Mary Surratt
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The Flimsy Case Against Mary Surratt: the Judicial Murder of One
The Flimsy Case Against Mary Surratt: The Judicial Murder of One of the Accused Lincoln Assassination Conspirators Michael T. Griffith 2019 @All Rights Reserved On June 30, 1865, an illegal military tribunal found Mrs. Mary Surratt guilty of conspiring with John Wilkes Booth and others to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln, and sentenced her to death by hanging. Despite numerous appeals to commute her sentence to life in prison, she was hung seven days later on July 7. She was the first woman ever to be executed by the federal government. The evidence that the military commission used as the basis for its verdict was flimsy and entirely circumstantial. Even worse, the War Department’s prosecutors withheld evidence that indicated Mrs. Surratt did not know that Booth intended to shoot President Lincoln. The prosecutors also refused to allow testimony that would have seriously impeached one of the two chief witnesses against her. Mary Surratt John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln’s assassin. He shot President Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington on April 14, 1865. The military tribunal claimed that Mary Surratt: * Knew about the assassination plot and failed to report it * On April 11, 1865, told John Lloyd that the “shooting irons” (rifles) that had been delivered to him would be needed soon 1 * An April 14, the day of the assassination, gave Lloyd a package from Booth and told him to have the rifles ready that night * Falsely claimed that she did not recognize Lewis Payne (Lewis Powell) when he showed up at her boarding house on April 17 * Falsely claimed that her youngest son, John Surratt, was not in Washington on the day of the assassination Two Plots: Kidnapping and Assassination Before we begin to examine the military commission’s case against Mary Surratt, we need to understand that Booth initiated two separate plots against Lincoln. -
Mary Surratt: the Unfortunate Story of Her Conviction and Tragic Death
Ouachita Baptist University Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita History Class Publications Department of History 2013 Mary Surratt: The nforU tunate Story of Her Conviction and Tragic Death Leah Anderson Ouachita Baptist University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/history Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Leah, "Mary Surratt: The nforU tunate Story of Her Conviction and Tragic Death" (2013). History Class Publications. 34. https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/history/34 This Class Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Class Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mary Surratt: The Unfortunate Story of Her Conviction and Tragic Death Leah Anderson 1 On the night of April 14th, 1865, a gunshot was heard in the balcony of Ford’s Theatre followed by women screaming. A shadowy figure jumped onto the stage and yelled three now-famous words, “Sic semper tyrannis!” which means, “Ever thus to the tyrants!”1 He then limped off the stage, jumped on a horse that was being kept for him at the back of the theatre, and rode off into the moonlight with an unidentified companion. A few hours later, a knock was heard on the door of the Surratt boarding house. The police were tracking down John Wilkes Booth and his associate, John Surratt, and they had come to the boarding house because it was the home of John Surratt. An older woman answered the door and told the police that her son, John Surratt, was not at home and she did not know where he was. -
The History Page: Lincoln's Female 'Assassin'
The History Page: Lincoln’s female ‘assassin’ Housekeeper Mary Surratt is hanged for conspiracy on flimsy evidence Photo: Corbis By Rob Ogden, Saturday, August 6, 2011, The Daily, http://bit.ly/ogbWUD More than 1,000 people watched as Mary Surratt, a handsome widow and mother of three, stood on a trapdoor with a noose around her neck. Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated just three months earlier, and Surratt had been convicted of conspiring to kill him. Despite her pleas of innocence, U.S. authorities took her to the gallows, put a noose around her neck and pulled the lever. Surratt became the first woman executed by the U.S. government on July 7, 1865. Though convicted of treason, she insisted on her innocence until her death, and evidence suggests that she was, in fact, uninvolved with the Lincoln assassination plot. Tragedy had followed Mary her whole life, beginning with her father’s death in 1825, when she was 2 years old. Her mother ran the family affairs well and put Mary through Catholic boarding school near her home in Waterloo, Md. She grew into a comely young woman with dark hair, high cheekbones and large, mournful eyes. She befriended the local priest and became devoutly Catholic. Perhaps for lack of fatherly guidance, she married at 16 to a man named John Surratt, who had a troublesome background including financial problems and an illegitimate child he’d fathered the year before. But things started off well enough: Between 1841 and 1844, Mary had three children: Isaac, Elizabeth and John Jr. -
