One Woman's Journey to the Codebreaking Victory Over Japan
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The NAMTA Journal
The NAMTA Journal Back To The Future Volume 45. Number 1 May 2021 Molly OʼShaughnessy Jacqui Miller Kimberlee Belcher-Badal Ph.D. Robyn MilosGregory MacDonald Jennifer ShieldsJacquie Maughan Lena WikramaratneAudrey Sillick Gerard Leonard Kathleen Allen Jim RobbinsDeborah Bricker Dr. Maria Montessori Mario M. Montessori A.M. Joosten Mary Black Verschuur Ph.D. John McNamara David Kahn TABLE OF CONTENTS BACK TO THE FUTURE:WHY MONTESSORI STILL MATTERS …………..………….…….7 Molly O’Shaughnessy THE RETURN TO SCIENTIFIC PEDAGOGY: EMBRACING OUR ROOTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES……………………………………………………………………….33 Jacqui Miller and Kimberlee Belcher-Badal Ph.D. IN REMEMBRANCE………………………………..……………..……………………...53 Deborah Bricker TRIBUTE TO ANNETTE HAINES…………………..……………..……………………....56 Robyn Milos TRIBUTE TO KAY BAKER………………………..……………..…………………….... 59 Gregory MacDonald TRIBUTE TO JOEN BETTMANN………………..………………..………………………..62 Jennifer Shields GUIDED BY NATURE…………….…………..………….……..………………………..66 Jacquie Maughan THE CHILD IN THE WORLD OF NATURE…….………..…………………………..69 Lena Wikramaratne SOWING THE SEEDS OF SCIENCE:OUR GIFT TO THE FUTURE…………………...78 Audrey Sillick EXPERIENCES IN NATURE:RESOLUTE SECOND-PLANE DIRECTIONS……….……...88 TOWARD ERDKINDER Gerard Leonard and Kathleen Allen 2 The NAMTA Journal • Vol. 44, No. 1 • Winter 2020 ECOPSYCHOLOGY:HOW IMMERSION IN NATURE AFFECTS YOUR HEALTH……….107 TOWARD ERDKINDER Jim Robbins SILENCE AND LISTENING ……………………..………………...……..………….…….115 Gerard Leonard ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE AND THE NATURE OF THE SILENCE GAME…………………………………..………………...………………….. 117 -
A Technical Assistance Guide on Integrated Early Childhood Programs
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 361 957 EC 302 427 AUTHOR Holden, Leah; And Others TITLE Wilting Integration: A Technical Assistance Guideon Integrated Early Childhood Programs. The Early Integration Training Project. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center for Special Needs Populations. SPONS AGENCY Special Education Programs (ED/OSERS), Washington, DC. Early Education Program for Children with Disabilities. PUB DATE 93 CONTRACT 24P90004 NOTE 118p. AVAILABLE FROMNCHRTM-Special Education, Oklahoma State University, 816 West 6th St., Stillwater, OK 74078-0435 ($11.25, including postage and handling). PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Change Strategies; Classroom Environment; Conflict Resolution; *Disabilities; Early Childhood Education; Early Intervention; Educational Change; *Edutzational Practices; Family Involvement; Handicrafts; Leadership; *Mainstreaming; Normalization (Handicapped); *Program Development; *Social Integration; Student Characteristics; Teamwork; Technical Assistance IDENTIFIERS *Quilting ABSTRACT This guide was developed to help people meet the challenge of developing early childhoodprograms that are inclusive of all children, regardless of disability. The manualwas written in the spirit of a quilting book, in its recognition of the importance of the quiltmaker's (and the program developer's)own adaptations, creativity, and inspiration. Quotations from quilting booksand illustrations of popular quilting patternsare included in the margin notes. The manual was assembled -
NSA's Efforts to Secure Private-Sector Telecommunications Infrastructure
Under the Radar: NSA’s Efforts to Secure Private-Sector Telecommunications Infrastructure Susan Landau* INTRODUCTION When Google discovered that intruders were accessing certain Gmail ac- counts and stealing intellectual property,1 the company turned to the National Security Agency (NSA) for help in securing its systems. For a company that had faced accusations of violating user privacy, to ask for help from the agency that had been wiretapping Americans without warrants appeared decidedly odd, and Google came under a great deal of criticism. Google had approached a number of federal agencies for help on its problem; press reports focused on the company’s approach to the NSA. Google’s was the sensible approach. Not only was NSA the sole government agency with the necessary expertise to aid the company after its systems had been exploited, it was also the right agency to be doing so. That seems especially ironic in light of the recent revelations by Edward Snowden over the extent of NSA surveillance, including, apparently, Google inter-data-center communications.2 The NSA has always had two functions: the well-known one of signals intelligence, known in the trade as SIGINT, and the lesser known one of communications security or COMSEC. The former became the subject of novels, histories of the agency, and legend. The latter has garnered much less attention. One example of the myriad one could pick is David Kahn’s seminal book on cryptography, The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet.3 It devotes fifty pages to NSA and SIGINT and only ten pages to NSA and COMSEC. -
