefully. product for sale and apply any type of pesticide to that crop, WPS applies to you. The regulations require that you protect your employees from pesti- Endangered species cide exposure. regulations You must protect employees from exposure, inform them about exposure, and mitigate pesti- The Endangered Species Act is designed to cide exposures that they may receive. WPS require- protect and help the recovery of animals and plants ments appear in the “Directions for Use” part that are in danger of becoming extinct. In response of the pesticide label. For more information, see to the Endangered Species Act, many pesticide Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS), labels now carry restrictions limiting the use of 40 CFR Part 170, or call the Texas Department of products or application methods in areas that have Agriculture, Pesticide Program, (800) 835-5832. been designated as biologically sensitive.
20 Quick reference guide for wheat pests with established thresholds
True armyworm, Pseudaletia unipucta Russian wheat aphid: See Table 3 and the (Haworth): Control measures are suggested formula for calculating threshold levels . when 4 to 5 larvae per square foot are found in combination with evidence of extensive feeding Table 3. Russian wheat aphid economic threshold on lower leaves . using percent infested wheat tillers as the sampling unit Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J . E . Market value of crop ($) per acre Smith): Once the plants are established, control Control 50 100 150 200 250 300 is suggested when there are 4 or more larvae 1 cost per inch or longer per square foot and when their acre $ Percent infested tillers damage is threatening the stand . 4 16 8 5 4 3 3 5 20 10 7 5 4 3 Pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia 6 24 12 8 6 5 4 Morr .: Consider treating when there is 1 larva per square foot and the potential for yield is good, or 7 28 14 9 7 6 5 2 larvae per square foot when the potential for 8 32 16 11 8 6 5 yield is low . 9 36 18 12 9 7 6 Greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani): 10 40 20 13 10 8 7 There are two methods for determining when to 11 44 22 15 11 9 7 consider beginning control methods . Use either 12 48 24 16 12 10 8 a) Table 2 or b) the Glance ‘n Go scouting forms and information, which are posted at http:// Formula for calculating threshold levels entoplp okstate. edu/gbweb/index3. .htm . % infested Cost of control/acre × 200 tillers = Table 2. Treatment thresholds for greenbugs in to treat Expected yield/acre × Market value/bushel small grains Plant height Number of greenbugs Note: To calculate the threshold during and after flowering, (inches) per linear foot substitute 500 for 200 in the formula 3–6 100–300 4–8 200–400 Stinkbugs: If rice or green stinkbugs average 6–16 300–800 1 or more per 10 heads during the flowering or milk stage, apply an insecticide to protect the crop from stinkbug damage . During the soft dough stage, consider treatment if infestations average 3 or more per 10 heads .
21 . 48– . 0 fl oz 0 fl . . 48–1 . 25 fl oz Cruiser25oz fl Cruiser25oz fl . . . . continued on next page ...... 0 fl oz Cruiseroz 0 fl MaxxCereal with 0 . . Mix 5 0 fl oz Cruiseroz 0 fl MaxxCereal with 0 . 0 fl oz Cruiseroz 0 fl MaxxCereal with 0 Cruiseroz 0 fl MaxxCereal with 0 0 fl oz Cruiser 5FS/100 lb seedCruiseroz 0 fl 5FS/100 . . . Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Provides early-season protection of seedlings seedlings of protection early-season Provides against injury aphids by (including bird cherry-oat, grain, greenbug,English wheat aphid) and Russian 1 Although no insecticides registered are for white grub control in wheat, limited fieldtests suggest that Cruiser® seed treatments are effective protectTo against aphids, mix an additional amount of Cruiser with CruiserMaxx 5FS Cereal Mix 5 lb seedCruiser 5FS/100 Cruiser Maxx Cereals suppresses wireworm activity; if wireworm however, pressure is high, mix 5 lb seed 5FS/100 Although no insecticides registered are for white grub control in wheat, limited fieldtests suggest that Cruiser® seed treatments will suppress white populationsgrub Do not apply a neonicotinoid insecticide–any crop that has been grown from seed treated Cruiser by Maxx Cereals protect against aphids, additional an amount To of Cruiser must 5FS be mixed with CruiserMaxx Cereal 1 Cruiser Maxx Cereals suppresses wireworm activity; if wireworm however, pressure is high, mix 5 lb seed 5FS/100 Although no insecticides registered are for white grub control in wheat, limited fieldtests suggest that Cruiser® seed treatments will suppress white populationsgrub Do not apply a neonicotinoid insecticide—any crop that has been grown from Cruiser Maxx seed treated Cereals Additional information information Additional ; , 1 ), early- ), ), . . Pythium Pythium root Common Common Common spp spp Common Common Common Common root rot, foot Rhizoctonia crown and foot rot, rot, take-all crown and soil-borne and and soil-borne and Cochliobolus Cochliobolus Aphids, Hessian fly, Aphids, Hessian fly Wireworms Aphids, wireworms Rhizoctonia Fusarium Fusarium Insects: Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases and dwarf bunt; damping-off caused seed- by and soil-borne Fusarium general seed rots; loose smut; root rot; seedling blight suppressed: Diseases root rot ( season rot, Insects: Insects: controlled: Diseases and dwarf bunt, damping-off caused seed- by and soil-borne Fusarium general seed rots, loose smut, root rot, seedling blight suppressed: Diseases root rot ( early-season rot, take-all Pests Insects:
