Caring for Your Patients with Xerostomia………
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Dysphagia - Pathophysiology of Swallowing Dysfunction, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
ISSN: 2572-4193 Philipsen. J Otolaryngol Rhinol 2019, 5:063 DOI: 10.23937/2572-4193.1510063 Volume 5 | Issue 3 Journal of Open Access Otolaryngology and Rhinology REVIEW ARTICLE Dysphagia - Pathophysiology of Swallowing Dysfunction, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment * Bahareh Bakhshaie Philipsen Check for updates Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Denmark *Corresponding author: Dr. Bahareh Bakhshaie Philipsen, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark, Tel: +45 31329298, Fax: +45 66192615 the vocal folds adduct to prevent aspiration. The esoph- Abstract ageal phase is completely involuntary and consists of Difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia. There is a wide peristaltic waves [2]. range of potential causes of dysphagia. Because there are many reasons why dysphagia can occur, treatment Dysphagia is classified into the following major depends on the underlying cause. Thorough examination types: is important, and implementation of a treatment strategy should be based on evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. 1. Oropharyngeal dysphagia In this article, we will describe the mechanism of swallowing, the pathophysiology of swallowing dysfunction and different 2. Esophageal dysphagia causes of dysphagia, along with signs and symptoms asso- 3. Complex neuromuscular disorders ciated with dysphagia, diagnosis, and potential treatments. 4. Functional dysphagia Keywords Pathophysiology Dysphagia, Deglutition, Deglutition disorders, FEES, Video- fluoroscopy Swallowing is a complex process and many distur- bances in oropharyngeal and esophageal physiology including neurologic deficits, obstruction, fibrosis, struc- Introduction tural damage or congenital and developmental condi- Dysphagia is derived from the Greek phagein, means tions can result in dysphagia. Breathing difficulties can “to eat” [1]. -
XEROSTOMIA (Dry Mouth)
XEROSTOMIA (Dry Mouth) What is xerostomia? Are you constantly thirsty? Do you have difficulty swallowing certain foods? Is your saliva thick, foamy, or dry? If you answered “yes” to any of these questions, you may have xerostomia. Xerostomia is a condi- tion characterized by a decrease in saliva production. This happens when the salivary glands stop working or do not function properly, leaving the mouth dry and uncomfortable. Why is xerostomia a problem? Saliva is important because it helps with the digestion process, prevents tooth decay and gingivitis, and protects and lubricates the tongue and other delicate tissues inside the mouth. Saliva also plays an impor- tant role in helping us taste the foods we eat. Dry mouth sufferers are more likely to develop tooth decay, fungal infection of the mouth, denture sores, gum disease, bad breath, and general irritation and discomfort of the oral tissues. What causes dry mouth? Prescription and over-the-counter medications are the most common cause of dry mouth, contributing to more than 80% of all cases. There are, however, many more factors that can play a role in this condition. Let’s explore all potential factors below: Medications – there are over 350 medications that can contribute to dry mouth • Antiseizure (epilepsy) or Antiparkinsonian • Diuretics (blood pressure): Dyazide, Lasix •Antihypertensives (blood pressure): Atenolol, Tenormin, Inderal • Bronchodilators: Albuterol, Proventil, Ventolin, Beclovent, Vanceril, Pulmicort • Sedatives and tranquilizers • Antidepressants/antianxiety: -
Thieves® Whitening Toothpaste
THIEVES® WHITENING TOOTHPASTE PRODUCT SUMMARY Start your morning on the bright side with the natural power of Thieves® Whitening Toothpaste. Pure and safe ingredients combine to whiten teeth, fight plaque, support healthy gums, and remove stains without damaging enamel. Great for the whole family, Young Living’s exclusive formula is both fluoride free and free of other harsh ingredients, offering you a superior clean you can be confident in. Grin from ear to ear knowing you made a fresh choice with Thieves Whitening Toothpaste! KEY INGREDIENTS Calcium hydroxyapatite, Silica, Perlite, Xylitol, Calcium bicarbonate, Thieves essential oil blend, Spearmint essential oil, Peppermint essential oil, Orange essential oil EXPERIENCE BENEFITS & FEATURES Smile bright with Thieves Whitening Toothpaste. • Whitens and brightens teeth Thieves fans will fall in love with this fresh take on Thieves-infused toothpaste. Fresh Peppermint, • Gently removes surface stains and cleans teeth cool Spearmint, and zesty Orange essential oils • Free from harmful peroxides combine with our spicy Thieves blend to leave your breath EO-fresh all day. Pure and safe whitening • Helps reduce and prevent tartar buildup agents leave you with long-lasting freshness and • Formulated without fluoride, SLS, parabens, a sparkling smile! phthalates, mineral oil, synthetic perfumes or dyes, toxic ingredients, or artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives PRODUCT BACKGROUND • Fights plaque and supports healthy gums Thieves Whitening Toothpaste is one more way Young Living is bringing the power of nature to your • Provides a long-lasting, smooth, fresh feel daily routine: a toothpaste gentle enough for every • Fluoride free and cruelty free day, formulated with essential oils and other natural • Formulated without GMOs ingredients. -