2003 Iraq War: Intelligence Or Political Failure?
2003 IRAQ WAR: INTELLIGENCE OR POLITICAL FAILURE? A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Dione Brunson, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April, 2011 DISCLAIMER THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT REFLECT THE OFFICIAL POLICIES OR POSITIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY. ALL INFORMATION AND SOURCES FOR THIS PAPER WERE DRAWN FROM OPEN SOURCE MATERIALS. ii 2003 IRAQ WAR: INTELLIGENCE OR POLITICAL FAILURE? Dione Brunson, B.A. MALS Mentor: Ralph Nurnberger, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The bold U.S. decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was anchored in intelligence justifications that would later challenge U.S. credibility. Policymakers exhibited unusual bureaucratic and public dependencies on intelligence analysis, so much so that efforts were made to create supporting information. To better understand the amplification of intelligence, the use of data to justify invading Iraq will be explored alongside events leading up to the U.S.-led invasion in 2003. This paper will examine the use of intelligence to invade Iraq as well as broader implications for politicization. It will not examine the justness or ethics of going to war with Iraq but, conclude with the implications of abusing intelligence. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you God for continued wisdom. Thank you Dr. Nurnberger for your patience. iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Mom and Dad for their continued support. -
Legacy Society
The Right Reverend Henry Niles Pierce the MESSAGEAn First Diocesan Bishop of the The NewsletterInvitation of Trinity Episcopal Cathedral A House of Prayer for All People • October 2015 Arkansas Episcopal Diocese To Join and Founder of Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, 1884 1884 Legacy Society 1884 Photo Courtesy of Niguel Valley Photography Legacy Society lanned giving is a thoughtful way to Pplay an important part in the long term success and growth of Trinity Episcopal Introducing the 1884 Legacy Society and to help assure that its missions will continue to grow for generations to come. Trinity Episcopal Cathedral 1884 Legacy Society 310 West 17th Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72206 For more information, contact: The Offi ce of the Dean or Financial Administrator Trinity Episcopal Cathedral Trinity Episcopal 501.372.0294 trinitylittlerock.org Cathedral Episcopal School Sunday Search Committee Update On October 4th, Trinity Celebrates Episcopal School Sunday. Please join us in welcoming Episcopal Collegiate School As reported to you on September 4, the Search Committee had completed its work and was prepared to recommend chaplains John Childress and Sandra Curtis at the 9:00 and 11:15 services. to the Vestry a candidate for Dean and Rector. However, on Tuesday afternoon that candidate withdrew from further consideration, choosing to stay at his parish to complete a three-year plan. Consequently we have and will continue to be in further conversations with the Bishop about re-opening the nationwide search process, and the next steps the committee Installation of Sixth Head of Episcopal Collegiate School and the Vestry will take. Christopher Tompkins will be installed as the Sixth Head of Episcopal Collegiate School in While we are disappointed, we believe that what is best for our parish and the Cathedral has not yet been achieved, and are a service at the Cathedral on Sunday, October 4th, at 5:00 p.m. -
Pioneers in U.S. Cryptology Ii
PIONEERS IN U.S. CRYPTOLOGY II This brochure was produced by the Center for Cryptologic History Herbert 0. Yardley 2 Herbert 0. Yardley Herbert 0 . Yardley was born in 1889 in Worthington, Indiana. After working as a railroad telegrapher and spending a year taking an English course at the University of Chicago, he became a code clerk for the Department of State. In June 1917, Yardley received a commission in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps; in July Colonel Ralph Van Deman appointed him chief of the new cryptanalytic unit, MI-8, in the Military Intelligence division. MI-8, or the Cipher Bureau, consisted of Yardley and two clerks. At MI-8's peak in November 1918, Yardley had 18 officers, 24 civilians, and 109 typists. The section had expanded to include secret inks, code and cipher compilation, communications, and shorthand. This was the first formally organized cryptanalytic unit in the history of the U.S. government. When World War I ended, the Army was considering disbanding MI-8. Yardley presented a persuasive argument for retaining it for peacetime use. His plan called for the permanent retention of a code and cipher organization funded jointly by the State and War Departments. He demonstrated that in the past eighteen months MI-8 had read almost 11,000 messages in 579 cryptographic systems. This was in addition to everything that had been examined in connection with postal censorship. On 17 May Acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk approved the plan, and two days later the Army Chief of Staff, General Peyton C. -
Corp Bro Inside Layout