50 fl oz/cwt 33 fl oz/cwt fl 33 . . 0 fl oz/cwt0 fl oz/cwt0 fl 75–1 19–0 . . . . 0 5 5 Rate/cwt seed of 0 6% 80% 80% 36% 36% 56% 56% 56% . . . 2 0 3 . 2 . 0 3 . % active ingredient 47 . thiamethoxam mefenoxam difenoconazole thiamethoxa mefenoxam difenoconazole Common/ Common/ chemical name thiamethoxam CruiserMaxx Cereals Syngenta CruiserMaxx Cereals Syngenta Trade name name Trade company Cruiser 5FS Syngenta Barley, triticale Barley, Wheat (winter spring) and Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small on grains use for labeled pesticides containing treatments Seed Crop oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat
22 . . . If . . If pressure . If pressure . . continued on next page 8 fl oz 8 fl additionalCruiser 5FS . 0 fl oz/cwt0 fl rate CruiserMaxxof Vibrance . Control of these diseases is listed for winter For suppression in oat For control in rye For control in barley Additional information information Additional Theoz/cwt 5 fl rate CruiserMaxxof Vibrance Cereals suppresses wireworm activity is moderate or high or control is required, use the higher rate of CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals control European chaferTo activity, use the higher rate of CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals The 5 Cereals suppresses wireworm activity is moderate or high or control is required, use the higher rate of CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals control European chaferTo activity, use the higher rate of CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals 1 wheat and triticale, not for spring wheat Theoz/cwt 5 fl rate Cruiserof Vibrance Quattro suppresses wireworm activity and aphids pressure is moderate or high or control is required, apply up 0 to 1 2 3 ; ; . spp . . or , foot 3 ; ), ), 1 . . . ) spp ; general 1 Common Common Common Common Common spp spp spp Common Common Common Common Pythium 1 spp . , and soil-borne and , . Fusarium . or Rhizoctonia spp . or Rhizoctonia crown rot, take-all crown ; true loose smut loose true ; . Pythium spp crown and foot rot, seed scab; general seed spp crown and foot rot, Cochliobolus Cochliobolus Cochliobolus spp European chafer, chafer, European Wireworms, European Aphids, European chafer, ; false loose smut 2 , and soil-borne and , Fusarium . Pests Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases and dwarf bunt; damping-off caused seed- by and soil-borne Fusarium general seed rots; root rot; seed- blight; seedling septoria; borne soil-borne suppressed: Diseases root rot ( Fusarium take-all Insects: chafer controlled: Diseases and dwarf bunt; flag bunt Fusarium rots; karnal bunt; loose smut; seedling seed-borne septoria; blight, root rot, and damping-off caused seed- by and soil-borne Fusarium spp blotch leaf septoria suppressed: Diseases root rot ( Fusarium take-all Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases bunt; covered smut; dwarf bunt seed-borne septoria; rots; seed seedling blight, root rot, and damping-off causedby seed- soil-borne and spp Rhizoctonia Pythium suppressed: Diseases root rot ( rot,
0–10 fl oz/cwt fl 0–10 oz/cwt fl 0–10 oz/cwt0 fl . . . Rate/cwt seed of 5 5 5 34% 34% 86% 86% 86% 78% 78% 45% 75% 44% . . . . 72% . . 72% . . 72% . . . . % active ingredient 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 3 1 . 0 Common/ Common/ chemical name thiamethoxam mefenoxam difenoconazole sedaxane thiamethoxam mefenoxam difenoconazol sedaxane thiamethoxam mefenoxam difenoconazole sedaxane fludioxonil Trade name name Trade company CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals Syngenta CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals Syngenta CruiserMaxx Vibrance Quattro Syngenta Seed Shield Cereals Helena Cereals Warden WRII Windfield United Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains continued Crop oat,Barley, rye Triticale, wheat (winter spring) and oat,Barley, rye
23 . . If . Depending . In this case, . . continued on next page . 8 fl oz 8 fl additionalCruiser 5FS . . Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Control of these diseases is listed for winter wheat 1 seedlings of protection early-season Provides against injury aphids by (including bird cherry-oat, grain, greenbug,English wheat aphid) and Russian Suppresses wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings only seedTreated be may planted as a 50–60-foot border around the perimeter of the fieldto early-seasonhelp minimize from damage grasshoppers Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Additional information information Additional Theoz/cwt 5 fl rate Cruiserof Vibrance Quattro suppresses wireworm activity and aphids pressure is moderate or high or control is required, apply up 0 to 1 and triticale, not for spring wheat
0 fl oz 0 fl per hundredweight(cwt) of seed as a slurry . 1 ), seed seed 0–3 . . . , dwarf . Common Common spp Common Common Fusarium , soil-borne 1 Fusarium . Apply 1 , 1 crown and foot rot, Cochliobolus Wireworms spp . Grasshoppers Aphids, European chafer, Aphids, European chafer, Aphids, Hessian fly , flag bunt 1 . Apply using equipment such as a total slurry treater (TST), farmer-applied seed . or Rhizoctonia spp Insects: Insects: Insects: Pests Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases bunt, damping-off causedby soil-borneseed- and spp bunt scab, general seed rots, karnal bunt, loose smut, root rot, seed- blight, seedling septoria, borne blotch leaf septoria Pythium suppressed: Diseases root rot ( Fusarium take-all Insects: . Products also may be applied on farm seed previously treated with a fungicide