Xerostomia and Hyposalivation (“Dry Mouth”)
Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry Xerostomia and Hyposalivation (“Dry Mouth”) What is xerostomia and hyposalivation? What causes hyposalivation? Xerostomia is the sensation of having a dry mouth. Many Te three most common causes of hyposalivation are (but not all) patients who have this sensation will also have a medications, chronic anxiety or depression, and dehydration. noticeable and measurable decrease in the amount of saliva Some medications that cause dry mouth are treatments for in their mouths, a condition referred to as “hyposalivation” sinusitis, high blood pressure (such as “water pills”), anxiety or “salivary gland hypofunction”. Many doctors use the and depression, psychiatric disorders, or a hyperactive bladder. terms “xerostomia” and “hyposalivation” interchangeably Patients on multiple medications are particularly prone to because most (but not all) patients with xerostomia also have getting a dry mouth. An uncommon but important cause of dry hyposalivation. Sometimes your mouth may feel dry without it mouth is radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, during actually being dry (xerostomia without hyposalivation). Saliva which the salivary glands are irreversibly damaged. In diseases not only lubricates the mouth but also helps to fght infections, such as Sjögren syndrome (an autoimmune disease) and chronic so a reduction in the amount of saliva puts you at risk for graf-versus-host disease seen in bone marrow transplant discomfort in the mouth, and also may increase tooth decay recipients, the patient’s own immune system can damage the and yeast infections. salivary glands. Although it is normal to produce less saliva while sleeping, How do we know you have hyposalivation? patients with dry mouth commonly describe their mouths An experienced clinician can usually make the diagnosis by as feeling “parched”, “like sandpaper” or “like a desert” at all listening to the history and examining the patient. -
Culture Advantage Anatomy and Medical Terminology For
1 Culture Advantage Anatomy and Medical Terminology for Interpreters GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Marlene V. Obermeyer, MA, RN [email protected] ©Culture Advantage http://www.cultureadvantage.org 2 Digestive System Case Study for PowerPoint Presentation Carlos is a 13-year old boy who is brought to the Emergency Department by his parents. Through an interpreter, the physician finds out that Carlos has started complaining of right lower quadrant pain about 16 hours ago. He was unable to eat supper, was nauseated and vomited several times. He is now feeling feverish and has pain all over his abdomen. An IV is started in his arm and he is given IV fluids and antibiotics. He is given medication for pain and given an antiemetic for nausea. He is also examined and interviewed by the physician. The physician obtains blood work that indicates Carlos has an acute infection. A CT scan of the abdomen indicates Carlos has appendicitis. A surgeon is contacted and Carlos is scheduled for emergency appendectomy. The interpreter is asked to translate the surgery consent form that states Carlos is going to have a "laparoscopic appendectomy, possible open laparotomy" and the parents are asked to sign the consent form. By the end of this section, you will learn the meaning of the following words: Acute IV (IV fluid, IV antibiotics) Antiemetic CT scan Appendicitis Appendectomy Laparoscopic appendectomy Open laparotomy ©Culture Advantage http://www.cultureadvantage.org 3 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY Terminology Meaning Terminology Meaning absorption The movement of Alimentary Alimen – nourishment. Refers food from the to the gastrointestinal or small intestine digestive tract into the cells of the body. -
Chapter 10—Prevention
CHAPTER 10—PREVENTION INTRODUCTION RECOMMENDED PREVENTIVE SERVICES OTHER PREVENTIVE SERVICES TO CONSIDER PREVENTIVE SERVICES NOT INDICATED IN OLDER ADULTS DELIVERY OF PREVENTIVE SERVICES ANNOTATED REFERENCES INTRODUCTION As the population ages and the average active life expectancy increases, issues of primary and secondary prevention become increasingly important. The prevalence of undetected, correctable conditions and comorbid diseases is high in older adults. Moreover, a growing number of older adults are enthusiastic and highly motivated about disease prevention and health promotion. The clinician provides the information and opportunity for preventive care that helps older patients to maintain functional independence for as long as possible. Many findings from research on preventive care and the appropriate components of periodic health examinations are inconclusive. In addition, older persons are typically not included in clinical trials of preventive strategies, which has limited the ability of geriatricians to adjust guidelines for preventive practices for patients aged 65 and older on the basis of new scientific findings. Primary care physicians are consequently compelled to rely on clinical judgment in planning the preventive care of their older patients. A number of factors, including age, functional status, comorbidity, patient preference, socioeconomic status, and the availability of care, affect health care decisions of the older adult. Unlike chronologic age, physiologic age may be determined by self-rated health and overall medical condition. Classifications that are based on life expectancy, physiologic age, and functional status may facilitate medical decision making with older patients. For example, the clinician might strongly recommend fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) to a healthy, functionally independent patient; discuss the potential pros and cons of FOBT and offer the test to a chronically ill, partially dependent patient; and actually recommend against FOBT for a severely frail, demented patient. -
