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The Journal of The The Journal of the IYNA International Youth Neuroscience Association LANGUAGE VOL. 1 ISSUE 7 DECEMBER 2016 FEATURED ARTICLES ‘Talking Heads: The ‘Neurological ‘The Role of the ‘Research Methods: Ethical Advantages of Right Hemisphere in ERP Technique’ – by Consequences of a Bilingualism’ – by Language’ – by Jacob Umans and Neuroscientic Kento Arendt Lorrayne Isidoro Eva Kitlen Understanding of Language’ – by Nicholas Chrapliwy ___________________________________________________________________________ Contents INTRODUCTION Letter from the Editor William Ellsworth pages 3 - 4 Update from the Directors Jacob Umans et al. page 5 GENERAL NEUROSCIENCE The Role of the Right Hemisphere in Lorrayne Isidoro pages 6 - 12 Language NEW TECHNOLOGY Aphasias and Apple: Alleviating Language Dhanya Mahesh pages 13 - 15 Impairments Through Communication Technology DISEASE Foreign Accent Syndrome: A Perplexing Mallika Pajjuri pages 16 - 18 Disorder Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) Joshua Woo pages 19 - 22 Dyslexia: A Summary Alexander Skvortsov pages 23 - 25 Broca’s Aphasia: At a Loss for Words Christian Gonzalez pages 26 - 29 RESEARCH Research Methods: ERP Technique Jacob Umans and Eva pages 30 - 32 Kitlen The Neurological Benets of Bilingualism Kento Arendt and Megumi pages 33 - 35 Sano Study Summary: fMRI Syntactic and Lexical Jacob Umans and Shreyas pages 36 - 38 Repetition Eects Reveal the Initial Stages of Parab Learning a New Language –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 ___________________________________________________________________________ NEUROETHICS Language and Moral Dilemma Norhan AlGharabawy pages 39 - 40 Talking Heads: The Ethical Consequences of Nicholas Chrapliwy pages 41 - 44 a Neuroscientic Understanding of Language INTERVIEW Interview: Studying Dyslexia Megumi Sano pages 45 - 47 VITREOUS HUMOR New Research Paper Uses Simple IYNA Satire Team page 48 “Hands-On” Language CONTRIBUTORS PAGE page 49 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 2 ___________________________________________________________________________ ・INTRODUCTION・ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Letter From the Editor William Ellsworth Readers, I hope you enjoy the seventh issue of the IYNA Journal! We greatly appreciate your continued (or new) readership. Language is of utmost importance to the human species. From coordinating a society to conveying an emotion, everything that we do depends on it. The dominance of Homo sapiens over the planet can be attributed at least in part to our highly eective means of communication. The more we learn about language, it seems, the less we know. In the research section, Jacob Umans and Shreyas Parab discuss recent research describing acquisition of a new language; Kento Arendt and Megumi Sano provide a primer on the debate over purported benets of bilingualism. Unfortunately, signicant problems can exist with language abilities. In the disease section, Mallika Pajjuri explains Foreign Accent Syndrome; Christian Gonzalez describes Broca’s Aphasia; Joshua Woo details Primary Progressive Aphasia; and Alexander Skvortsov covers perhaps the most commonly known language disorder-- Dyslexia. Modern technology is setting the pace for language therapy. In new technology, Dhanya Mahesh reports on communication technology as a treatment for language disorders. In neuroethics, Nicholas Chrapliwy and Norhan AlGharabawy delineate the ethical complexities of language. Finally, we were honored to get a chance to interview the Dr. Guinevere Eden, Director of the Center for Study of Learning and full Professor at the Department of Pediatrics at Georgetown University Medical Center and previous President of the International Dyslexia Association. As always, it is critical that we recognize all of our dedicated writers for helping us make this issue the success that it is. You can nd all of their names and positions on our Contributors page. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3 ___________________________________________________________________________ If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions for us, please feel free to contact us at [email protected]. We hope you enjoy our seventh issue as much as we enjoyed writing it! Best Regards, William Ellsworth Editor-in-Chief, IYNA Journal –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 4 ___________________________________________________________________________ ・INTRODUCTION・ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Update from the Directors IYNA Board of Directors Readers, We all hope you enjoy the seventh issue of the IYNA Journal! We are incredibly