32 fl oz/cwt fl 32 . 0 fl oz/cwt0 fl 0 fl oz/0 fl cwt 0 fl oz/cwt0 fl 5–3 . 0–3 . 16–0 . . . . 0 1 Rate/cwt seed of 5 1 23% 7% . 86% 45% 75% 44% . . 72% . . 40 . % active ingredient 5 0 3 1 . 0 40 Always mix product thoroughly before using . For maximum effectiveness, seed must be treated uniformly andcovered thoroughly imidacloprid Common/ Common/ chemical name thiamethoxam mefenoxam difenoconazole sedaxane fludioxonil imidacloprid Each product be may applied with mechanical, slurry, or mist-type seed treating equipment, provided that the equipment is calibrated accurately to . A . . Each product must be combined with a fungicide product for seed and seedling protection against fungal pathogens, as well as the listed insects S . Trade name name Trade company CruiserMaxx Vibrance Quattro Syngenta Seed Shield Cereals Helena Cereals Warden WRII Windfield United Attendant 480 FS Arysta U . Macho 480 ST Albaugh, LLC/ Agri Star Nitro Sheild IV Windfield United ) or other on-farm seed treating equipment capable of accurately applying low rates of each product . T . S . A . For end-use application at agricultural establishments: end-use agricultural For at application treater (F treatment before planting on the fungicide product used, dilution with water be may necessary for optimum coverage dilution necessary is For commercial seed treatment: and uniformly apply the product seed to Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains continued Crop Triticale, wheat (winter spring) and oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat
24 . . . 1 continued on next page . Products also may be . . . Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Provides early-season protection of seedlings seedlings of protection early-season Provides against injury aphids by (including bird cherry-oat, grain, greenbug,English wheat aphid) Russian early-seasonSuppresses fly damage Hessian 1 Suppresses wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Provides early-season protection of seedlings seedlings of protection early-season Provides against injury aphids by (including bird cherry-oat, grain, greenbug,English wheat aphid) and Russian 1 Low use rate for “wireworm-only” protection for suppression of wireworm activity on seed and seedlings young reduce early-seasonTo damage caused by grasshoppers, plant treated seed as a 50–60-foot field . the of edges the around border Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting — seedlings of protection early-season Provides against injury aphids by (including bird cherry-oat, grain, greenbug,English wheat aphid) and Russian Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Low use rate for “wireworm-only” protection for suppression of wireworm activity on seed and seedlings young reduce early-seasonTo damage caused by grasshopper plant treated seed as a 50–60-foot field . the of edges the around border Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Additional information information Additional ), air pressure), system or other on-farm seed treating . ) T . S . A
, . 1 1 1 . Each product should be combined with a fungicide product Pythium Common Common Protects . and Fusarium, CochliobolusFusarium, Wireworms 4 fl oz/cwt4 fl seed Wireworms Grasshoppers Aphids, Hessian fly Grasshoppers Aphids, Hessian fly . . 8–2 . Insects: Aphids, Hessian fly wireworm controlled: Diseases bunt, stinking smut seed from seed- and soil-borne fungi that cause seed decay, damping-off, and seedling blights (including Rhizoctonia sativus, for all labeled crops Insects: Insects: Insects: Insects: Insects: Pests Insects: . Apply 0
26 fl oz/cwt fl 26 oz/cwt fl 26 . . . Dilution with water be may necessary depending on fungicide formulation used 4 fl oz/cwt4 fl 4 fl oz/cwt4 fl 4 fl oz/4 fl cw oz/cwt4 fl . . . . 8–2 8–2 2–2 2–2 13 to 0 to 13 0 to 13 ...... 0 1 0 0 1 4 oz/cwt Rate/cwt seed of 0 . In this case, dilution is necessary 0% 0% 55% . 7% . 7% . . . 45% . 48 20 19 0 20 % active ingredient 48 Apply using a total slurry treater (TST), farmer applied seed treater (F imidacloprid imidacloprid Captan-related derivatives carboxin Common/ Common/ chemical name imidacloprid . . A . S Nitro Shield Windfield United Senator 600 FS Nufarm Agricultural Products Sharda Imidacloprid 5SC USA Sharda Startup IMIDA United Phosphorus AW Enhance Arysta U . Trade name name Trade company Axcess BASF Dyna-Shield Imidacloprid 5 Loveland Products, Inc Gaucho 600 Flowable Bayer CropScience Macho 600 ST Albaugh, LLC/ Agri Star Barley, oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat establishments: end-use agricultural For at application equipment deliver to accurate rates of the product achieve to optimum product performance for seed and seedling protection against fungal pathogens, as well as insect pests applied on-farm as an over-treatment–seed pretreated with a fungicide oat, Barley, wheat Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains continued Crop oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat
25 . . continued on next page . . . Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Also listed for oat and wheat disease control Also listed for wheat Also listed for wheat disease control 1 Early-season protection of seedlings against injury aphidsby (including bird cherry-oat, English grain, greenbug, wheat aphid) Russian 2 Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Additional information information Additional Early-season protection of seedlings against injury aphidsby (including bird cherry-oat, English grain, greenbug, and Russian wheat aphid) and wireworms Although no insecticides registered are for white grub control in wheat, limited fieldtests suggest that imidacloprid seed treatments are effective 1 Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Early-season protection of seedlings against injury aphidsby (including bird cherry-oat, English grain, greenbug, wheat aphid) and Russian 1 Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting
