Gwen John and Augustus John Teachers' Pack
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Teacher and student notes with key work cards Gwen John and Augustus John Tate Britain, 29 September 2004 - 9 January 2005 Gwen John (1876-1939) The Student 1903-4 Oil on canvas 56.1 x 33.1 cms. Manchester City Art Galleries. © Estate of Gwen John 2004. All Rights Reserved, DACS Gwen John and Augustus John Introduction These introductory notes are intended both for teachers and students from KS4 onwards. They contain some background information about the artists and pinpoint central themes and ideas in the Gwen and Augustus John exhibition. The key work cards that follow (which you could print out and laminate) focus on individual paintings and include suggested discussion points, activities and links to other works, both in the Tate collection and elsewhere. They can be used not only to support an exhibition visit, but also as a classroom resource with a longer shelf-life. Please note: further sets of key work cards are available for sale in Tate shops as part of the Tate Britain and Tate Modern Teachers' Kits, or in themed packs (£9.99) which are currently available on Portraits and Identity and Landscape and Environment. The set of key work cards focusing on portraits provides the historical background to the theme. It would therefore be a useful extension to your study of these two 20th century portraitists. Make sure that you look at some of the historic portraits in the Collection displays while you are at Tate Britain, as well as visiting the exhibition. This will help you measure the Johns' achievements in dispensing with rank and status as prerequisites for portraiture. Key themes of the exhibition David Fraser Jenkins, curator of this exhibition, opens his catalogue essay by highlighting two aspects of the artists, Gwen and Augustus John. Firstly he highlights the importance of the simple fact that they were brother and sister and, according to Augustus, 'not opposites but much the same really, but we took a different attitude'. Next he explains that they felt themselves to be outsiders because they were Welsh, not English, and there were not many Welsh artists at that time. Their defensive position was, according to Fraser Jenkins, that they 'abhorred the whole notion of belonging to anything' and as a result they 'were simply not part of the weave of British art'. These defining characteristics should provide a way into the exhibition for students, many of whom have siblings and some of whom, for whatever reason, feel themselves to be outsiders. For discussion before and during your visit - Why do artists make portraits, using paint, sculpture and photography? Is it simply to record appearance, or can you think of other reasons? Look at press photos in newspapers as well as pictures in art books to help you decide. Think about what you want to achieve when you compose a portrait. - Consider what unites and separates you from your brothers and sisters whom you may sometimes feel are your best friends, at other times your worst enemies. In the exhibition look out for similarities and differences between the paintings of this brother and sister. - Do you ever feel yourself to be an outsider? What are the strengths and disadvantages of this position? Look at the work of Gwen and Augustus's contemporaries in rooms 17, 19, 20 and 23 of the Tate Britain collection displays. Can you see what separates the Johns' work from that of artists like Harold Gilman, William Rothenstein or Vanessa Bell? Are there similarities? Gwen John and Augustus John A brief outline of the artists' lives Gwen was the older child, born in Haverford West in 1876 while Augustus was born in Tenby in 1878. Their mother died when Gwen was eight and Augustus six, leaving them in the care of an uncommunicative Welsh solicitor father who left them largely to their own devices. Both artists studied at the Slade School of Art in London, then unusual in offering an equal education to both women and men. Augustus stood out immediately from other students because of his skill in drawing which was the basis of art school curriculum at that time, and a great future was predicted for him. In 1901 he married Ida Nettleship, a fellow student and friend of Gwen's. In 1903 Augustus and Gwen shared an exhibition at the Carfax Gallery in London. Augustus wrote to his friend and fellow painter William Rothenstein saying: 'Gwen has the honours or should have ...The little pictures to me are almost painfully charged with feeling'. John Rothenstein, son of William and later director of the Tate Gallery, described Augustus peering 'fixedly, almost obsessively, at pictures by Gwen as though he could discern in them his own temperament in