Message from the Director, NSA The National Security Agency’s rich legacy of cryptologic success serves not only as a reminder of our past triumphs, but also as an inspiration for our future. Harry Truman, the man responsible for signing the legislation that brought our Agency into existence, was once quoted as saying, “There is nothing new in the world except the history you do not know.” Like all truisms, it is only partially accurate. Each generation of Americans must at some point deal with unforeseen problems and issues that transcend the status quo. Most would agree that the challenges faced by NSA in today’s war against terrorism are far different from those of World War II, Vietnam, or Desert Storm. Even so, President Truman was correct in his assertion that there is much to be learned from the past. The history of the National Security Agency has in many respects been based on and characterized by feats of intellectual brilliance. Pioneers like William Friedman, Frank Rowlett, Dr. Louis Tordella, and Agnes Meyer Driscoll, to name but a few, were able to build on past successes and do whatever was necessary to meet the challenges of their time. We should not forget, however, that NSA’s success is due not just to the efforts of the well- known legends of the cryptologic past, but also to the dedicated work of thousands of men and women whose names will never be noted in any history book. History tells us that both genius and hard work are required to ensure success. -
The First Americans the 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park
United States Cryptologic History The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park Special series | Volume 12 | 2016 Center for Cryptologic History David J. Sherman is Associate Director for Policy and Records at the National Security Agency. A graduate of Duke University, he holds a doctorate in Slavic Studies from Cornell University, where he taught for three years. He also is a graduate of the CAPSTONE General/Flag Officer Course at the National Defense University, the Intelligence Community Senior Leadership Program, and the Alexander S. Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language in Moscow. He has served as Associate Dean for Academic Programs at the National War College and while there taught courses on strategy, inter- national relations, and intelligence. Among his other government assignments include ones as NSA’s representative to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as Director for Intelligence Programs at the National Security Council, and on the staff of the National Economic Council. This publication presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other US government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email [email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755 Cover: (Top) Navy Department building, with Washington Monument in center distance, 1918 or 1919; (bottom) Bletchley Park mansion, headquarters of UK codebreaking, 1939 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park David Sherman National Security Agency Center for Cryptologic History 2016 Second Printing Contents Foreword ................................................................................ -
Secure Communications One Time Pad Cipher
Cipher Machines & Cryptology © 2010 – D. Rijmenants http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO SECURE COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE ONE TIME PAD CIPHER DIRK RIJMENANTS Abstract : This paper provides standard instructions on how to protect short text messages with one-time pad encryption. The encryption is performed with nothing more than a pencil and paper, but provides absolute message security. If properly applied, it is mathematically impossible for any eavesdropper to decrypt or break the message without the proper key. Keywords : cryptography, one-time pad, encryption, message security, conversion table, steganography, codebook, message verification code, covert communications, Jargon code, Morse cut numbers. version 012-2011 1 Contents Section Page I. Introduction 2 II. The One-time Pad 3 III. Message Preparation 4 IV. Encryption 5 V. Decryption 6 VI. The Optional Codebook 7 VII. Security Rules and Advice 8 VIII. Appendices 17 I. Introduction One-time pad encryption is a basic yet solid method to protect short text messages. This paper explains how to use one-time pads, how to set up secure one-time pad communications and how to deal with its various security issues. It is easy to learn to work with one-time pads, the system is transparent, and you do not need special equipment or any knowledge about cryptographic techniques or math. If properly used, the system provides truly unbreakable encryption and it will be impossible for any eavesdropper to decrypt or break one-time pad encrypted message by any type of cryptanalytic attack without the proper key, even with infinite computational power (see section VII.b) However, to ensure the security of the message, it is of paramount importance to carefully read and strictly follow the security rules and advice (see section VII). -
Information Theory and Entropy