2 2 1
, 1 Barley Barley Barley Common Common Common Common septoria ; stinking; smut , stinking, smut , stinking, smut 2 2 1 foot rot, loose foot rot, loose foot rot; loose damping-off, damping-off, damping-off; root rot, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Aphids, Hessian fly, Aphids, Hessian fly Aphids, Hessian fly, Fusarium Fusarium Fusarium Pythium Pythium Pythium , , ; 2 1 1 Diseases suppressed: Diseases leaf rust, barley stripe, powdery wheatmildew, leaf rust Pests Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases root rot, covered smut, flag smut smut, Rhizoctonia root rot, septoria disease complex suppressed: Diseases leaf rust, barley stripe, powdery wheatmildew, leaf rust Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases root rot, covered smut; flag smut smut; Rhizoctonia root rot; seed decay caused by and other species; septoria disease complex suppressed: Diseases leaf rust, barley stripe, powdery wheatmildew, leaf rust Insects: wireworms controlled: Diseases root rot, covered smut, flag smut smut, Rhizoctonia disease complex
5 fl oz/cwt5 fl 0 fl oz/cwt0 fl oz/cwt0 fl . . . 4–5 4–5 4–4 Rate/cwt seed of 3 . 3 . 3 . 7% 37% 16% . . . 36% 82% 60% 60% 62% 45% 45% . . . % active ingredient 11 0 . 0 11 0 . 0 0 12 0 . 0 . Common/ Common/ chemical name imidacloprid metalaxyl tebuconazole imidacloprid metalaxyl tebuconazole fludioxonil imidacloprid metalaxyl tebuconazole . . Trade name name Trade company Dyna-Shield ExtraFoothold Loveland Products, Inc Sativa IM Max Nufarm Agricultural Products Dyna-Shield Foothold Virock Loveland Products, Inc Sativa IMF Max Nufarm Agricultural Products Gaucho XT Flowable Bayer CropScience Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains continued Crop wheat Barley, wheat Barley, oat, Barley, wheat
26 . continued on next page . . . . Also listed for barley Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Also listed for barley Early-season protection of seedlings against injury aphidsby (including bird cherry-oat, English grain, greenbug, wheat aphid) and Russian early-seasonSuppresses fly damage Hessian 1 Suppresses wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings white by damage from protection Early-season Japanese grubs European chafer, (including chafer) beetles, northern masked seedTreated be may planted as a 50–60-foot border around the perimeter of the fieldto early-seasonhelp minimize from damage grasshoppers 2 Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Suppresses wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings 1 Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Suppresses wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting Additional information information Additional
1
foot , 1 loose loose Rhizoctonia Common Common Common Powdery Common Common Common Common ; damping-off damping-off ; ); false); loose ; false loose Fusarium Common Common 2 2 1 Fusarium root rot, seed foot rot, leaf foot rot, leaf root rot; seed Aspergillus; Aspergillus; disease complex; ); true); loose smut Pythium Fusarium, CochliobolusFusarium, and and Fusarium Fusarium damping-off; Wireworm Wireworms Aphids, Hessian fly and Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia ; general seed rots by 2 ; general seed rots by 1 septoria 2 1 Pythium Diseases suppressed: Diseases root rot, stripe Insects: controlled: Diseases bunt; covered smut smut Penicillium smut; rot, damping-off and seedling blight (seed- and soil- borne CochliobolusFusarium, sativus, and suppressed: Diseases root rot, stripe Insects: controlled: Disease root rot; flag smut; rot; general seed rots; loose smut; Pythium seedborne rot; root scab; stinking smut suppressed: Diseases rust mildew, grasshoppers, white grubs, grubs, white grasshoppers, wireworms controlled: Diseases bunt; covered smut and seedling blight (seed- and soil- borne sativus, smut Penicillium smut; rot; true loose smut Pests Insects:
33 fl oz/cwt fl 33 33 fl oz/cwt fl 33 . . 0–8 oz/cwt0 fl 0–8 . . . 5 5 Rate/cwt seed of 5 . 1% 562% 585% 632% 632% 615% 439% 474% 461% 421% 95% 58% 538% ...... 2 0 0 1 . 0 . 0 1 . 0 0 % active ingredient 14 0 . 0 imidacloprid metalaxyl ipconazole imidacloprid metalaxyl tebuconazole imidacloprid metalaxyl tebuconazole Common/ Common/ chemical name imidacloprid metalaxyl ipconazole . . A A . . S S Rancona Crest WR Arysta U . Cereals Warden WR Windfield United Sativa IM RTU Nufarm Agricultural Products IM ST TebuStar Albaugh, LLC/ Agri Star Trade name name Trade company Rancona Crest Arysta U . Cereals Warden HR Windfield United Barley, oat, Barley, rye, triticale, wheat (winter and spring) oat, Barley, triticale, wheat Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains continued Crop oat, Barley, rye, triticale, wheat (winter and spring)
27 79 fl oz/ fl 79 . 0–1 . . . . . Oats are not a host of Hessian fly Additional diseases for wheat Nipsit Inside can be applied under 2ee regulations Additional diseases for barley Additional information information Additional Suppresses wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for days after45 planting 1 allto listed crops for grasshoppers at 1 cwt seedTreated be may planted as a 50–60-foot border around the edges of the crop as a barrier– grasshoppersimmature advancing the toward field the of interior 2 1 2
foot seed seed and other Rhizoctonia Powdery Common Common Common Fusarium seed rot and Fusarium 2 Fusarium , 2 seedling dieback, seedling Pythium damping-off; Wireworms Wireworms Aphids Wireworms Hessian fly , common root rot, covered Fusarium , flag smut 1 2 Pests Insects: controlled: Diseases root rot; flag smut, rot, general seed rots; loose smut, Pythium root rot; seed decay by Penicillium, Aspergillus, seedborne species; scab; stinking smut suppressed: Diseases rust mildew, Insects: Insects: Insect: Insects: controlled: Diseases bunt smut scab, loose smut, seedling dieback, Rhizoctonia root rot, seed decay fungi
