Applied Trombone Syllabus with Curriculum Benchmarks

Harry Watters, 571-251-9041 [email protected]

Goals & Objectives

• Convey positive and relaxed but disciplined learning techniques to my students. • Follow a holistic, results-based approach, encouraging students to stay healthy, positive and on-task. Creative learning is achieved when the process is natural, effortless and filled with exuberance. • Prepare students for a life in music by addressing all areas of the industry while emphasizing the art of trombone. • Develop a well-rounded student with polished technical proficiency and advanced creative output. • Encourage students to become accustomed to self-examination to ensure that they are prepared to continue advancing once lessons are completed.

Lesson Expectations

• Arrive to each weekly lesson fully prepared and warmed-up with all lesson materials. • Progress continually from week to week, following pre-assigned benchmarks. • Expected practice time is from 1 1/2-3 hours per day, preferably done in smaller segments to ensure high levels of concentration. • Regularly record your practice sessions, listening back with a pencil in hand. • Your jury constitutes 40% of the final grade.

Studio Policy

• Students are expected to attend lessons at the assigned time…be punctual. • Cancellations must be made 24 hours in advance of the lesson in order to reschedule. If the lesson in cancelled with fewer than 24 hours notice, rescheduling will be done at my discretion. • If I need to miss a lesson, I will reschedule. • Students will be expected to enter all applicable ITA and ETW competitions.

Required Equipment

• Instrument and Mouthpiece • Mutes • Pencil • Tone-generating Tuner • Metronome • Digital Recording Device • Portable Speakers • Practice diary Applied Trombone Curriculum Benchmarks

First Year Performance:

• Development of a consistent warm-up/routine • Development of a characteristic tone • Development of satisfactory legato and detached articulation styles • Range security up to C5 • Range security down to E2 • All major and natural minor scales and arpeggios in one octave • Chromatic scale in one octave • Ability to play with consistently good intonation • Fluency in reading tenor clef • Development of satisfactory sight reading skills

Representative Tenor Trombone Solo Literature:

• Benson – Aubade • Mozart – Concerto in B-flat, K. 191 • Handel – Honor & Arms • Klingbeil – Three Movements • Handel – Wher’er You Walk • Bernstein – Elegy for Mippy II • Hasse – Suite (unaccomp.) • Berlioz – Recitative & Prayer • Jacob – Sonata • Rossini – Inflamatus • Guilmant – Morceau Symphonique • Gailliard – Sonata nos. 1, 2, 5 • Barat – Andante et Allegro • Marcello – Sonata III • Skolnik – Little Suite in A-flat • Marcello – Sonata in C • Saint-Saens – Cavatine • Marcello – Sonata in E minor • Cesare – Canzon “La Hieronyma” • Handel – Sonata no. 3 (King edition) • Ropartz – Andante et Allegro • Handel – Concerto in F minor • De La Nux – Concert Piece • Albinoni – Concerto in D minor • Telemann – Sonata in F minor • Albrechtsberger – Concerto • Still – Romance • Rimsky-Korsakov – Concerto • Ridout – Concertino • Pryor – Thoughts of Love • Mozart – Concert Rondo, K. 371

Representative Bass Trombone Solo Literature:

• Hartley – Arioso • Siekmann – Concerto for Bass • Hindemith – 3 Leichte Stucke Trombone • Albinoni – Adagio in Fa majeur • Siekmann – Rhapsody on • Hoffman – Trigger Treat Pennsylvania Dutch Songs • Bariller – Hans de Schonceloch • Lieb – Concertino Basso • Tcherepnin – Andante for Tuba • Vaughan Williams – Six Studies in • Muller – Praeludium, Chorale, English Folk Songs Variations and Fugue • Lassen – Zwei Fantasie Stucke

Representative Repertoire:

• A Night in Tunisia • Limehouse Blues • All the Things You Are • Lullaby of Birdland • Alone Together • Misty • Autumn Leaves • My Funny Valentine • Autumn in New York • One Note Samba • Bessie’s Blues • Oleo • Blue Bossa • Perdido • Blue Monk • Satin Doll • Body and Soul • Solar • Dear Old Stockholm • So What • Four • Stella by Starlight • Green Dolphin Street • Sweet Georgia Brown • Have You Met Miss Jones • Take the “A” Train • Indiana • Tune Up • It Don’t Mean a Thing • What Is This Thing Called Love • Just Friends