Xerostomia: an Overview
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 22 July 2020 Review Xerostomia: An Overview Jeong-Seok Choi1, * 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea. Corresponding author: Jeong-Seok Choi, MD, PhD Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, 27, Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 82-32-890-2438, Fax: 82-32-890-3580 Abstract: (1) Background: Xerostomia is a subjective symptom of dry mouth resulting from various causes, including side effects of medication, systemic disorders, radiation, and Sjögren’s syndrome. Recently, the number of patients afflicted with xerostomia has increased due to an increase in the elderly population and patients on medication.; (2) Methods: A systematic approach is required to determine the etiology and management of xerostomia. This review summarizes recent literatures on the diagnosis and management of xerostomia.; (3) Results: A patient with xerostomia experiences difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking, tasting, and maintaining oral hygiene. Xerostomia and hyposalivation are uncomfortable side-effects in many patients. Assessing the function of the salivary gland is essential for selecting an appropriate treatment, improving symptoms, and preventing oral complications. Also, a more systematic approach is required to differentiate the subjective symptoms of the patient from the objective hyposalivation.; and (4) Conclusions: Although there is no standardized treatment for xerostomia, doctors need to endeavor and adapt the various treatments of xerostomia, to unearth the optimal treatment required for the patient. Keywords: Xerostomia; Dry mouth; Salivary hypofunction; Saliva 1. -
MSDS for Anti-Foaming Agent
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET for Anti-Foaming Agent Revision: 1.0 1/19/2005 Page 1 of 8 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Name: Anti-Foaming Agent Chemical Name: Polydimethylsiloxane emulsion Supplier: The Real Milk Paint Co. 11 W. Pumping Station Rd. Quakertown, PA 18951 Contact Numbers: CHEM-TELL (24 Hours) 800-255-0573 Customer Service 800-339-9748 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS COMPOENT CAS3 CONCENTRATION Water 7732-18-5 >50.0% Proprietary additives Trade Secret <30.0% Silica filled polydimethylsiloxane Trade Secret <15.0% Note(s): See Section 15 for chemicals appearing on Federal or State Right-TO-Know lists. 3. HAZARDOUS IDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW NORMAL PRECAUTIONS COMMON TO SAFE MANUFACTURING PRACTICE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED IN HANDLING AND STORAGE. 4. FIRST AID MEASURES Swallowing No emergency care anticipated Skin Wash skin with soap and water MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET for Anti-Foaming Agent Revision: 1.0 1/19/2005 Page 2 of 8 Inhalation No emergency care anticipated. Eye contact Flush eyes thoroughly with water for several minutes Notes to physicians Toxicology studies have shown this material to be of very low acute toxicity. There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overexposure should be directed at the control of symptoms and the clinical condition of the patient. 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES Flammable limits Lower limits Not available Upper limits Not available Special fire fighting procedures None. Special protective equipment for firefighters Use self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires in enclosed areas. Extinguishing media Suitable: Non-flammable (aqueous) After water evaporates, the remaining material will burn. Large fires: -Alcohol-type foam or universal type foam Small fires: -CO2 -dry chemical Unsuitable: None. -
Injection Molding Foam Guidelines
SAFOAM USER’S GUIDE This ‘SAFOAM User’s guide’ was prepared as a service to the customers using Reedy International Corporation’s SAFOAM family of endothermic foaming agents. Reproduction or distribution of this brochure, in whole or in part, is prohibited without the permission of Reedy International Corporation. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 SAFOAM - Its Use in Thermoplastics ........................................................2 2. Structural Plastics and Polymer Selection .........................................................3 Properties of Amorphous Polymers .............................................................3 Properties of Crystalline Polymers ..............................................................4 Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers ......................................................4 3. Foaming Agent Selection ...................................................................................6 Physical Foaming Agents ............................................................................7 Chemical Foaming Agents ...........................................................................7 Exothermic Chemical Foaming Agents Azodicarbonamide .................................................................................8 Endothermic Chemical Foaming Agents Sodium Borohydride ..............................................................................9 Traditional Acid/Carbonate Systems -