3 Information Theory and Entropy Solomon Kullback (1907–1994) was born in Brooklyn, New York, USA, and graduated from the City College of New York in 1927, received an M.A. degree in mathematics in 1929, and completed a Ph.D. in mathematics from the George Washington University in 1934. Kully as he was known to all who knew him, had two major careers: one in the Defense Department (1930–1962) and the other in the Department of Statistics at George Washington University (1962–1972). He was chairman of the Statistics Department from 1964–1972. Much of his pro- fessional life was spent in the National Security Agency and most of his work during this time is still classified. Most of his studies on information theory were done during this time. Many of his results up to 1958 were published in his 1959 book, “Information Theory and Statistics.” Additional details on Kullback may be found in Greenhouse (1994) and Anonymous (1997). When we receive something that decreases our uncertainty about the state of the world, it is called information. Information is like “news,” it informs. Informa- tion is not directly related to physical quantities. Information is not material and is not a form of energy, but it can be stored and communicated using material or energy means. It cannot be measured with instruments but can be defined in terms of a probability distribution. Information is a decrease in uncertainty. 52 3. Information Theory and Entropy This textbook is about a relatively new approach to empirical science called “information-theoretic.” The name comes from the fact that the foundation originates in “information theory”; a set of fundamental discoveries made largely during World War II with many important extensions since that time. -
The Legendary William F. Friedman
'\ •' THE LEGENDARY WILLIAM F. FRH:DMAN By L~mbros D. C~llimPhos February 1974 "------- @'pp roved for Release bv NSA on 05-12-2014 Pursuant to E .0. 1352\3 REF ID:A4045961 "To my disciple, colles:igue, end friend, LPmbros Demetrios Cl3llim::>hos- who, hr:iving at an early ?ge become one of the gre?t fl1=1utists of the world, deserted the profession of musician, in favor of another in which he is making noteworthy contributions-- From r:illif'm F. Friedm?.n- - who, having ?t 8n early ege aspired to become noted in the field of biology, deserted the profession of geneticist, in favor of ~nother, upon which he hopes he hes left some impression by his contributions. In short: From deserter to deserter, with affectionate greetings! W.F.F. Washington, 21 November 1958" (Facing pege J-) REF ID:A4045961 ~ THE LEGENDARY WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN By Lambros D. Callimahos Unclassified PROLOGUE When I joined the U.S. Army to enter the cryptologic service of my adopted country on February 11, 1941, William F. Friedman was already e legendRry figure in my eyes. I had read two efffly papers of his, "L'indice de coincidence et ses a-pplications en cryptographie" end "Application des methodes de la statistioue a la cryptogre~hie, when I was living in Feris in 1934, concertizing as a flute soloist throughout Europe while privately pursuing en active hobby of cryptology, which I felt would be my niche when the time CPme for me to enter the army. (Be sides the U.S. Army, I was also liable for service in the Greek, Egy-ptian, and Turkish armies, P.nd barely missed being in one of the letter.) As a member of the original group of 28 students in the Cryptogr8phic School at Fort Monmouth: N. -
Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary
Committee on National Security Systems CNSSI No. 4009 April 6, 2015 Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary THIS DOCUMENT PRESCRIBES MINIMUM STANDARDS YOUR DEPARTMENT OR AGENCY MAY REQUIRE FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION 1 National Manager FOREWORD 1. The Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary Working Group convened to review and update the Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Glossary, Committee on National Security Systems Instruction (CNSSI) No. 4009, dated April 2010. This revision of CNSSI No. 4009 incorporates many new terms submitted by the CNSS Membership. Most of the terms from the 2010 version of the Glossary remain, but a number of terms have updated definitions in order to remove inconsistencies among the communities. 2. The Glossary Working Group set several overall objectives for itself in producing this version: . Use authoritative sources for definitions of terms. It is preferred that definitions originate from current authoritative sources, as this demonstrates both that the term is in active use and that the definition has been vetted by subject matter experts. Listing sources for terms also provides context and a reference for additional information. The glossary still contains terms where sources are not specified. For these terms, definitions will be considered organic. The majority of unsourced terms are from the CNSSI No. 4009 (2010) version, although some are newly introduced. These new terms are primarily emerging terms judged to be valuable to include in the glossary, but for whatever reason have not yet been defined in a published authoritative source. Continue to resolve differences between the definitions of terms used by the Department of Defense (DoD), Intelligence Community (IC), and Civil Agencies (e.g.