Second Year Performance:

• Multiple articulation tonguing technique on repeated notes • Range security up to D5 • Range security down to D2 • All major, natural minor, and harmonic minor scales and arpeggios in two octaves and in arpeggiated thirds • Chromatic scale in two octaves • Fluency in reading alto clef • Ability to play simple tunes by ear in any key • Continued progress and refinement in all technical and artistic aspects of brass playing

Representative Tenor Trombone Solo Literature:

• Kalinkowitsch – Elegia “Memories • Monaco – Second Sonata of Shostakovich” • Weber – Romance • Vaughan Williams – Six Studies in • Mahler – Solo from Symphony no. 3 English Folksong (Ostrander) • Jorgensen – Romance, op. 21 • Salzedo – Piece Concertante • Rousseau – Piece Concertante • Pergolesi – Sinfonia • White – Sonata • Nordheim – The Hunting of the • Whear – Sonata Snark (unaccomp.) • Genzmer – Sonata • Tomasi - Danse Sacree • Kenny – Fanfare (unaccomp.) • Larsson – Concertino • Sanders – Sonata • McKay – Sonata no. 1 • Davison – Sonata • Stojowski – Fantaisie • Jongen – Aria and Polonaise • Cook – Bolivar • Beethoven – Seven Variations • Wagenseil – Concerto (theme from Magic Flute) • Rossini/Liszt – Cujus Animam (with • Frackenpohl – Variations on a organ) Theme of Shostakovich • David – Concertino • Corwell – Distant Images (with tape) • Pryor – Blue Bells of Scotland • Ross – Cyptical Tryptich • Buss – Trek! Representative Bass Trombone Solo Literature:

• Tuthill – Fantasia for Tuba or Bass • Tchaikovsky – Melodrama Trombone • Dossett – Trilogy • White – Tetra Ergon • Stevens – Sonatina • McCarty – Sonata for Bass • Bach – Cello Suites Trombone • Telemann – Flute Fantasies • Lanatier – Introduction, Romance • Nelhybel – Concerto for Bass and Allegro Trombone • Spillman – Two Songs

Representative Jazz Repertoire:

• All Blues • Lady Bird • All of Me • Michelle • Anthropology • My Foolish Heart • Blues for Alice • My Romance • Blue Train • Night and Day • But Beautiful • Recordame • Cottontail • Seven Steps to Heaven • Days of Wine and Roses, The • Sidewinder • Fly Me to the Moon • Straight, No Chaser • Footprints • Sugar • Girl from Ipanema, The • They Can’t Take That Away From • Groovin’ High Me • How High the Moon • West Coast Blues • I Can’t Get Started • When I Fall in Love • I’ll Remember April • Yesterday • I Love You • You Are the Sunshine of My Life

Third Year Performance:

• Multiple articulation technique on scalar passages • Range security up to Eb5 • Range security down to C2 • All major, natural minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor scales and arpeggios in two octaves and in arpeggiated thirds • Chromatic scale in three octaves • All diminished arpeggios and augmented arpeggios in two octaves • Development of jazz style and articulation • Continued progress and refinement in all technical and artistic aspects of brass playing • Ability to prepare and perform a successful full or half recital (as per specific degree requirements)

Representative Tenor Trombone Solo Literature:

• Cage – Solo for Sliding Trombone • Holst – Duo Concertante (with (unaccomp.) organ) • Jorgensen – Suite • Wilder – Sonata for Trombone • Bassett – Sonata • Persichetti – Parable (unaccomp.) • Stevens – Sonatina • Grondahl – Concerto • Dutilleux – Chorale, Cadence, & • Duckworth – Statements & Fugato Interludes • Chambers – 3 B’s (unaccomp.) • Bozza – Ballade • Serocki – Sonatina • Boutry – Capriccio • Milhaud – Concertino d’Hiver • Schumann – Three Romances • Hartley – Sonata Concertante • Bourgeois - Coat de Bone • Phillips – T. Rex (with tape) (unaccomp.) • Ewazen – Sonata • Glazanov – Chant du Menestrel • Asia – Dream Sequence 1 • Howarth – Concerto (unaccomp.) • F. Strauss – Notturno, op. 7 • Eben – Two Invocations (with organ) (Lawrence) • Hindemith – Sonate • Debussy – Beau Soir • Stevens – Sonata • Crespo – Improvisation Nr. 1 • Sulek – Sonata “Vox Gabrieli” (unaccomp.) • Saint-Saens – Le Cygne Representative Bass Trombone Solo Literature:

• Lebedev – Concerto in One • Ewazen – Ballade for Bass Movement Trombone • Lebedev – Concerto Allegro • George – Concerto • Shostakovich – Adagio from • Jacob – Cameos "Limpid Stream" • Galliard - Six Sonatas • Sachse – Concertino • Fetter – Spain • Spillman – Concerto • Wilder – Sonata • Hidas – Meditation (unaccomp.)

