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Editor in Chief Professor Yaping Lei President of Xi'an Technological Editor in Chief Professor Yaping Lei President of Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, China Associate Editor-in-Chief Professor Wei Xiang Electronic Systems and Internet of Things Engineering College of Science and Engineering James Cook University, Australia（AUSTRALIA） Dr. Chance M. Glenn, Sr. Professor and Dean College of Engineering, Technology, and Physical Sciences Alabama A&M University, 4900 Meridian Street North Normal, Alabama 35762, USA Professor Zhijie Xu University of Huddersfield, UK Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK Professor Jianguo Wang Vice Director and Dean State and Provincial Joint Engineering Lab. of Advanced Network and Monitoring Control, CHINA School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, China Administrator Dr. & Prof. George Yang Department of Engineering Technology Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA Professor Zhongsheng Wang Xi'an Technological University, China Vice Director State and Provincial Joint Engineering Lab. of Advanced Network and Monitoring Control, CHINA Associate Editors Prof. Yuri Shebzukhov I International Relations Department, Belarusian State University of Transport, Republic of Belarus. Dr. & Prof. Changyuan Yu Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Univ. of Singapore (NUS) Dr. Omar Zia Professor and Director of Graduate Program Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Southern Polytechnic State University Marietta, Ga 30060, USA Dr. Liu Baolong School of Computer Science and Engineering Xi'an Technological University, CHINA Dr. Mei Li China university of Geosciences (Beijing) 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian, Beijing 100083, P. R. CHINA Dr. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed Professor, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Menoufia University, Egypt Dr. Rungun R Nathan Assistant Professor in the Division of Engineering, Business and Computing Penn State University - Berks, Reading, PA 19610, USA Dr. Taohong Zhang School of Computer & Communication Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing, CHINA Dr. Haifa El-Sadi. Assistant professor Mechanical Engineering and Technology Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA Huaping Yu College of Computer Science Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, CHINA Ph. D Wang Yubian II Department of Railway Transportation Control Belarusian State University of Transport, Republic of Belarus Prof. Xiao Mansheng School of Computer Science Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, CHINA Qichuan Tian School of Electric & Information Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing, CHINA Language Editor Professor Gailin Liu Xi'an Technological University, CHINA Dr. H.Y. Huang Assistant Professor Department of Foreign Language, The United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA III Table of Contents Nuclear Fusion Power – An Overview of History, Present and Future................................................................. 1 Stewart C. Prager Research on Improved Adaptive ViBe Algorithm For Vehicle Detection............................................................. 11 Kun Jiang, Jianguo Wang Review of Development and Application of Future Network (IPV9)................................................................... 18 Lou Peide, Liu Zhang Detection of Blink State Based on Fatigued Driving............................................................................................. 24 Lei Chao, Wang Changyuan, Li Guang, Shi Lu Research of Network Closed-loop Control System Based on the Model Predictive Control................................ 30 Xu Shuping, Wang Shuang, Guo yu, Su Xiaohui Internet of Things Application in Satellite Communication in Power Transmission, Transform and Distribution.................................................................................................................................... 38 Dong Chuang Improved Stereo Vision Robot Locating and Mapping Method............................................................................ 47 Yu Haige, Yu Fan, Wei Yanxi Design and Research of Future Network (IPV9) API............................................................................................ 56 Xu Yinqiu, Xie Jianping A Study on the Sinter Brazing Joint of Powder Metal Components...................................................................... 64 Pujan Tripathi, George Yang Application of the Source Encryption Algorithm Model in the Power Industry................................................... 68 Jiao Longbing On the RFID Information Query Technology Based on IPV9............................................................................... 74 Li Guiping, Xue Lei A Solution to Incompatibility Between Ipv6 and Ipv4 Communications.............................................................. 80 Khaled Omar Ibrahim Omar International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls Volume 04, No.04, 2019 Nuclear Fusion Power – An Overview of History, Present and Future Stewart C. Prager Department of Physics University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison, WI 53706, USA E-mail: [email protected] Summary—Fusion power offers the prospect of an allowing the nuclei to fuse together. Such conditions almost inexhaustible source of energy for future can occur when the temperature increases, causing the generations, but it also presents so far insurmountable ions to move faster and eventually reach speeds high engineering challenges. The fundamental challenge is to enough to bring the ions close enough together. The achieve a rate of heat emitted by a fusion plasma that nuclei can then fuse, causing a release of energy. exceeds the rate of energy injected into the plasma. The main hope is centered on tokamak reactors and II. FUSION TECHNOLOGY stellarators which confine deuterium-tritium plasma In the Sun, massive gravitational forces create the magnetically. right conditions for fusion, but on Earth they are much Keywords-Fusion Energy; Hydrogen Power; Nuclear Fusion harder to achieve. Fusion fuel – different isotopes of hydrogen – must be heated to extreme temperatures of I. INTRODUCTION the order of 50 million degrees Celsius, and must be Today, many countries take part in fusion research kept stable under intense pressure, hence dense enough to some extent, led by the European Union, the USA, and confined for long enough to allow the nuclei to Russia and Japan, with vigorous programs also fuse. The aim of the controlled fusion research underway in China, Brazil, Canada, and Korea. program is to achieve 'ignition', which occurs when Initially, fusion research in the USA and USSR was enough fusion reactions take place for the process to linked to atomic weapons development, and it become self-sustaining, with fresh fuel then being remained classified until the 1958 Atoms for Peace added to continue it. Once ignition is achieved, there is conference in Geneva. Following a breakthrough at the net energy yield – about four times as much as with Soviet tokamak, fusion research became 'big science' in nuclear fission. According to the Massachusetts the 1970s. But the cost and complexity of the devices Institute of Technology (MIT), the amount of power involved increased to the point where international co- produced increases with the square of the pressure, so operation was the only way forward. doubling the pressure leads to a fourfold increase in energy production. Fusion powers the Sun and stars as hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, and matter is converted With current technology, the reaction most readily into energy. Hydrogen, heated to very high feasible is between the nuclei of the two heavy forms temperatures changes from a gas to plasma in which (isotopes) of hydrogen – deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T fusion event releases 17.6 MeV (2.8 x 10- the negatively-charged electrons are separated from the 12 joule, compared with 200 MeV for a U-235 fission positively-charged atomic nuclei (ions). Normally, a fusion is not possible because the strongly repulsive and 3-4 MeV for D-D fusion). On a mass basis, the D- electrostatic forces between the positively charged T fusion reaction releases over four times as much nuclei prevent them from getting close enough together energy as uranium fission. Deuterium occurs naturally to collide and for fusion to occur. However, if the in seawater (30 grams per cubic metre), which makes it conditions are such that the nuclei can overcome the very abundant relative to other energy resources. electrostatic forces to the extent that they can come Tritium occurs naturally only in trace quantities within a very close range of each other, then the (produced by cosmic rays) and is radioactive, with a attractive nuclear force (which binds protons and half-life of around 12 years. Usable quantities can be neutrons together in atomic nuclei) between the nuclei made in a conventional nuclear reactor, or in the will outweigh the repulsive (electrostatic) force, present context, bred in a fusion system from lithium. DOI: 10.21307/ijanmc-2019-064 1 International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls Volume 04, No.04, 2019 b Lithium is found in large quantities (30 parts per III. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT million) in the Earth's crust and in weaker In magnetic confinement fusion (MCF), hundreds concentrations in the sea. of cubic metres of D-T plasma at a density of less than In a fusion reactor, the concept is that neutrons a milligram per cubic metre are confined by a magnetic generated from the
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