Hatching Execution: Andrew Johnson and the Hanging of Mary Surratt
Hatching Execution: Andrew Johnson and the Hanging of Mary Surratt Sarah Westad History 489: Research Seminar December 2015 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire with the consent of the author. Contents Abstract iii Figures iv Introduction 1 Historiography 10 Primary Source Analysis 22 Conclusion 33 Works Cited 35 ii Abstract In 1865, the American Civil War and the assassination of US President Abraham Lincoln plunged the country into a state of panic. Federal officials quickly took to the ranks, imprisoning hundreds of suspected rebels believed to be involved in the assassination. Ultimately, only eight individuals, dubbed conspirators, were prosecuted and charged with murdering the Commander- in-Chief. During their trials, new president Andrew Johnson voiced grave concern over one particular conspirator, middle-aged Catholic widow Mary Surratt. As the mother of escaped conspirator, John Surratt, Johnson viewed Mrs. Surratt as an individual that needed to be treated with a particular urgency, resulting in a series of events that led to Mrs. Surratt’s execution, less than three months after the assassination, on July 7, 1865. This paper analyzes the actions of Johnson and considers the American public’s responses to Mary Surratt’s hanging. Additionally, this paper looks at the later writings of Andrew Johnson in order to gain an understanding of his feelings on Mrs. Surratt in the weeks, months, and years after her execution, as well as -
Mary Surratt
CONSPIRATORS and the MILITARY COMMISSION 0. CONSPIRATORS and the MILITARY COMMISSION - Story Preface 1. MARY SURRATT 2. EVENTS at the SURRATT BOARDINGHOUSE 3. JOHN WILKES BOOTH and HIS PLANS 4. CAPTURE and DEATH of JOHN WILKES BOOTH 5. CONSPIRATORS and the MILITARY COMMISSION 6. FREDERICK AIKEN and the TRIAL of MARY SURRATT 7. EXECUTION of MARY SURRATT 8. AFTER THE CONSPIRACY TRIAL Mary Surratt and the other so-called "Lincoln Conspirators" were tried by a military commission, not by a jury of their peers. This contemporary image depicts the defendants, at the top of the picture, with Mrs. Surratt on the right side. Image online, Wikimedia Commons. While the soldiers were at Mary Surratt’s boardinghouse, the night of April 17, someone else knocked on the door. It was a disheveled-appearing man with a pick-axe in hand. Who was he? What did he want at that hour of the night? Inviting him in, the officer-in-charge asked the visitor about the purpose of his visit. He said he was checking with Mrs. Surratt, to see what time she wanted him to dig a gutter the next morning. Doubting the man was telling the truth, the officer summoned Mrs. Surratt. She swore she did not know him. After finding pictures of John Wilkes Booth - and Confederate generals - in the house, the soldiers took no chances. They arrested the visitor - Lewis Powell (a/k/a Lewis Payne) - Mrs. Surratt, and several other boardinghouse residents. With John Wilkes Booth still at-large, investigators wanted to build an assassination-conspiracy case. -
The Lincoln Assassination Connection
The Lincoln Assassination Connection Germantown's link to the assassination of President Lincoln Germantown, MD By SUSAN SODERBERG April 23, 2011 Many of you who have seen the recent movie The Conspirator will know that George Andrew Atzerodt (alias Andrew Atwood), was one of the Lincoln assassination conspirators executed on July 7, 1865. Atzerodt was arrested in Germantown, the town where he had spent many years as a boy. How he got involved with the Booth gang and why he ended up back in Germantown is a compelling story. This story begins in 1844 when Atzerodt, age 9, arrives in Germantown with his family, immigrants from Prussia. His father, Henry Atzerodt, purchased land with his brother- in-law, Johann Richter, and together they built a house on Schaeffer Road. In the mid- 1850s, Henry sold his interest in the farm and moved to Westmoreland County, Va., where he operated a blacksmith shop until his untimely death around 1858. At this time Atzerodt and his brother John opened a carriage painting business in Port Tobacco, Md. After the Civil War broke out the carriage painting business was not doing well, so John went up to Baltimore and got employment as a detective with the State Provost Marshal's office. Atzerodt stayed on at Port Tobacco, but his main business was not painting carriages, it was blockade running and smuggling across the Potomac River. It was on one of these clandestine trips that he met John Surratt, son of Mary Surratt, who was acting as a courier for Confederate mail. In November 1864 Surratt convinced Atzerodt to join the group, led by John Wilkes Booth, planning to capture President Lincoln, take him to the South and hold him for ransom. -
1 Weichmann, Louis J. a True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865. Edited by Floyd E