79 fl oz/cwt fl 79 . 79 floz/cwt . 79 5 fl oz/cwt5 fl . 25–1 0 fl oz/cwt0 fl 0–7 79 fl oz/cwt fl 79 . . 75–1 . . . Rate/cwt seed of 5 0 0 1 5 8% 37% 88% 62% 62% 46% 44% 93% 55% . . . % active ingredient 1 . 0 . 0 0 . 47 . 2 0 . 0 Common/ Common/ chemical name imidacloprid metalaxyl tebuconazole fludioxonil clothianidin clothianidin metalaxyl metconazole 1 . . A A . . S S . . Trade name name Trade company Sativa IMF RTU Nufarm Agricultural Products NipsIt Inside Valent U Agricultural LLC Products NipsIt Suite Valent U Agricultural LLC Products Seed treatments containing pesticides labeled for use on small grains continued Crop oat, Barley, triticale, wheat oat, Barley, rye, triticale, wheat oat, Barley, wheat
28 continued on next page ...... Listed on Govern, Hatchet, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban Additional label information Additional 1 and Clearform, Warhawk Warhawk, Nufos, Advanced, Whirlwind labels Do not apply days before within harvest 14 of forage and or hay within 30 days before harvest of grain and straw . Do not make more than 2 applications of products any season per chlorpyrifos containing Do not allow meat or dairy animals graze to or otherwise feed on treated forage days of within 14 application Do not feed straw from treated wheat within days of 28 application Do not apply days before within harvest 14 of forage and or hay within 30 days before harvest of grain and straw . Do not make more than 2 applications of products any season per chlorpyrifos containing Do not graze treated areas or harvest treated forage within 7 days after last treatment Do not feed treated straw within 30 days after the last treatment Do not apply days before within harvest 14 of forage and or hay within 30 days before harvest of grain and straw . Do not make more than 2 applications of products season per chlorpyrifos containing Do not graze treated areas or harvest treated forage within 7 days after last treatment Do not feed treated straw within 30 days after the last treatment . . . , cereal leaf leaf cereal , 1 . , armyworms . . . 1 Insect pest Greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, English grain aphid, brown wheat mite, spp grasshopper Army cutworm; suppression only of other cutworm spp beetle Greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, bird cherry-oat aphid, grain aphid, English spp grasshopper mite, wheat brown Army cutworm, armyworms, cereal leaf beetle, cutworms, flea beetles spp bug Stink Greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, oat bird-cherry aphid, grain aphid, English spp grasshopper mite, wheat brown Greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, oat bird-cherry aphid, grain aphid, English spp grasshopper mite, wheat brown Army cutworm, armyworms, cereal leaf beetle, cutworms, flea beetles spp bug Stink 5–1 pt . Rate per acre 0 1 pt 5–9oz fl oz fl 9–18 oz fl 13–18 oz fl 7–13 oz fl 13–25 oz fl 19–25 oz fl 6–13 oz fl 11–25 oz fl 16–25 Trade name Trade Chlorpyrifos 4E Ag Govern 4E Hatchet Lorsban 4E Advanced Lorsban 4E Nufos Warhawk ClearformWarhawk Whirlwind Vulcan Bolton Cobalt Advanced Cobalt -cyhalothrin -cyhalothrin Common chemical Common name chlorpyrifos chlorpyrifos + gamma chlorpyrifos + lambda Foliar insecticides labeled for use on small on grains use for labeled insecticides Foliar Crop Wheat Wheat Wheat
29 . 4 . . . . . continued on next page 8 fl oz 8 fl per acre per season . . Additional label information Additional Do not apply days before within harvesting 14 forage and or hay within days before 28 harvest of grain and straw . Do not allow meat or dairy animals graze to in treated areas on forage days of an application within 14 Do not feed straw within days of 28 application Do not apply more than15 60oz Prevathon fl of or oz fl of productscontaining Coragen per acre per calendar year Preharvest interval: 1 day Preharvest interval: 30 days Do not allow livestock graze to in treated areas or harvest treated wheat forage as feed for meat or dairy animals within 7 days after treatment Do not feed treated straw meat to or dairy animals within 30 days after the last treatment Pre-grazing or foraging interval: 3 days Preharvest interval: 30 days Do not apply more than 4 , . , . . , grasshopper grasshopper , . , southern armyworm, armyworm, southern , . . , Yellowstriped armyworm , yellowstriped armyworm, . (including army cutworm), . . . . , Hessian fly, , HessianRussian wheat fly, aphid, . Insect pest Cutworm spp painted lady caterpillar Bird cherry-oat aphid, cereal leaf beetle, flea beetle, grasshopper, webworm spp wheat stem maggot wheat stem (adult), sawfly(adult) armyworm, southern armyworms, Fall true armyworm, yellowstriped armyworm, chinch bug, greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, grasshopper spp spp bug stink armyworm,Fall true armyworm, beet armyworm spp Grasshopper Army cutworm, cutworm spp Armyworm, bird cherry-oat aphid, cereal leaf beetle, English grain aphid, fall spp beetle flea armyworm, spp stink bug spp Grass sawfly Chinch bug, corn leaf aphid, greenbug, mite spp . Army cutworm, cereal leaf beetle, cutworm spp Armyworms, bird cherry-oat aphid, English grain aphid, Russian wheat aphid, fall armyworms, flea beetles, spp grasshopper stink bug spp pale western cutworm bug Chinch 1 1 2 2 0 fl oz 0 fl 75 oz 75 oz . . . 0 fl oz 0 fl oz 0 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 75 oz . . . . 0 fl oz 0 fl 4 fl oz 4 fl 5 fl oz 5 fl 8 fl oz . . . 0 fl oz 0 fl 0–20 . . 5–7 0–20 0–20 0–10 0–5oz fl 4 fl oz 4 fl 25–11 0 –11 0–8 75–11 8–2 0–1 ...... Rate per acre 3 5 9 14 3 . 8 2 5 8 8 10 1 . 1 2 1 2 Trade name Trade Stallion Prevathon Coragen Besiege Baythroid XL -cyhalothrin -cyfluthrin -cypermethrin Common chemical Common name chlorpyrifos + zeta chlorantraniliprole chlorantraniliprole + lambda beta Foliar insecticidesFoliar labeled for use on small grains continued Crop Wheat oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat, wheat hay oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat
30 ...... continued on next page 8 fl oz 8 fl per acre per season 48 pt per acre per season 19 pt per acre per19 season . . . . Additional label information Additional Pre-grazing or foraging interval: 3 days Preharvest interval: 30 days Do not apply more than 4 Do not apply days of grazing within 14 immature plants Preharvest interval: days 35 Do not apply more than 1 pt per acre per year Preharvest interval: 7 days for or hay days for forage; 21 dried grain, or straw stover, Do not apply more thanoz fl 28 per acre per calendar year . Do not apply within 30 days of harvest Do not allow livestock graze to in treated areas or harvest treated wheat forage as feed for meat or dairy animals within 7 days after last treatment Do not feed treated straw meat to or dairy animals within 30 days after the last treatment Do not apply more than 0 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest Do not allow livestock graze to in treated areas or harvest treated wheat forage as feed for meat or dairy animals within 7 days after last treatment Do not feed treated straw meat to or dairy animals within 30 days after the last treatment Do not apply more than 0 , . , Hessian . . . , chinch bug and , chinch bug, corn . . , southern armyworm, armyworm, southern , . . , yellowstriped armyworm, . . , oat bird-cherry aphid, Russian , oat bird-cherry aphid, Russian . . Insect pest Army cutworm, cereal leaf beetle, cutworm spp Armyworms, bird cherry-oat aphid, English grain aphid, Russian wheat aphid, fall armyworms, flea beetles, spp grasshopper stink bug spp pale western cutworm bug Chinch Aphids (greenbugs) Brown wheat mite spp Grasshopper leafhoppersAphids, Army cutworm, cutworm spp armyworms,Fall armyworms, English grasshopper beetles, flea aphid, grain spp wheat aphid, and stink bug spp armyworms yellowstriped fly, Greenbug, mite spp corn leaf aphid Army cutworm, cutworm spp armyworms,Fall armyworms, English grasshopper beetles, flea aphid, grain spp wheat aphid, Hessianstink fly, bug spp armyworms yellowstriped Grass sawfly Greenbug, mite spp leaf aphid 5 pt5 84oz fl 2 fl oz 2 fl 28 fl oz 54 fl oz 0 fl oz 0 fl 54 fl oz . . . 75 pt 75 4 fl oz 4 fl 8 fl oz . 56–3 . 33–0 . 5–0 . 84oz fl 4 fl oz 4 fl 75 pt 77–1 28-1 . 54oz fl 8–2 0–1 . 02–1 . 92–3 0–14 ...... Rate per acre 1 . 1 2 0 . 0 . 0 7 1 2 3 . 0 1 . 1 . 1 Trade name Trade Tombstone Helios Tombstone Dimethoate 4E Dimethoate 4EC Dimethoate 400 Dimethoate LV-4 Dimate 4E Sivanto Prime Proaxis Proaxis-Insecticide Declare Insecticide -cyhalothrin -cyhalothrin Common chemical Common name cyfluthrin dimethoate flupyradifurone gamma gamma Foliar insecticidesFoliar labeled for use on small grains continued Crop Wheat Triticale, wheat oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat Triticale, wheat, wheat hay oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat, wheat hay
31 ...... 6 pt/A . 6 pt/A 0 pt/A 0 pt/A . . . continued on next page 84oz fl per acre per season 68oz fl per acre per season . Maximum single application rate: 1 Maximum single application rate: 1 Lamdec Insecticide labeled for wheat and wheat hay Grizzly labeled for wheat, and triticale wheat hay, Maximum single application rate: 2 Maximum single application rate: 2 Additional label information Additional 1 2 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest Do not allow livestock graze to in treated areas or harvest treated wheat forage as feed for meat or dairy animals within 7 days after last treatment Do not feed treated straw meat to or dairy animals within 30 days after the last treatment Do not apply more than 7 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest Do not allow livestock graze to in treated areas or harvest treated wheat forage as feed for meat or dairy animals within 7 days after last treatment Do not feed treated straw meat to or dairy animals within 30 days after the last treatment Do not apply more than 3 . 1 2 Preharvest interval: 7 days 1 2,3 Preharvest interval: 7 days . . , Hessian fly, , Hessian fly, , Hessian fly, . . , chinch bug, corn , chinch bug, corn . . , winter grain mites grain winter , . . , oat bird-cherry aphid, Russian , oat bird-cherry aphid, Russian . . Insect pest Army cutworm, cutworm spp armyworms,Fall armyworms, English grasshopper beetles, flea aphid, grain spp wheat aphid, stink bug spp armyworms yellowstriped Grass sawfly Greenbug, mite spp leaf aphid Army cutworm, cutworm spp armyworms,Fall armyworms, English grasshopper beetles, flea aphid, grain spp wheat aphid, stink bug spp armyworms yellowstriped Grass sawfly Greenbug, mite spp leaf aphid Greenbug, grain aphid, English young spp grasshopper Armyworms Greenbug, grain aphid, English spp grasshopper beetle leaf Cereal 1 1 1 3 2 1 84oz fl 84oz fl 60oz fl 2 fl oz 2 fl 92 fl oz fl 92 92 fl oz . . . 92 fl oz . . 5 pt 2 6 pt 2,3 0 pt . 0 pt . 0 1 2 56–3 . 20–3 84oz fl 96–1 28–1 . 5–2 pt 5–1 . 5 pt 5 pt 6 60–1 0–1 . 92–3 oz fl 92 . . 96–1 . . . . . 0–2 . 0–2 Rate per acre 1 2 3 . 3 . 0 0 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 . 2 pt 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 .
