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Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Facultad De Ciencias 0 Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia Modelado de nicho ecológico actual de dos especies de psitácidos en peligro de extinción (Ara macao cyanoptera y Amazona auropalliata), en Guatemala Informe de Tesis Presentado por Ana Rocío Silva Rivera Para optar por el título de Bióloga Guatemala, noviembre de 2019 Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia Modelado de nicho ecológico actual de dos especies de psitácidos en peligro de extinción (Ara macao cyanoptera y Amazona auropalliata), en Guatemala Ana Rocío Silva Rivera Bióloga Guatemala, noviembre de 2019 JUNTA DIRECTIVA M.A. Pablo Ernesto Oliva Soto Decano Licda. Miriam Roxana Marroquín Leiva Secretaria Dr. Juan Francisco Pérez Sabino Vocal I Dr. Roberto Enrique Flores Arzú Vocal II Lic. Carlos Manuel Maldonado Aguilera Vocal III Br. Giovani Rafael Funes Tobar Vocal IV Br. Carol Merarí Caceros Castañeda Vocal V DEDICATORIA A mis padres, César Silva y Jeannette Rivera, por su apoyo y amor incondicional. Por siempre motivarme a seguir adelante y creen en mí. A mi hermano por las risas, travesuras y apoyo a lo largo de mi vida. Gracias por siempre estar para mí. A Erick López por su amor incondicional. Gracias por todas las aventuras y abrirme la mente a cosas nuevas. A mi bisabuela Josefina Méndez por siempre apoyarme en mis decisiones y creer en mí. Por último dedico esta tesis a mis amigos y profesores quienes me han acompañado a lo largo de mi vida y carrera profesional. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis amigos y asesores, Rony García y Michelle Catalán, por su guía y apoyo incondicional siempre. Gracias a ustedes logré culminar este proceso. A las instituciones que me apoyaron compartiendo información y sus conocimientos, Wildlife Conservation Society -WCS-Guatemala y Corredor de Loros Reservas y Santuarios -COLORES-. En especial agradezco a Rony Alberto García Anleu, Pedro Pérez Díaz, Juan Cuz y José Luis Tzalam Cal de WCS por su trabajo invaluable en la conservación de la Guacamaya Roja, y la Selva Maya en Guatemala. Un agradecimiento especial también a LoraKim Joyner, Colum Muccio y Manuel Galindo de COLORES, que gracias a su trabajo pude llevar a cabo mi tesis. Por último, a la Universidad de San Carlos y al pueblo de Guatemala por permitirme cursar y culminar mis estudios. ÍNDICE 1. RESUMEN ...................................................................................................... 8 2. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................. 9 3. ANTECEDENTES ......................................................................................... 12 3.1. Psitácidos................................................................................................ 12 3.1.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ........................................ 13 3.1.1.1. Clasificación taxonómica ............................................................ 13 3.1.1.2. Descripción de la especie .......................................................... 13 3.1.1.3. Distribución ................................................................................ 15 3.1.1.4. Estado de conservación ............................................................. 16 3.1.1.5. Estudios en Guatemala .............................................................. 17 3.1.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) ....................................... 19 3.1.2.1. Clasificación taxonómica ............................................................ 19 3.1.2.2. Descripción de la especie .......................................................... 20 3.1.2.3. Distribución ................................................................................ 21 3.1.2.4. Estado de conservación ............................................................. 22 3.1.2.5. Estudios en Guatemala .............................................................. 23 3.2. Modelado de nicho ecológico .................................................................. 23 3.2.1. MaxEnt ............................................................................................. 24 3.3. Conservación en Guatemala ................................................................... 25 4. JUSTIFICACIÓN ........................................................................................... 27 5. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................. 30 5.1. Objetivo General ..................................................................................... 30 5.2. Objetivos Específicos .............................................................................. 30 6. HIPOTESIS ................................................................................................... 30 7. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.......................................................................... 31 7.1. Universo del estudio ................................................................................ 31 7.1.1. Población .......................................................................................... 31 7.1.2. Muestra ............................................................................................ 31 7.2. Métodos .................................................................................................. 31 7.2.1. Colecta de datos en campo .............................................................. 31 7.2.2. Depuración de base de datos ........................................................... 31 7.2.3. Análisis de datos .............................................................................. 32 7.2.3.1. Sitios con mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia .............................. 34 7.2.3.2. Zonas prioritarias de conservación ............................................. 34 7.2.3.3. Vacíos de información ................................................................ 34 7.2.3.4. Representatividad dentro del SIGAP .......................................... 35 8. RESULTADOS .............................................................................................. 38 8.1. Sitios con mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia ........................................... 38 8.1.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ........................................ 38 8.1.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) ....................................... 43 8.2. Zonas prioritarias de conservación .......................................................... 47 8.2.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ........................................ 47 8.2.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) ....................................... 49 8.3. Vacíos de información ............................................................................. 51 8.3.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ........................................ 51 8.3.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) ....................................... 51 8.4. Representatividad dentro del SIGAP ....................................................... 54 8.4.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ........................................ 54 8.4.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) ....................................... 56 9. DISCUSIÓN .................................................................................................. 59 9.1. Sitios con mayor probabilidad de ocurrencia ........................................... 59 9.1.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ............................................ 59 9.1.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) .......................................... 60 9.2. Zonas prioritarias de conservación .......................................................... 61 9.2.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ............................................ 61 9.2.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) .......................................... 62 9.3. Vacíos de información ............................................................................. 63 9.3.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ............................................ 63 9.3.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) .......................................... 64 9.4. Representatividad dentro del SIGAP ....................................................... 64 9.4.1. Guacamaya roja (Ara macao cyanoptera) ............................................ 64 9.4.2. Loro nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) .......................................... 65 10. CONCLUSIONES .......................................................................................... 66 11. RECOMENDACIONES .................................................................................. 67 12. REFERENCIAS ............................................................................................. 68 13. ANEXOS ....................................................................................................... 81 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Izquierda: Ara macao cyanoptera alimentándose de frutos de la familia Zapotaceae en Selva Lacandona, México. Derecha: hábitat de la Guacamaya Roja en el Parque Nacional Laguna del Tigre, Guatemala.. ......................................... 15 Figura 2. Distribución de la Guacamaya roja. Fuente: UICN. ............................... 16 Figura 3. Dormidero de Loro nuca amarilla en alrededores del yacimiento arqueológico Takalik Abaj, Retalhuleu, Guatemala. ............................................. 21 Figura 4. Distribución del Loro nuca
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