Weichmann, Louis J. A True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865. Edited by Floyd E. Risvold. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975. Chapter I, p. 3 Purpose, Military Commission, Conclusions correct, Assassination as crime against civilization, Booth did not immortalize Lincoln, Lincoln’s second inauguration, no Confederate or Catholic plot. Grand Review of Union troops in Washington Chapter II p. 11 Weichman’s early life, residents in Washington, moves to Philadelphia, public school education, St. Charles College, Howard County, Maryland, student for Catholic ministry, college life, meets John H. Surratt in September 1859, teaching in Washington in January 1863 Chapter III p. 18 St. Matthew’s Institute, John Surratt, Surratsville—meets Mrs. Mary E. Surratt; Surratt family, David E. Herald, St. Charles College, Little Texas, Maryland; Henry B. de Sainte Marie; Weichmann appointed War Department clerk; second visit to Surrattsville; War Department Rifles—Mrs. Surratt Moves to Washington, 541 H Street. Chapter IV p. 29 History to December 1864; Mrs. Surratt’s home in Washington, November- December 1864—accountability of Mary Surratt and son, lecture by John Surratt, Surratt works for Adams Express Company; meeting of Booth, Mudd, and Surratt in Washington, December 23, 1864, Interview at National Hotel; Booth purchase of Mudd Farm; Booth a frequent visitor to Mrs. Surratt’s house Chapter V p. 36 Parents of Booth; Junius Brutus Booth, tragedian, elder Booth married twice and came to U.S. in 1821; Booths lived in Hartford Country, Maryland; death of Junius Brutus Booth, Sr. in 1842; burial place; children; education of John Wilkes Booth; first employment; assists at execution of John Brown; plays in Richmond, 1861, first meeting with Lewis Powell who tried to assassinate Seward; plays with his brothers in New York, November 25, 1864; Booth’s reputation as actor Chapter. -
Thomas Harbin
08-03-1884: George Alfred Townsend's Interview of Thomas Harbin Source: Cincinnati Enquirer, August 3, 1884. Thomas Harbin had once been the postmaster in Bryantown, Maryland, and worked as a Confederate spy in Southern Maryland during the Civil War. Journalist George Alfred Townsend interviewed him after Dr. Mudd died. “New York, August 1, 1884. The writer of this article was twenty-four years old when President Lincoln was murdered, and he heard the news of the assassination in Richmond, Virginia, while still the charred documents of the disbanded Confederate government were lying in the gutters of that town. Returning to Washington, the writer became acquainted with most of the detectives assembled from the different cities of the country, or in the employ of the government, who were ferreting out the crime. He attended the trial of the conspirators, and saw four of them hanged; he was acquainted with John Wilkes Booth, the contriver of the tragedy; and the principal witness of the government – inhabitant of the house of Mrs. Surratt – was his schoolmate, John Yates Beall, who was hanged on Governor's Island not many weeks before President Lincoln's murder, and whose execution has been said to have precipitated the assassination, the writer also saw hanged. As years drifted by, in the midst of a busy and changeful life, the writer found no event to touch his imagination and historical zeal so much as Booth's crime. Circumstances within the past two or three years have brought the writer into relations with the chief witnesses and associates of the conspiracy. -
The Dahlgren Affair and the Lincoln Assassination
THE DAHLGREN AFFAIR AND THE LINCOLN ASSASSINATION William Bryant Monday, October 23, 2017 Christopher Wren Association 1 BACKGROUND Thanks for intro & coming, scheduled last fall, etc. Glad for the opportunity to present a chapter of US history virtually unknown. Debated doing 1-day, 2 hrs vs 3-days, 6 hrs: Not all can attend 6 hrs and conspriracy story so complex with people and events, thread of story might be lost in details. 2 hrs should be enough time to connect the dots →→Presentation on website, books on table 2 www.wm.edu/cwa “course information” “class notes & presentations” [email protected] 3 THREE REFERENCES ON TABLE William Tidwell, Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln, 1988. Edward Steers, Jr., Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 2001. Edward Steers, Jr. (ed.), The Trial: The Assassination of President Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators, 2003. 4 BACKGROUND More written about AL than any other American, always ends with assassination by crazed actor. Recent research by several serious scholars has determined is not accurate—true story once known been lost to history by design. Problem: historical accurate works not widely read, serious historians just writing to each other. 5 BACKGROUND Good scholarship depends on primary sources, sources of the period. But as you will hear, majority of relevant primary sources, but the scholars’ conclusions are indisputable. Objective today: For you to leave believing what I say is historically accurate and wet your appetite to learn more of a topic still relevant today. 6 →HOUR 1 →BACKGROUND 7 HOUR 1 THE DAHLGREN AFFAIR 8 BACKGROUND 9 STONEMAN’S RAID Story begins May 1-3, 1863, with Chancellorsville, Lee’s greatest victory, thanks to Jackson who was mortally wounded by own troops. -