grateful for your continued readership. This month, we would like to draw your attention to several developments within our organization: The Path to Nonprot After several months of hard work, our nonprot team headed by Executive Vice President Alexander Skvortsov has had signicant successes. As of today, the IYNA is nishing up the paperwork necessary to incorporate, and will soon be able to register as a 501(c)(3) nonprot. This will allow us to engage in a wider variety of outreach activities to promote neuroscience education around the world. ISSN In addition to approaching legal status as a non-prot organization, the IYNA has completed an application for the Journal of the IYNA to be added to the Library of Congress’s register as a serial publication. A further step toward legitimizing the hard work of every contributor to the Journal, attaining this status will allow the IYNA to spread its scope even further than before. As always, if you are interested in contributing see the contact us page on our website or email us at i [email protected]. Best Regards, Jacob Umans and Nicholas Chrapliwy Shreyas Parab Presidents Treasurer Alexander Skvortsov and Janvie Naik Megumi Sano Executive Vice Presidents Editor-In-Chief of the MYELIN Initiative Kyle Ryan William Ellsworth Director of Outreach IYNA Journal Editor-in-Chief –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 5 ___________________________________________________________________________ ・GENERAL NEUROSCIENCE・ ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– The Role of The Right Hemisphere in Language Lorrayne Isidoro Gonçalves Introduction Before the breakthroughs of Broca and Wernicke, the notion of language regions was based on observations in patients with brain injuries. This was not able to directly determine the brain areas in which language is localized. This researchers studied their patients and found that certain parts in certain regions lead to damage to language. Conrmation of Language Lateralization Broca Paul Broca (gure I) is known for his role in the discovery of specialized functions in dierent areas of the brain. In 1861, he was able to show, using post-mortem analysis of the patient Mr Leborgne (gure II), who had lost the ability to speak, that such loss was associated with damage to a specic area of the brain. The area, located toward the front of the brain's left hemisphere, became known as Broca's area [2]. Figure II: Damage in broca’s area of the Mr Leborne, the Broca’s patient –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 6 ___________________________________________________________________________ Wernicke Carl Wernicke (gure III) believed that abnormalities could be localized to specic regions of the cerebral cortex and thus could be used to determine the functions of these regions. Wernicke was one of the rst to conceive of brain function as dependent on neural pathways that connected dierent regions of the brain, with each region contributing a relatively simple sensory-motor activity [3]. In view of this, the thoughts all were facing to the localization of the brain functions. Denitive evidence supporting the inferences from neurological observations came from studies of patients whose corpus callosum and anterior commissure had been severed. This surgery is used for a treatment for epileptic seizures- disturbance in the electrical activity- of the brain called corpus callosotomy [1]. C orpus c allosotomy Corpus callosotomy (gure IV) is an operation that severs - cuts- the corpus callosum, interrupting the spread of seizures from hemisphere to hemisphere. Seizures generally do not completely stop after this procedure - they continue on the side of the brain in which they originate. However, the seizures usually become less severe, as they cannot spread to the opposite side of the brain [4]. Figure IV: Corpus callosotomy New Ideas So, in these patients, since the major axons connecting the cerebral hemispheres had been cut, researchers were able to determine what a “split” brain can result in. Roger Sperry and his –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 7 ___________________________________________________________________________ group of research initiate the rst investigations in split-brain patients were carried out by and established the hemispheric lateralization of language- localization of functions in the brain, normally divided into hemispheres-demonstrating many other functional dierences between the left and right hemispheres and continues to stand contributions to the understanding of brain organization [1]. Stereognosis Test Single-handed, vision-independent stereognosis - ability
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