1 2 1 1 Trade name Trade Grizzly Z Insecticide Insecticide Kendo Lambda-CY AG Lambda-CY EC Insecticide-RUP Lamcap Lamdec Insecticide LambdaStar Insecticide LambdaStar 1CS Lambda T Paradigm Province Silencer Silencer VXN Willowood Lambda-CY 1EC Karate with Zeon Technology Grizzly Too LambdaStar Plus Insecticide Lamcap II Province II Warrior II with Zeon Technology Malathion EC 57 Malathion 5 EC Malathion 57% Fyfanon -cyhalothrin -cyhalothrin Common chemical Common name lambda lambda malathion malathion
, , 2 3 2 2 , oat , oat 1 1 , wheat , wheat 3 2 Foliar insecticidesFoliar labeled for use on small grains continued Crop oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat, wheat hay oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat, wheat hay Barley rye (spring and summer) Barley rye (spring and summer)
32 . 0 pt/A 25 pt/A . . continued on next page 6 fl oz/A foroz/A 6 fl each crop . . Use closed mixing and loading . Maximum single application rate: 1 Maximum single application rate: 1 1 2 Preharvest interval: 7 days Preharvest interval: 7 days applicationULV labeled rate: 15 and all listed insects system Preharvest interval: 7 days Preharvest interval: 7 days Do not apply days of grain within or straw 21 harvest or within 3 days of forage, fodder, or harvest hay Additional label information Additional Preharvest interval: 7 days . , aphids, spider mites, mites, spider aphids, , (suppression) . . . . Armyworms, greenbugs, grain English spp grasshopper aphid, beetles leaf Cereal spp Grasshopper Grass sawfly, barley and wheat midge, Hessian fly beetle leaf Cereal spp Grasshopper Armyworms yellowstriped (except armyworm, western yellowstriped armyworm), cereal leaf beetle, aphids beetle leaf Cereal spp Grasshopper Insect pest Greenbug, grain aphid English beetle leaf Cereal Armyworm spp Grasshopper leafhopper 1 1 1,2 1,3 1,2 1 5 lb5 5 pt . 0 pt 1,2,3 1,2 5 pt 25 pt 2 2 2 3 1,2 . 25–0 . 0 pt 75–1 5 pt 5–2 6 pt 6 pt 0–1 . 0–1 . 0 pt . . 4–8oz fl 4–8oz fl 0 . Rate per acre 1 . 1 . 2 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . oz 8 fl 6–8oz fl oz 8 fl 0 2–6oz fl 3–6oz fl Fyfanon AG ULV Malathion ULV Concentration SP Annihilate LV Annihilate Insecticide SC Radiant Trade name Trade Malathion 5 applicationNon ULV Malathion 8 Flowable malathion malathion methomyl Common chemical Common name malathion malathion spinetoram
,
, ,
, 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 , oat , oat , oat , oat 1 1 1 1 , wheat , wheat , wheat , wheat 2 2 2 3 Barley rye (spring and summer) Barley rye (spring and summer) oat,Barley, rye, wheat (spring and summer) Foliar insecticidesFoliar labeled for use on small grains continued Crop Barley rye Barley rye (spring and summer) oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat
33 . 8 oz per8 oz acre per continued on next page . . . Preharvest interval: days (grain, forage, 14 and hay) Preharvest interval: days (grain, and straw, hay) 14 1, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 ⁵Respect and Respect labeled EC only for triticale and wheat Additional label information Additional Do not apply days of grain within or straw 21 harvest or within 3 days of forage, fodder, or harvest hay Do not allow cattle graze to treated area until spray has dried Do not apply days of grain within or straw 14 harvest or within 7 days of grazing, or forage, fodder, or hay harvest Do not apply more than a total of 2 year . Preharvest interval: days (grain, forage, 14 and hay) . . - - , wheat wheat , , , , . . . . , greenbug, greenbug, , greenbug, , . . , (suppression), (suppression), , . , stink bug spp bug stink , . , wheat stem sawfly . (including army cutworm), . (including army cutworm), . , beet and fall armyworms, , beet and fall armyworms, . . Insect pest beetle leaf Cereal spp grasshopper Armyworms, webworms(suppression), beetle leaf Cereal spp grasshopper Armyworms, webworms(suppression), beetle leaf Cereal spp grasshopper Armyworms, Cereal leaf beetle, true armyworm Armyworms as fall, (such yellowstriped), spp grasshopper webworms Aphids greenbug (including and Russian wheat aphid) Cutworm spp painted lady caterpillar yellow true, (southern, Armyworms beetle, leaf striped), cereal flea beetle, pale western cutworm, webworm spp Aphid spp spp grasshopper bug, chinch leafhopper spp sawfly stem Cutworm spp painted lady caterpillar yellow true, (southern, Armyworms beetle, leaf striped), cereal flea beetle, pale western cutworm, webworm spp Aphid spp spp grasshopper bug, chinch stink bug spp