A Abe Lincoln
AB01eIndex.qxp 2/21/2006 2:18 PM Page 455 Index A charges against, 337-39 Abe Lincoln: His Speeches and execution, 358-61 Writings, 35 meets Booth, 175-76, 185, 205 abolitionists, 57, 104, 160 role in failed abduction, 210-12 A Constitutional View of the Late Atzerodt, John, 184, 316 War Between the States, 50 Augur, Christopher, 273 Adam’s Express Company, 154, 178 B The Age of Hate, 123 Baden, Joseph, 284, 291 Aiken, Frederick, 332 Bainbridge, Absalom, 286, 290 Alexander, Sam, 172 Baker, Elizabeth, 81 The American Bastille, 56 Baker, Lafayette C. American Colonization Society, 34 pursuit and capture of Booth, American System, 31, 33, 65 291-98, 311 America’s Most Wanted, 443 secret papers, 71-96, 101, 113, America’s Two Just Wars, 33 117-18 Anderson, Mary Jane, 237 spies on Johnson, 122-23, 206, Angle, Paul M., 36 213, 250 Antonelli, Cardinal, 387 Baker, Luther Byron, 80 Arnold, Samuel Bland, 136 pursuit and capture of Booth, arrest and trial, 321-43 279-305 meets Booth, 139-45, 157, 177, Baker, Mary, 80-82 186-87, 190, 202-3 Baltimore American, 410 resigns from conspiracy, 211 Bangor Democrat, 60 sends “Sam” letter, 217 Banks, Nathaniel, 108 sentence, 343-46 Barnes, Dr. Charles K., 393, 446 Arsenal Building, 321-22 Barnes, Joseph K., 309, 311, 412 Ashley, J. M., 235, 393 Barnum’s Hotel, 139, 141, 183 Atkinson, F. C., 396 Basler, Roy P., 35 Atzerodt, George Bates, David, 397 arrest, 316 Bates, Edward, 319-20 biography, 184-86 Bates, Finis Langdon, 418-19 455 AB01eIndex.qxp 2/21/2006 2:18 PM Page 456 456 ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S EXECUTION friendship with John St. -
Maryland Historical Magazine, 2004, Volume 99, Issue No. 1
A/^A SC SftSl-)-^ HALL OF RECORDS LIBRARY Spring 2004 A .\ ANI^P0Lifr|MAR<LAND j AND Historical Magazine / ^HL/^HH V ^ ^^^H • •L^ V • ^5 ^E ^^^L y W ^H w 1 * ** 1 T THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY Founded 1844 Dennis A. Fiori, Director The Maryland Historical Magazine Robert I. Cottom, Editor Patricia Dockman Anderson, Managing Editor David Prencipe, Photographer Robin Donaldson Coblentz, Christopher T. George, lane Gushing Lange, and Mary Markey, Editorial Associates Regional Editors John B. Wiseman, Frostburg State University lane G. Sween, Montgomery County Historical Society Pegram lohnson III, Accoceek, Maryland Acting as an editorial board, the Publications Committee of the Maryland Historical Society oversees and supports the magazine staff. Members of the committee are: lean H. Baker, Goucher College; Trustee/Chair lohn S. Bainbridge Ir., Baltimore County lames H. Bready, Baltimore Sun Robert J. Brugger, The lohns Hopkins University Press Lois Green Carr, St. Mary's City Commission Suzanne E. Chapelle, Morgan State University Toby L. Ditz, The lohns Hopkins University Dennis A. Fiori, Maryland Historical Society, ex-officio David G. Fogle, University of Maryland lack G. Goellner, Baltimore Roland C. McConnell, Morgan State University Norvell E. Miller III, Baltimore Charles W. Mitchell, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins John W. Mitchell, Upper Marlboro lean B. Russo, Annapolis Bruce Thompson, Frederick Community College Members Emeritus Samuel Hopkins, Baltimore Charles McC. Mathias, Chevy Chase The Maryland Historical Magazine welcomes submissions from authors and letters to the editor. Letters may be edited for space and clarity. All articles will be acknowledged, but only those accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope will be returned. -
Mary Surratt Fed Both Union Military and Southern Sympathizers Alike
CONFEDERATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF BELGIUM By Elizabeth Steger Trindal ary Elizabeth Surratt was the first woman M to be hanged by the United States Government. She was a widow and a mother of three. She was hanged in Washington, D.C. on July 7, 1865. Those who knew her, knew that she was innocent. Most of those who didn’t know her, felt that she was one of the conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. After all, wasn’t John LibraryofCongress Wilkes Booth a friend of her son and a frequent caller at Mrs. Surratt’s Washington, D.C. boardinghouse ? The government had pronounced the woman guilty after a sixteen-week-long military trial. Neither she nor the other alleged conspirators were allowed to testify in their own defense. Nor had the charges of their crimes been read to them until the day before the trial started on May 11. The defense had no time to prepare for the hearing. In Mrs. Surratt’s case, she was arrested and taken to prison on April 17 without being told why. The writ of Habeas Corpus had long since been suspended in the United States. As Secretary of State William H. Seward once boasted to Lord Lyons, “My Lord, I can touch a bell on my right hand, order the arrest of a citizen of Ohio ; I can touch a bell again, and order the imprisonment of a citizen of New York ; and no power on earth, except that of the President, can release them. Can the Queen of England do as much ?”.