Minor Ingredients and Processing Agents
Minor ingredients and processing agents Rainbow Blossom Natural Food Markets uses the following list of ingredients as a guideline for approving new products and for reviewing current ones that may have been reformulated. Criteria definitions acceptable — generally considered safe (excluding allergies/sensitivities that individuals may have) not acceptable — may be harmul to health and/or is a relatively unnecessary additive creating a lower quality food under review — Rainbow Blossom Quality Standards Team is evaluating the status of this item Ingredients Function Status acacia gum emulsifier, stabilizer acceptable acesulfame-K (acesulfame- artificial sweetener not acceptable potassium) acetic acid acidulant, flavoring agent acceptable acetylated esters of mono- and emulsifier not acceptable diglycerides Advantame artificial sweetener not acceptable aerosol sprays with propellant not acceptable chloroflurocarbon algin thickener, stabilizer acceptable alpha tocopherol antioxidant acceptable alpha tocopherol acetate antioxidant acceptable ammonium bicarbonate leavening agent acceptable ammonium chloride dough conditioner not acceptable not acceptable in ammonium lauryl sulfate surfactant/detergent body care or food leavening agent, dough ammonium phosphate acceptable strengthener not acceptable in amodimethicone conditioner body care or food annatto coloring agent acceptable Arabic gum emulsifier, stabilizer acceptable Ingredients Function Status artificial colors (red #3, red # 40, yellow #5, yellow #6, blue #1, blue coloring agent -
Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome Author: Doctor Menelaos N. Manoussakis1 Creation Date: November 2001 Update: June 2004 Scientific Editor: Professor Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos 1Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str., 11527 Athens, Greece. [email protected] Abstract Keywords Disease name and synonyms Diagnosis Criteria/Definition Differential Diagnosis Prevalence Clinical Description Management including treatment Etiology Diagnostic methods Unresolved questions References Abstract Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder. It is characterized by dysfunction and destruction of the exocrine glands associated with lymphocytic infiltrates and immunological hyperreactivity. Salivary and lacrimal glands are the most affected, thus leading to mouth and eye dryness. The disorder can occur alone (it is then known as ``primary-SS'') or in association with another autoimmune disease (it is then known as ``secondary-SS''). Prevalence of primary-SS in the general population has been estimated to be around 1 to 3%. Although patients of all ages and of both sexes may be affected, this disorder mostly affects women (9:1 female to male ratio) in their fourth or fifth decade of life. In the majority of patients, SS has an indolent or slowly progressive course with disease confined in exocrine glands. Mild rheumatic complaints have also been reported. At presentation or during the course of the disease, almost one third of the primary-SS patients experiences a more generalized disease, which does not usually evolve to the failure of the affected organ. However, stringent follow-up should be instituted in patients with adverse prognosis predictors such as purpura, low C4-complement levels or mixed monoclonal cryoglobulins. -
Oleogel-Based Systems for the Delivery of Bioactive Compounds in Foods
gels Review Oleogel-Based Systems for the Delivery of Bioactive Compounds in Foods Tiago C. Pinto 1,2 , Artur J. Martins 2 , Lorenzo Pastrana 2 , Maria C. Pereira 1 and Miguel A. Cerqueira 2,* 1 LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (T.C.P.); [email protected] (M.C.P.) 2 INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; [email protected] (A.J.M.); [email protected] (L.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Oleogels are semi-solid materials containing a large fraction of liquid oil entrapped in a network of structuring molecules. In the food industry, these formulations can be used to mimic fats and to deliver bioactive compounds. In the last decade, there has been increasing interest in these structures, not only from a scientific point of view, i.e., studying new molecules, methodologies for gelification, and new structures, but also from a technological point of view, with researchers and companies exploring these structures as a way to overcome certain challenges and/or create new and innovative products. One of the exciting applications of oleogels is the delivery of functional molecules, where the incorporation of oil-soluble functional compounds can be explored not only at the macroscale but also at micro- and nanoscales, resulting in different release behaviors and also different applications. This review presents and discusses the most recent works on the development, production, characterization, and applications of oleogels and other oleogel-based systems to deliver functional molecules in foods.