Late Quaternary Volcanic Activity in the New Ireland Basin: Distribution and Geochemical Evolution of Tephra at the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni Chain, Papua New Guinea

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Late Quaternary Volcanic Activity in the New Ireland Basin: Distribution and Geochemical Evolution of Tephra at the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni Chain, Papua New Guinea Late Quaternary volcanic activity in the New Ireland Basin: Distribution and geochemical evolution of tephra at the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni chain, Papua New Guinea Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Kersten Horz Kiel 2002 Kurzfassung Diese Arbeit präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer sedimentologischen, petrologischen und geochemischen Studie von vulkanischen Gläsern, die aus Aschelagen in sieben Sedimentkernen gewonnen wurden. Die Sedimentkerne wurden während der EDISON II (SO−133) Forschungsfahrt in der Nähe der Tabar- Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) Inselkette, die im Neu Irland Becken von Papua Neuguinea liegen, gewonnen. Altersbestimmung, Korrelation der einzelnen Aschelagen, chemische Charakterisierung und mögliche Mantelquellen werden diskutiert. Vor dieser Studie bestand die allgemeine wissenschaftliche Auffassung, dass die TLTF Vulkane die Hauptliefergebiete für die Aschen im New Ireland Becken sind. Eine weitere Quelle für die Aschen sind die aktiven Vulkane des New Britain Vulkanbogens, von denen man annahm, dass der vulkanische Eintrag von dort nur gering sei. In dieser Studie wird versucht, anhand geochemischer Signaturen die mögliche Herkunft der Aschenlagen zu rekonstruieren. Die Altersbestimmungen der Sedimentkerne wurden mit Hilfe von Sauerstoffisotopenanalysen an planktischen Foraminiferen durchgeführt, aus denen sich dann durch Interpolation die relativen Alter der einzelnen Aschenlagen ermitteln ließen. Dabei konnten 37 Aschenlagen aus einem Zeitraum von 333 ka Jahren bestimmt werden. Haupt- und Spurenelementzusammensetzung wurden an zahlreichen vulkanischen Glasscherben und Minerale der jeweiligen Aschenlagen mit einer Elektronenmikrosonde bzw. der ICP-MS analysiert. Die Elementzusammenset- zung der analysierten Gläser zeigen deutliche Unterschiede und können in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden, die jeweils charakteristisch für ein Liefergebiet sind. Eine Gruppe besteht aus vulkanischen Gläsern deren Zusammensetzung von Tephriphonoliten über Phonoliten bis hin zu Trachyten reicht. Sie sind durch hohe Anreicherung an K, P, Pb, Sr, LILE (Grossionige, lithophile Elemente), LREE (Leichte Seltene Erden) und eine Verarmung an Ti und HREE (Schwere Seltene Erden) gekennzeichnet. Diese Zusammensetzung entspricht denen von den TLTF Vulkanen. Eine zweite Gruppe mit Daziten, Rhyoliten und Trachyten zeigt vergleichbare Anreicherungen an LILE und LREE aber wesentlich geringere P und Sr Werte sowie eine negative Europiumanomalie. Deutliche Unterschiede liegen in der Anreicherung der HFSE (Elemente mit hoher Feldstärke) und den HREE. Aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung können die Gläser dieser Gruppe den Vulkanen in Rabaul (nordöstlich New Britain) zugeordnet werden. Die letzte Gruppe repräsentiert alle übrigen Vulkane in New Britain (ohne Rabaul). Sie bestehen aus Andesiten und Rhyoliten mit LILE, HFSE und REE Konzentrationen wie sie für Vulkanbögen typisch sind (z.B. Izu-Bonin, Mariana). Die geochemischen Analysen zeigen, dass der größte Teil aller Aschenlagen in den obersten Sedimentschichten des New Ireland Beckens, einschließlich aller diskreten, aus hochexplosiven Vulkanausbrüchen stammenden Aschen, ihren Ursprung in Rabaul und allen anderen New Britain Vulkanen haben. Überraschenderweise können nur wenige Aschenlagen Eruptionen der TLTF Vulkanen zugeordnet werden. Dies könnte bedeuten, dass (i) nur kleine oder nicht explosive Ausbrüche in den letzten 333 ka stattfanden oder (ii) die TLTF Vulkane waren zum größten Teil überhaupt nicht aktiv. Beide Möglichkeiten decken sich mit den etablierten Datierungen von TLTF Vulkanereignissen, die alle wesentlich älter als 333 ka sind. Durch die Unterschiede in der Geochemie lassen sich für die TLTF Vulkane auf der einen Seite und die Vulkane für Rabaul bzw. New Britain auf der anderen Seite unterschiedliche Mantelquellen postulieren. Vulkanische Gläser von den TLTF Vulkanen haben hohe Nb/Yb Verhältnisse, die weit über denen eines normalen MORB hinausgehen. Dieses charakteristische Merkmal teilen sie mit Basalten aus der Solomon See. Gläser vom New Britain Vulkanbogen sind sehr viel stärker verarmt im Vergleich zu N-MORB und haben geringere Nb/Yb Verhältnisse genau wie Basalte aus dem Manus Becken. Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass ein „Solomon See“ Mantelbereich mit einer angereicherten Zusammensetzung (relativ zu N-MORB) sich unter dem New Ireland Becken erstreckt. Vulkanische Gläser von Rabaul im Nordosten des New Britain Vulkanbogens haben eine sehr viel kompliziertere Übergangszusammensetzung. Diese besteht möglicherweise aus einer Mischung von „Solomon“ und „Manus“ Mantelkomponenten, bei der die fraktionelle Kristallisation von titanreichen Phasen möglicherweise eine größere Rolle spielt. Abstract This thesis presents the results of a sedimentological, petrological, and geochemical study of volcanic ash beds in sediment cores recovered during the EDISON II Cruise (SO−133) in the New Ireland Basin adjacent to the Tabar-Lihir- Tanga-Feni (TLTF) volcanic chain, east of Papua New Guinea. Age determination, correlation of the ash beds, attribution to possible provinces and the likely mantle sources are discussed. Before this study, the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni volcanoes were expected to be the main source of tephra in the New Ireland Basin. A further possible source for the tephras are the active volcanoes of the New Britain volcanic arc, but their contribution was expected to be minor. Here, the possible origins of the recovered ash beds in the New Ireland Basin will be discussed on the basis of their geochemistry. Age determinations of the sediment cores, and the ash beds within them, were constrained through correlation and interpolation of foraminiferal oxygen isotope measurements. Thirty-seven ash beds in seven sediment cores dating back to 333 ka were identified. Major and trace element compositions of numerous glass shards and minerals within the ash beds were determined using an electron microprobe and ICP-MS. The geochemical composition of the analyzed glass shards varies widely, but the shards can be cleanly split into three distinct compositional groups reflecting three different source provinces. One group consists of glass whose composition ranges from shoshonitic tephriphonolite through phonolite to trachyte, and is characterized by a strong enrichment in K, P, Sr, LILE, LREE, and depletion of Ti and HREE relative to MORB: these characteristics are shared by lavas from the TLTF volcanic chain. A second group consists of high-K dacite, rhyolite, and trachyte with similar enrichment in LILE and LREE as the TLTF lavas, but with markedly lower P and Sr concentrations, a negative Eu anomaly, and enriched HFSE and HREE concentrations: their characteristics and compositions closely resemble those of lavas from Rabaul. The last group consists of medium to low K series andesite and rhyolite, with LILE and REE concentrations very typical of island arc lavas and strongly depleted HFSE concentrations: these characteristics are identical to those of the active New Britain island arc volcanoes (excluding Rabaul). The geochemical analyses reveal that the great majority of all ash beds in the uppermost sediments of the New Ireland Basin, including all discrete prominent air-fall beds representing large highly explosive eruptions, are sourced from Rabaul and the other active New Britain arc volcanoes. Surprisingly, only a few thin tephra beds can be attributed to eruptions at the TLTF volcanoes. This suggests that either (i) only small, or non-explosive, eruptions have occurred at the TLTF volcanoes during the last 333 ka, or (ii) the TLTF volcanoes have been largely inactive since 333 ka. Both possibilities are consistent with the established record of volcanism on the TLTF islands, where all known volcanic events appear to be significantly older than 333 ka. There is a clear distinction, on the basis of the observed geochemistry, between the mantle source of the TLTF volcanoes and that of Rabaul and the other New Britain volcanoes. Glasses from the TLTF volcanoes have high Nb/Yb ratios well above those of N-MORB, a characteristic shared by basalts from the Solomon Sea. In contrast, glasses from the New Britain arc volcanoes are strongly depleted relative to N-MORB and have low Nb/Yb values, as do basalts from the Manus Basin. Thus, it appears that a distinct "Solomon Sea" mantle domain with an enriched composition relative to MORB may extend to the northeast and underlie the New Ireland Basin. Glasses from Rabaul in the far northeast of New Britain have a more complicated transitional composition that may reflect a mix of both Solomon and Manus mantle components, and possibly a greater role for fractional crystallization of Ti-rich phases. Contents 1 Introduction _______________________________________________ 1 1.1 Island arc systems _______________________________________ 1 1.2 Aims and objectives of this study ____________________________ 2 1.3 Organization of this study __________________________________ 3 2 History ___________________________________________________ 4 2.1 Introduction_____________________________________________ 4 2.2 The New Ireland Basin ____________________________________ 5 2.3 The Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni volcanic chain ____________________ 9 2.4 The EDISON I Cruise (SO−94)_____________________________ 11 2.5 The EDISON II Cruise (SO−133) ___________________________ 12 3 Sedimentology ____________________________________________ 13 3.1 Sample sites
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