Representative Jazz Repertoire:

• Au Privave • Maiden Voyage • Chega De Saudade • Mood Indigo • Confirmation • My Favorite Things • Corcovado • Nardis • Donna Lee • Prelude to a Kiss • Easy Living • Shadow of Your Smile • Freddie the Freeloader • Someday My Prince Will Come • Half Nelson • Song for My Father • Honeysuckle Rose • Sophisticated Lady • Hot House • Stompin’ at the Savoy • Impressions • There Is No Greater Love • In a Sentimental Mood • There Will Never Be Another You • Jeanine • Well You Needn’t • Jordu • Woody’n You • Lazy Bird • Yes or No • Like Someone in Love • Yesterdays

Fourth Year Performance:

• Multiple articulation technique on arpeggiated passages • Range security up to F5 • Range security down to Bb1 • All major, natural minor, harmonic minor, melodic minor, diminished, and whole tone scales and arpeggios in three octaves (where possible) and in arpeggiated thirds • Ability to improvise over standard, jazz chord progressions • Ability to audition competitively for a professional band or orchestra, a graduate program in a reputable college or conservatory, and/or in national or international level competitions • Continued progress, refinement, and mastery in all technical and artistic aspects of brass playing • Ability to prepare and perform a successful full recital of advanced level repertoire at a quality appropriate to a developing professional level performer

Representative Tenor Trombone Solo Literature:

• Massenet – Meditation from “Thais” • Bach – Cello Suites (Hartman) • Walker – Concerto • Casterede – Sonatine • Bloch – Symphony • Bolter – Arctic Emanations • Martin – Ballade • Dorsey – Trombonology • Filas – Sonata • Goldstein – Colloquy • Jacob – Concerto • Tomasi – Concerto • Rota – Concerto • Arnold – Fantasy for Trombone • Plog – Three Miniatures (unaccomp.) • Rabe – Basta (unaccomp.) • Krenek – Five Pieces • Bourgeois - Fantasy Pieces • Creston – Fantasy (unaccomp.) • Chavez – Concerto • Berio – Sequenza V (unaccomp.) • Bourgeois – Concerto • Xenakis - Keren (unaccomp.) • Peaslee – Arrows of Time • Lynn – Doollallynastics (unaccomp.) • Schuller – Eine Kleine • Defaye – Deux Dances Posaunedmusik • Ewazen – Visions of Light • de Frumerie – Sonat (or Concerto) • Bizet/Elkjer – Carmen Fantasy • Rouse – Trombone Concerto • de Meij – T-Bone Concerto

Representative Bass Trombone Solo Literature: • Ewazen – Concertino • Boutry – Tubachhanale • Ewazen – Concerto • Bozza – Theme Varie • Ewazen – Rhapsody • Bozza – New Orleans • Hartley – Sonata Breve • Duckworth – Statements and (unaccomp.) Interludes • Koopman – Canzone (with CD) • Frank – Variations on Barnacle Bill • Bach - Flute Partita the Sailor • Casterede – Fantasie Concertante • Zwilich – Concerto Representative Jazz Repertoire:

• Airegin • Meditation • Angel Eyes • Moment’s Notice • Black Orpheus • Mr. P.C. • Bluesette • Naima • Boplicity • Nica’s Dream • Ceora • Ornithology • Chelsea Bridge • Out of Nowhere • Cherokee • ‘Round Midnight • Daahoud • Scrapple from the Apple • Desafinado • Some Skunk Funk • Dolphin Dance • Spain • Epistrophy • Speak No Evil • Freedom Jazz Dance • Stolen Moments • Giant Steps • Summer Samba • I Mean You • Take Five • Invitation • Teach Me Tonight • I Remember Clifford • Wave • Joy Spring • When Sunny Gets Blue • Lush Life

