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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Accelerating Innovation In UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Accelerating Innovation in Global Contexts DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Information and Computer Sciences by Julia Katherine Haines Dissertation Committee: Bren Professor of Information and Computer Sciences Judith S. Olson, Chair Bren Professor of Information and Computer Sciences Gary M. Olson Professor Bonnie Nardi Assistant Professor Melissa Mazmanian 2015 © 2015 Julia Katherine Haines DEDICATION To all the founders I have met in this journey in admiration of their dedication and perseverance Xii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................. vii CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION .......................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2. Background & Related Work ............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Innovation and Innovation Ecosystems ................................................................................... 4 2.2 Silicon Valley as an Ideal Type ..................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Accelerators as New Phenomena ............................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 3. A Study of the Global Startup Scene ............................................................................ 21 3.1 An Ethnographic Approach ......................................................................................................... 21 3.2 From Silicon Valley to Southeast Asia and Latin America ............................................. 24 3.3 A Larger Global Picture ................................................................................................................ 34 3.4 Rich Data, Analysis & Synthesis ................................................................................................ 38 3.5 The Importance of ‘Being There’ .............................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 4. A Framework to Describe Silicon Valley and Accelerators’ Attempts to Replicate It ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 4.1 Components of the Complex Silicon Valley Ecosystem ................................................... 42 4.2 Accelerators and the Silicon Valley Framework ................................................................ 64 4.3 Isomorphism and Identity .......................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 5. Silicon Valley Startup Culture in Different Contexts ............................................. 87 Xiii 5.1 Accelerators as Transnational Spaces .................................................................................... 87 5.2 Implicit Cultural Reproduction and its Complexities ..................................................... 88 5.3 Culture and Complexity in Practices ....................................................................................... 96 5.4 Creating Cultural Capital ........................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER 6. Ritual Transformation .................................................................................................... 106 6.1 Challenges to Lean Startup as an Innovation Method .................................................. 106 6.2 Lean’s Symbolic Value ................................................................................................................ 113 6.3 Rites of Passage ............................................................................................................................. 119 CHAPTER 7. Transforming Practice .................................................................................................... 123 7.1 The Pitch as a Mundane Practice ........................................................................................... 124 7.2 Re-framing the Pitch ................................................................................................................... 127 7.3 The Pitch in the Design Process ............................................................................................. 130 7.4 Pitching, Identity, and Agency ................................................................................................. 135 7.5 Pitching as a Transformative Practice ................................................................................. 138 CHAPTER 8. Discussion: Changing Flows of Innovation ............................................................ 143 8.1 A Broader Theoretical View of Startup Innovation ....................................................... 143 8.2 Implications for Innovators ..................................................................................................... 155 8.3 Shaping the Flow of Innovation ............................................................................................. 162 8.4 Future Directions .......................................................................................................................... 166 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 170 Xiv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1 Demo Day at JFDI 25 Figure 3.2 JFDI’s Mascot Smoochy 28 Figure 3.3 Singapore’s Techventure Conference 34 Figure 4.1 Silicon Valley Ecosystem Components 44 Figure 4.2 The Lean Startup Cycle 59 Figure 4.3 The Customer Development Process 60 Figure 4.4 The NXTP Ofice 70 Figure 4.5 JFDI’s Cafe 71 Figure 4.6 JFDI’s Frog Score 78 Figure 6.1 JFDI’s Metrics Board 117 Figure 7.1 Pitching at Demo Day 124 Figure 7.2 Pitching Practice at JFDI 129 Figure 8.1 Silicon Valley Ecosystem Components 160 Xv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1 “Silicon” Ecosystems 13 Table 3.1 Teams at JFDI 27 Table 3.2 Teams at NXTP 31 Table 4.1 Cultural Attributes that Accelerators Promote 75 Xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this dissertation without the help, guidance, and support of many, many people. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Judy Olson, for her support throughout this dissertation. Judy helped me become a better researcher, and her boundless energy and enthusiasm always kept me motivated. I could not have imagined a better advisor and mentor on this journey. As my co-advisor, Gary Olson always had patience and sage words of wisdom. Together, the Olsons have had a tremendous impact in my work, and I cannot express how much their mentorship has meant to me personally. My other committee members, Bonnie Nardi and Melissa Mazmanian, provided incredibly valuable guidance, insight, and encouragement in this research. Their questions and feedback always challenged me to make this research more thoughtful, reglective, and theoretical. I would also like to thank countless other colleagues and friends for their discussions, feedback, and moral support over the past few years. In particular, I thank my labmates in and around the Hana Lab, including Martin Shelton, Jingwen Zhang, Dakuo Wang, Simone Lanette, as well as Alex Toll and Andy Echinique. I am grateful to so many others as well in UCI Informatics and the ISTC Social Computing group. It has been an honor to be surrounded by such brilliant minds and wonderful people. I would also like to thank all the amazing support staff we have at UCI, especially Suzie Barrows. Importantly, this research would not have been possible without the help and support of many startup founders, mentors, and advisors all over the world. A huge thank you to all of you for letting me be a part of your world for a brief time. In particular, at NXTP, I am grateful to Arturo Torres, Gabi Roberto Baró, Leila Klein, and Francisco Garzón and at JFDI, Hugh Mason, Meng Weng Wong, and Ray Wu, who were all invaluable in conducting this research. I am forever indebted to them, and in particular Ray, who has been a sounding board for this research from the very girst stages. Thank you for everything. I also grateful to all my friends whose conversations helped shape this research, especially Geoff McQueen. Financial support for this research has been provided by Google; the Intel Science & Technology Center for Social Computing Graduate Research Fellowship; the Roberta Ellen Lamb Memorial Dissertation Fellowship; the Joseph and Dorothy Fischer Endowed Memorial Fellowship Award; and the Google Graduate Student Fellowship in ICS. I thank all of these funders for their generous support.
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