Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Agente De Control Biológico De La “Polilla Del Tomate” Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) En La Argentina

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Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Agente De Control Biológico De La “Polilla Del Tomate” Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) En La Argentina Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Trabajo de Tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Distribución geográfica y variación interpoblacional del endoparasitoide larval Pseudapanteles dignus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), agente de control biológico de la “polilla del tomate” Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) en la Argentina Lic. Consuelo Vallina Directoras Dra. María Gabriela Luna y Dra. Norma E. Sánchez 2019 A mis padres Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 Agradecimientos A mis directoras Norma y Gaby, y a Nancy, por darme un lugarcito en su grupo de trabajo, por la confianza y el apoyo brindado durante todos estos años, y seguir confiando en mí para seguir trabajando con ellas. Y sobre todo por los conocimientos que me han brindado, la buena predisposición, consejos y cariño. A los jurados, por la evaluación de la tesis. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) por el financiamiento otorgado para la realización de esta Tesis, en conjunto con el Proyecto de Investigación Plurianual (PIP- 0112) de CONICET, los Proyectos de Investigación Aplicada (PICT-1624 y PICT-1427) de la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (MINCyT), los Proyectos N° 706 (2013-2016) y Nº 829 (2017-2020), correspondientes al Programa de Incentivos a Docentes- Investigadores del Ministerio de Cultura y Educación de La Nación, y el Subsidio Jóvenes Investigadores 2018. A la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP) por la formación académica recibida. Al Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE. CONICET-UNLP) por brindarme el lugar de trabajo para la realización de esta tesis doctoral. A sus directoras, Alda González y Graciela Navone, y a todo el personal del instituto, investigadores, becarios, pasantes, técnicos y personal de apoyo. Al Ministerio de Ambiente y Producción Sustentable de Salta y a SENASA (Ing. Agr. Esteban Rial), por concederme los permisos de muestreo y traslado del material. Al Grupo de Ecología de Plagas y Control Biológico por permitirme realizar la tesis en un ambiente de unión, amistad, alegría y sobre todo muchas risas. Al personal de INTA EEA Yuto (Lilia Puch, Ceferino Flores), INTA EEA Alto Valle (Silvina Garrido, Mario López, Liliana Cichón), INTA AER Valle Medio (Eliceo Alfaro), INTA AER Cipolletti (Liliana Aliaga), INTA AER Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 Centenario (Pablo Nuñez), IPAF-INTA Patagonia (M. Fernanda López Armengol) y Nicolás Noale de La Campagnola por contactarme con los productores, acompañarme en el trabajo de campo, y brindarme su tiempo, paciencia y colaboración. A Silvia Lanzavecchia y Claudia Conte, del Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica. IGEAF - CNIA-INTA Castelar, por los análisis bacteriológicos. A Graciela Minardi por su apoyo con los análisis estadísticos. A Laura Morote por todas las figuras y dibujos realizados. A Paloma por el tiempo y esfuerzos invertidos en la realización de la carátula. A los productores Marcelo Maita, Susana Parrillo, Norma, los chicos de “Colectivo Orgánico”, la familia Krayeski, Nicolás Ditada, la familia López, personal INTA Gorina y todos aquellos que me dieron acceso en a sus campos en Salta, Río Negro y Neuquén. A María Laura, Carlos, Santiago y Martina, por darme un lugarcito en su laboratorio para poder realizar parte de los ensayos. Al Dani, por su infinita paciencia, enseñanzas, retos y afecto. A Eliana, por sus valiosos aportes, y ayuda en el desarrollo de la tesis. A la Negrita, Fran y Ro por acompañarme en el camino de la Tuta, yendo al campo, haciendo colonias, revisando ensayos, contando larvas, armando floreros. A Vivi por el apoyo de siempre. A Augus, Beto, Sofi, Brunito, Eli, Estefi, Eli, Fran, Marianita, Maru, Mati, Na, Ro, Cande, Flor, Mati y Naty por tantos almuerzos, mates, salidas y charlas compartidas. A mis compañeros de Zoo por el cariño, y las charlas y los mates que siempre nos sacan una sonrisa. Al Tío Jor, por incentivarme desde muy temprano con el mundo de la investigación y ayudarme con los análisis. A Clau Cédola por cuidarme y quererme como una madre. A mis compañeros fieles de campaña, Seryi y Migue. A Papá y Mamá por haberme dado la posibilidad de estudiar, motivado Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 para llegar hasta acá, su cariño infinito y ayudarme a ser mejor persona cada día. A Migue por acompañarme, apoyarme, ayudarme y darme fuerzas cada día de este último tramo. A mis amigas de la vida. A Julio, Bruno, Rouge, Oster y Juanita por su amor y compañía durante todo este trayecto. Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 Índice Resumen …………………………………………………………………...…..……..I Abstract ………………………………………………………………….………..……V Capítulo 1 - Introducción general ……………………………………………......1 1.1 ¿A qué llamamos plaga agrícola? Nivel de daño económico, umbral de daño económico y Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) ….………………....3 1.2 El control biológico como técnica para el manejo de plagas en un contexto agroecológico ……………………………………………… ………...…....….5 1.2.1 Los parasitoides en el control biológico …………………………....10 1.2.2 Variación geográfica de las poblaciones y su efecto sobre el desempeño de los parasitoides como agentes de control biológico ...11 1.3 Planteamiento del problema ………………………………...………………15 1.4 Hipótesis y predicciones ………………………………...……………..……17 1.5 Objetivo general …………………………………………………..………….18 1.6 Objetivos específicos ……………………………………………..…………18 Capítulo 2 – Sistema de estudio ………………………………………………….19 2.1 El cultivo de tomate …………………………………………………..………20 2.1.1 Generalidades ……………………..…………………………………..20 2.1.2 Situación del cultivo en el mercado mundial y nacional...…………..23 2.1.3 Principales zonas productoras de tomate en la Argentina …..…….24 2.2 La plaga: Tuta absoluta …………………..………………………………….26 2.2.1 Ubicación taxonómica ………………………………………..……….26 2.2.2 Origen y distribución geográfica ……………………...………………27 2.2.3 Principales características biológicas y ecológicas ...………………28 Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 2.2.4 Daños a la planta ………...…………………………………………….30 2.2.5 Métodos de control ……………..……………………………………..31 2.2.6 Enemigos naturales de T. absoluta ……….………………………...32 2.3 El parasitoide: Pseudapanteles dignus …………..………………………...33 2.3.1 Ubicación taxonómica …………………………………………..…….33 2.3.2 Origen y distribución geográfica …………………………………..…33 2.3.3 Biología y ecología ……………………………………...……………..34 2.3.4 Potencialidad como agente de control biológico ……………..…….39 2.4 Regiones hortícolas consideradas en este estudio ……………..………...39 2.4.1 Noroeste argentino (Región Neotropical según Morrone 2016) …..40 2.4.2 Región Pampeana (Región Neotropical según Morrone 2016) ..….41 2.4.3 Región Patagónica (Región Andina según Morrone 2016) ………..43 Capítulo 3 – Identificación de poblaciones locales de Pseudapanteles dignus y tasas de parasitismo a campo…………...……….……………………46 3.1 Introducción ………………………………...…………………………………47 3.2 Materiales y métodos …………………..…………………………………….51 3.2.1 Relevamiento de poblaciones locales de P. dignus y parasitismo a campo por región……………..…………………………………………..51 3.2.2 Estudios morfométricos …………………………….……..………….61 3.3 Resultados ……………………………………..……………………………..66 3.3.1 Poblaciones locales de P. dignus y parasitismo a campo ……….…66 3.3.2 Estudios morfométricos ……………………………….………………69 3.4 Discusión ……………………………………………..……………………….74 Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 Capítulo 4 – Compatibilidad reproductiva de poblaciones locales de Pseudapanteles dignus ……………………………………..…………………….78 4.1 Introducción ………………………………………...…………………………79 4.2 Materiales y métodos …………………….……………………..……………82 4.2.1 Identificación de Wolbachia en poblaciones locales de Pseudapanteles dignus ………………………………….………………82 4.2.2 Cría de insectos para ensayos de compatibilidad reproductiva de P. dignus ……………………...…………………………..…………………..83 4.2.3 Ensayos de intercruza ……………………………………………..….85 4.3 Resultados ………………………………………………………..…………..88 4.3.1 Identificación de Wolbachia en poblaciones locales de Pseudapanteles dignus ………………………………………………….88 4.3.2 Ensayos de intercruza ……………………………………………..….91 4.4 Discusión …………………………………………………..………………….95 Capítulo 5 - Atributos bioecológicos de poblaciones locales de Pseudapanteles dignus…...……………………………………………….……...98 5.1 Introducción ……………………………………………………………...……99 5.2 Materiales y métodos ………………………………………………...……..105 5.2.1 Colonias de insectos y diseño de ensayos ……….……………….105 5.2.2 Determinación de atributos bioecológicos ………..……………….106 Respuesta funcional y tasa de ataque ………….………….….106 Tiempo de desarrollo pre-imaginal y proporción de sexos …..107 5.3 Resultados …………………………………..………………………………109 5.3.1 Respuesta funcional y tasa de ataque ………………………..……109 5.3.2 Tiempo de desarrollo pre-imaginal ………………………..………..112 Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 5.3.3 Proporción de sexos ………………………………………………....115 5.4 Discusión ………………………………………………………………...…..117 Consideraciones finales ……………………………………………….………...121 Referencias bibliográficas ………………………………………..………….....124 Vallina, C. Tesis doctoral. FCNyM-UNLP 2019 Índice de figuras - Figura 1.1. Nivel de daño económico y umbral económico …………………….4 - Figura 1.2. Enemigos naturales ………………..………………………..………..8 - Figura 1.3. Diagrama conceptual que ilustra la variabilidad intraespecífica de un fenotipo de algún atributo considerado positivo para una especie candidata como agente de CB …………………………………….…………………………13 - Figura 2.1. Cultivo de tomate, Solanum lycopersicum, a cielo
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