Master’s Level Performance:

• Relaxed, rapid lip flexibility in the extreme registers • Range security up to G5 • Range security down to G1 • All major, natural minor, harmonic minor, melodic minor, diminished, whole tone, blues, pentatonic, diminished whole tone, lydian dominant, bebop scales and arpeggios in three octaves (where possible) and in arpeggiated thirds • Ability to improvise over memorized complex jazz chord progressions • Ability to audition competitively for a professional band or orchestra, a doctoral program in a reputable college or conservatory, and/or in national or international level competitions • Continued progress, refinement, and mastery in all technical and artistic aspects of brass playing • Ability to prepare and perform a successful full recital of graduate level repertoire to a professional standard

Representative Tenor Trombone Solo Literature:

• Tomasi-Concerto • Gotkovsky-Concerto • Casterede – Sonatine • Serocki-Sonatina • Martin-Ballade • Bozza-Ballade • Creston-Fantasy • Castérède-Sonatine • Milhaud-Concertino d’hiver • Hindemith-Sonata • Berio-Sequenza • Gröndahl-Concerto Representative Bass Trombone Solo Literature:

• Hidas-Rhapsody • Gregson-Tuba Concerto • Vaughan Williams-Tuba Concerto • Castérède-Fantaisie Concertante Representative Jazz Assignments:

• Detailed Transcriptions • Regular Jazz Composition • Comprehensive Melodic Memorization (Real Book, vols. 1-3) • Demonstrated command of jazz piano voicings • Development of pedagogy techniques for improvisation

Representative Tenor Trombone Orchestral Excerpts (to be surveyed at every ability level:

Beethoven-Symphony #5 Brahms-Symphony #2 Berlioz-Hungarian March Bruckner-Symphony #4 Berlioz-Symphony Fantastique Bruckner-Symphony #7 Brahms-Symphony #1 Hindemith-Symphonic Metamorphisis Mahler-Symphony #2 Schumann-Symphony #3 Mahler-Symphony #3 Strauss-Till Eulenspeigel Mozart-Requiem Strauss-Ein Heldenleben Ravel-Bolero Strauss-Also Sprach Zarathustra Rimsky-Korsakov-Russian Easter Stravinsky-Firebird Rossini-William Tell Tchaikovsky-Symphony #6 (Pathetique) Saint-Saens-Symphony #3 (Organ) Wagner-Ride of the Walkure Schubert-Symphony #9 Wagner-Tannhauser

Representative Bass Trombone Orchestral Excerpts (to be surveyed at every ability level):

Bartok-Miraculous Manderin Prokofiev-Romeo and Juliet Bartok-Concerto for Orchestra Respighi-Fountains of Rome Beethoven-Symphony #9 Rossini-William Tell Berlioz-Hungarian March Schubert-Symphony #9 Brahms-Symphony #1 Schumman-Symphony #3 Franck-Symphony in d minor Strauss-Ein Heldenleben Haydn-The Creation Strauss-Till Eulenspiegel Hindemith-Symphonic Metamorphosis Wagner-Das Rheingold Kodaly-Hary Janos Wagner-Ride of the Walkure Mussorgsky/Ravel-Pictures at an Exhibition Wagner-Tannhauser

Etudes/Exercises to be selected from the following (individually chosen for each student):