reverse'. One of Augustus's endearing qualities was that he could appreciate his sister's work to the extent of valuing it over and above his own. Augustus's household was complicated by the inclusion of his mistress as well as his wife. This was Dorothy McNeill, discovered by Gwen and given the name Dorelia by the Johns. Also a close friend of Ida, Dorelia like her bore Augustus's children. In 1907 Ida died from complications after the birth of her fifth son and Dorelia filled her place as mother to all their children. From 1907 until 1910 Augustus was praised as the outstanding young artist in London. That valuation declined from about 1916, just as Gwen was coming into her own. Meanwhile from 1904 Gwen had settled in Paris where she earned money by posing for artists. While modelling for sculptor Auguste Rodin she fell in love with him, becoming his mistress. He was 64 and famous; she was 28 and virtually unknown. According to Augustus, whereas she had been 'shy as a sheep' before she met Rodin, she became 'amorous and proud' afterwards. From 1911 until he died of cancer in 1924, an American patron, John Quinn, provided Gwen with a regular income. (Quinn also collected works by Seurat, Cézanne, Picasso and Matisse). From January 1911 Gwen rented three rooms in the top storey of a house in rue Terre Neuve in Meudon, about twenty kilometres outside Paris. It was there that she turned to religion, attending church from 1913. She died in Dieppe (nobody knows why she had gone there) in 1939 at the age of 63, shortly after the outbreak of the second world war. Her nephew Edwin, who had visited her in Meudon, made sure that her paintings, neglected by her for some years, were rescued from the outhouse where she had kept them. Augustus lived on to be nearly 84 at the time he died in 1961. He had long since outlived his fame, was drinking too much and was subject to moods of deep depression. Poor Augustus. Using key work cards One aim of this exhibition is to allow us to reassess the work of the two artists. The key work cards present you with a number of contrasts and comparisons to help you identify some characteristics of each artist's work. The first comparison is between the brother and sister's different ways of seeing Dorelia as a Woman Smiling and as The Student. Next you could compare outdoors and indoors with Augustus's Lyric Fantasy set in a landscape and Gwen's interior The Artist's Room in Paris. The third comparison is between Gwen's two outstandingly frank portraits of model Fenella Lovell, clothed and naked. And finally the contrast between Augustus's Joseph Hone and Gwen's The Nun invites you to consider two very different ways of making a portrait. There are many other linked paintings in the exhibition for you to compare. See how many pairings you can find. For discussion Do you prefer one of the artists to the other? Is is there one whose work you prefer, for personal reasons perhaps? Gwen John and Augustus John Augustus John (1878-1961) Woman Smiling 1908-9 Oil on canvas, 1960 x 982 mm Tate. Presented by the Contemporary Art Society 1917 © copyright courtesy of the artist's estate / www.bridgeman.co.uk Gwen John and Augustus John 'The vitality of this gypsy Gioconda is fierce, disquieting, emphatic.' Roger Fry's reaction to Woman Smiling, published in The Burlington Magazine, May 1909. Augustus John (1878-1961) Woman Smiling 1908-9 Oil on canvas, 1960 x 982 mm Tate. Presented by the Contemporary Art Society 1917 © copyright courtesy of the artist's estate / www.bridgeman.co.uk Background For discussion Can you imagine being taken aback, or perhaps .There are at least twenty works in this even shocked, by this portrait if you had seen it in exhibition, drawings as well as paintings, by the exhibition of Fair Women in 1909? Probably not. Augustus of Dorelia. She posed frequently for From today's standpoint it is even difficult to him not just because he loved her but because conceive of an exhibition with such a sexist name she was very good at adapting herself to the ever taking place. In that show contemporary pose the artist wanted. How do you interpret artworks like Woman Smiling were juxtaposed with the different poses Augustus asked her to old master paintings so that viewers could contrast adopt? What roles does she play other than the beauties of one age with those of another. By that of gypsy? describing her as a "gypsy Gioconda", art critic .To put yourself in the position of viewers of this Roger Fry was making a link between the sitter's painting when it was first exhibited, have a smile and the most famous of all portraits, Leonardo look at some traditional portraits in the da Vinci's Mona Lisa, otherwise known as La collection displays, starting with the Gioconda.