3 3
3 2 1 1,2 1,2 0 fl oz 0 fl oz 0 fl 5 oz . . . 3 fl oz⁴3 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 3 fl oz⁴3 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 3 fl oz⁴3 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 8 fl oz 8 fl 8 fl oz 8 fl 8 fl oz 8 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 9 fl oz 9 fl 0 fl oz 0 fl 3 fl oz 3 fl . 3 fl oz 3 fl ...... 5–2 . 2–3 . 2–3 2–4 0–6 0–6 4–4 75–1 3–3 . 5–3 . 28–4 8–3 . 0–3 . 0–2 4–4 . 7–3 76–4 9–4 . 1–3 ...... Rate per acre 1 1 0 1 2 3 . 1 1 0 1 1 3 . 3 . 1 1 1 1 3 . 3 . 2 1 3 3,5 Trade name Trade NatralyteTracer Insect Control Entrust Natralyte Insect Control Entrust SC Natralyte Insect Control Natralyte 2SC SpinTor Insect Control Naturalyte Blackhawk Insect Control WG Transform Fastac CS insecticide Fastac insecticide EC Mustang Maxx Respect Respect EC Mustang⁴ -cypermethrin -cypermethrin Common chemical Common name spinosad sulfoxaflor alpha zeta , , 2 1 , oats 2 1 , triticale, 1 Foliar insecticidesFoliar labeled for use on small grains continued Crop oat,Barley, rye, triticale, wheat Barley, triticale, wheat Triticale, wheat Barley rye wheat
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th and 5 th Additional label information Additional Combination of Bt product with a contact insecticide recommended for infestations that include 4 instar larvae Insect pest Armyworms 3 1 0 pt . 2 5 lb⁵ 5 lb⁴ . 5 0– 4 0–1 . . . 5–1 Rate per acre ½–2 lb 1–2 lb 2 0 1 . 1 2 3 1 1 Trade name Trade HP Biobit Crymax Bioinsecticide Dipel DF Biological Insecticide Dipel ES Biological Insecticide Biological Deliver Insecticide⁴ Javelin Biological WG Insecticide⁵ Biological XenTari Insecticide . subsp strain aizawai . Common chemical Common name Bacillus thuringiensis, kurstaki Subsp strain . ) Foliar insecticidesFoliar labeled for use on small grains continued Crop grains Small oats,(barley, rye, wheat, etc
35 Photo credits Figures 19 (Russian wheat aphid colony), 39. Ed Bynum, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Figures 1 (Hessian fly),31. Scott Bauer, USDA Figure 19 (bird cherry-oat aphid), Richard Agriculture Research Service Grantham, retired, Oklahoma State University Figures 1 (greenbug), 34. Bart Drees, retired, Texas Figure 21. David Cappaert, Bugwood.org (CC A&M AgriLife Extension Service BY-NC 3.0 US) Figures 3, 14, 18. Monti Vandiver, formerly of the Figures 22, 24. University of Nebraska–Lincoln Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Extension Figure 4. Steve L. Brown, University of Georgia, Figure 23, 26. Carl Patrick, retired, Texas A&M Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US) AgriLife Extension Service Figure 5. David Kerns, Texas A&M AgriLife Figures 27, 37, 38. B. E. Warrick, retired, Texas Extension Service A&M AgriLife Extension Service Figure 6. Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org Figure 29. Allen Knutson, Texas A&M AgriLife (CC BY-NC 3.0 US) Extension Service Figures 7, 40. Frank Peairs, Colorado State Univer- Figure 30. K. S. Pike, WSU–IAREC Prosser, Wash- sity, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US) ington Figure 8, 27, 37, 38. B. E. Warrick, retired Texas Figure 32. (Conchuela stinkbug) Exquisite Mar- A&M AgriLife Extension Service bling by Anne Reeves (CC BY-ND 2.0) Figures 9–12. Pat Porter, Texas A&M AgriLife Figure 32. Rice stinkbug, Judy Gallagher (CC BY Extension Service 2.0) Figure 13. John C. French Sr., retired, Universities: Figure 32. Southern green stinkbug, Manjith Kai- Auburn, GA, Clemson, and U of MO, Bugwood. nickara (CC BY 2.0) org (CC BY-NC 3.0 US) Figure 35. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State Uni- Figures 16, 25. Phil Sloderbeck, Kansas State Uni- versity, Bugwood.org (CC BY 3.0 US) versity, Bugwood.org (CC BY-NC 3.0 US) Figure 36. Kurt Schaefer, retired, Oklahoma Pan- handle State University
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