• Aharoni - New Method for Bass • Bona – Rhythm Articulation Trombone • Boone – Multiphonic Etudes (5) • Appert – A Progressive Study of • Boone – Studio Etudes (15), vol. 1 Multiphonics • Bourgeois - Fantasy Pieces • Baker, B. – Method • Bordogni/Rochut - Melodious Etudes • Baker, D. – Contemporary for Trombone (Book 1) Techniques (6 Books) • Bordogni/Rochut - Melodious Etudes • Baker, D. – How to Play Bebop for Trombone (Book 2) • Baker, D. – Improvisational Patterns • Bordogni/Rochut - Melodious Etudes (4 Books) for Trombone (Book 3) • Baker, D. – A New Approach to Ear • Bordogni/Schwartz - Vocalises Training for Jazz Musicians (w/CD) vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 • Berger – Contemporary Jazz Studies • Brown – Orchestral Excerpts, all • Bitsch – Rhythmical Studies (15) vols. • Blazhevich – Sequences • Bozza – Etudes-Caprices (13) • Blazhevich – Studies (70) • Bozza – Studies in Form of • Blokker – Oefeningen voor Improvisation (18) Trombone (out of print) • Bozza – Studies in Karnatic Modes • Blume – Studies (36) (11) • Bollinger - Valve Technique for Bass • Brubeck, D.W. - Stereograms (20) Trombone • Busser/Couillaud – Etudes • Lemoine and Cie - Des Solfeges, vol. Melodiques (12) 3E • Campbell – Contemporary Etudes • Lemmon – Studies (30) • Lilore – Learnin' the Blues • Charlier – Etudes de Perfectionement • Lipner – From Lead Sheets to Hip (32) Solos • Cimera – Phrasing Studies (55) (out • Maenz – Studies for Bass of print) Trombone/Tuba (20) • Cimera – Seventy-Nine Trombone • Maxted – Studies (high register Studies etudes) • Colin – Advanced Lip Flexibilities • McChesney – Doodle Studies & • Colley – Tune Up System Etudes (w/CD) • Concone – Legato Studies (40) • Mole – 100 Jazz Breaks • Edwards – Introductory Studies in • Mueller – Technical Studies Tenor & Alto Clef • Nagel – Trombone Studies in • Edwards – Lip Slurs Contemporary Music • Ellefson – Scale Pyramid • Nightingale - Undertones (20) • Ellefson – Warm-ups • Ostrander – Melodious Etudes for • Fedchock – Jazz Solos Bass Trombone • Fink - Introducing the Tenor Clef • Ostrander – Method for Bass • Fink - Introducing the Alto Clef Trombone • Fink/Slama – Melodic Technic • Ostrander – Shifting Studies • Gale – Jazz Etudes (24) (w/CD) • Ostrander/Williams – Double-Valve • Gillis - Etudes for Bass Trombone Bass Trombone Low Tone Studies with Double–Valve (20) • Pederson – Elementary Etudes for • Gillis - Progressive Studies (70) Bass Trombone • Grigoriev - Studies (24) • Pederson – Unaccompanied Solos • Haerle – Scales for Jazz for Trombone Improvisation • Pichaureau – Atonal Studies (20) • Holcombe – Intermediate Jazz • Pilafian/Sheridan – The Brass Gym Etudes (12) (w/CD) • Pilafian/Sheridan – The Breathing • Hunter – Complete Jazz Styles Gym • Johnson – Exercises & Etudes for the • Pryor – Exercises for Lip Jazz Trombonist Development • Johnson – The J.J. Johnson • Raph – Dance Band Reading and Collection Interpretation • Johnson – J.J. Johnson Solos • Raph – Diversified Trombone Etudes • Kahila – Advanced Studies for • Remington – Warm-Up Exercises Trombone (alto clef) • Rosolino – Fond Memories Of... • Knaub – Technical Studies for Bass • Sauer – Clef Studies Trombone • Sauer – Orchestral Etudes (20) • Kopprasch/Brown – Selected Studies • Schlossberg – Daily Drills vols. 1 & 2 • Schwartz – Breakfast (w/CD) • Kopprasch – Selected Studies for • Senon – Etudes Rythmo-Techniques Bass Trombone (25) • Shoemaker—Legato Studies for • Uber – Symphonic Studies in Alto Trombone Clef • Snedecor – Lyrical Etudes • Vernon – Singing Approach to Brass • Snidero – Easy Jazz Conception Playing (w/CD) • Vining – Daily Routines • Snidero – Jazz Conception (w/CD) • Voxman—Selected Studies for • Stacy – Stacy’s Studies Trombone • Tyrell – Progressive Studies (40) • Watrous/Raph – Trombonisms • Uber – Etudes (30) • Wikler – Jazz Etudes (60) • Uber – Melodic Concepts vols. 1 & 2 • Winding – Jazz Trombone Solos Duets to be selected from the following collections:

• Amsden – Practice Duets • Karlin – Duets in Jazz: Jazz • Bach/Boone – Concert Duets Phrasing • Bach/Miller – Two-Part Inventions • LaPorta – Jazz Duets (15) (15) • Miller – Trombone Duets (33) • Baker, D. – Modern Jazz Duets • Mozart/Powell – Duets (11) • Blazhevich – Concert Duets • Perlaki – Trombone Duos • Blume – Duets (12) • Ritt – Melodious Accompaniment • Bordogni/Bowles – Contrapuntal • Robbins – Classical Duets Duets • Tanner – Trombone Duets • Bower – Bop Duets • Telemann – Canonic Sonatas • Bush – Duets in the Modern Jazz • Telemann/Lawrence/Welcomer – Idiom Sonatas vols. 1 & 2 • Ervin – Counterparts (20) to Rochut • Vining – Long Tone Duets Texts and Periodicals to be selected from the following:

• Baker, B. – Tenor Trombone Handbook • Begel – A Modern Guide for Trombonists and Other Musicians • Ervin – Rangebuilding on the Trombone • Farkas – The Art of Brass Playing • Farkas – The Art of Musicianship • Fink – Trombonist’s Handbook • Frederiksen – Arnold Jacobs, Song & Wind • International Trombone Association Journals • Kleinhammer – The Art of Trombone Playing • Lewis – Broken Embouchures • Raph - Double-Valve Bass Trombone • Sloan - Orchestral Recordings for Low Brass • Stewart – The Legacy of a Master: Arnold Jacobs • Stewart – The Legacy of a Master: Philip Farkas • Wick – Trombone Technique • Winding – Yoga for Musicians and Other Special People

Jazz materials to be selected from the following:

• Jamey Aebersold - play along discs, selected from volumes 2, 3, 6, 12, 15, 21, • 22, 36, 54, 56, 58, 61, 66, 68, 71, 75, 98, 104, 110, 111, 112 • Jamey Aebersold and Ken Slone - Omnibook in Bass Clef • Bugs Bower - Bop Duets • Jerry Coker - Patterns for Jazz • The Real Book, vols. 1-3 • Craig Fraedrich - Scale Studies for Improvisation, free at www.CraigFraedrichMusic.com • J.J. Johnson - Exercises and Etudes for the Jazz Instrumentalist • Bob McChesney - Doodle Studies and Etudes • Bill Watrous - Don Erjavec & John Blane, The Music of Bill Watrous • Bill Watrous - Trombonisms • Scott Whitfield - The J.J. Johnson Collection • Jiggs Whigham - Jiggs Whigham Solos

Student iPod playlists to be selected from discographies of the following artists and ensembles:

Academy of St. Martin Jay Friedman Michael Mulcahy Joe Alessi Curtis Fuller National Symphony John Allred Urbie Green New York Philharmonic Amsterdam Symphony Al Grey Tricky Sam Nanton Brant Attema Wycliffe Gordon Airmen of Note Bob Havens Kid Ory Roland Barber Wayne Henderson Steven Parsons Berlin Philharmonic Conrad Herwig Philadelphia Orchestra Bonerama J.C. Higginbotham Arthur Pryor Boston Brass Chris Houlding Jim Pugh Boston Symphony J.J. Johnson Bill Reichenbach Tom Brantley Jay & Kai Trombone Octet Jeffrey Reynolds Bob Brookmeyer Jimmy Knepper Rhythm & Brass Keith Brown Slide Hampton David Bremner Mark Lawrence Roswell Rudd Canadian Brass Carl Lenthe Pete Rugolo Chicago Symphony Christian Lindberg San Francisco Symphony Cleveland Orchestra London Symphony Saint Louis Symphony Michael Davis Los Angeles Philharmonic Ralph Sauer Michael Dease Greg Luscombe Dick Shearer Steve Dillon Albert Mangellsdorf Trombone Shorty James Markey Brett Shuster Peter Ellefson Delfeayo Marsalis Rick Simerly Empire Brass Andy Martin Frank Sinatra Robin Eubanks Bob McChesney Stockholm Chamber Brass John Fedchock Rob McConnell Dave Taylor Mnozil Brass Trombones de Costa Rica Washington Trombone Phil Wilson Alain Trudel Ensemble Jeremy Wilson Steve Turre Harry Watters Kai Winding Charlie Vernon Bill Watrous Steve Witser Vienna Philharmonic Jiggs Whigham Britt Woodman David Vining Scott Whitfield

*Sources: Harry Watters (George Mason University), the late Dr. Milt Stevens (University of Maryland, Catholic University of America), Moises Powensky (University of Arizona), David Vining (Northern Arizona University), Reginald Fink (The Trombonist’s Handbook)