Characterization of Putative Diagnostic Proteins from Giardia And
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Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet. -
Superorganisms of the Protist Kingdom: a New Level of Biological Organization
Foundations of Science https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09688-8 Superorganisms of the Protist Kingdom: A New Level of Biological Organization Łukasz Lamża1 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The concept of superorganism has a mixed reputation in biology—for some it is a conveni- ent way of discussing supra-organismal levels of organization, and for others, little more than a poetic metaphor. Here, I show that a considerable step forward in the understand- ing of superorganisms results from a thorough review of the supra-organismal levels of organization now known to exist among the “unicellular” protists. Limiting the discussion to protists has enormous advantages: their bodies are very well studied and relatively sim- ple (as compared to humans or termites, two standard examples in most discussions about superorganisms), and they exhibit an enormous diversity of anatomies and lifestyles. This allows for unprecedented resolution in describing forms of supra-organismal organiza- tion. Here, four criteria are used to diferentiate loose, incidental associations of hosts with their microbiota from “actual” superorganisms: (1) obligatory character, (2) specifc spatial localization of microbiota, (3) presence of attachment structures and (4) signs of co-evolu- tion in phylogenetic analyses. Three groups—that have never before been described in the philosophical literature—merit special attention: Symbiontida (also called Postgaardea), Oxymonadida and Parabasalia. Specifcally, it is argued that in certain cases—for Bihos- pites bacati and Calkinsia aureus (symbiontids), Streblomastix strix (an oxymonad), Joe- nia annectens and Mixotricha paradoxa (parabasalids) and Kentrophoros (a ciliate)—it is fully appropriate to describe the whole protist-microbiota assocation as a single organism (“superorganism”) and its elements as “tissues” or, arguably, even “organs”. -
Molecular Identification and Evolution of Protozoa Belonging to the Parabasalia Group and the Genus Blastocystis
UNIVERSITAR DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE BIOMOLECOLARI E BIOTECNOLOGICHE (Intenational PhD School in Biomolecular and Biotechnological Sciences) Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Direttore della scuola: Prof. Masala Bruno Relatore: Prof. Pier Luigi Fiori Correlatore: Dott. Eric Viscogliosi Tesi di Dottorato : Dionigia Meloni XXIV CICLO Nome e cognome: Dionigia Meloni Titolo della tesi : Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Tesi di dottorato in scienze Biomolecolari e biotecnologiche. Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Universit degli studi di Sassari UNIVERSITAR DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE BIOMOLECOLARI E BIOTECNOLOGICHE (Intenational PhD School in Biomolecular and Biotechnological Sciences) Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Direttore della scuola: Prof. Masala Bruno Relatore: Prof. Pier Luigi Fiori Correlatore: Dott. Eric Viscogliosi Tesi di Dottorato : Dionigia Meloni XXIV CICLO Nome e cognome: Dionigia Meloni Titolo della tesi : Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Tesi di dottorato in scienze Biomolecolari e biotecnologiche. Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Universit degli studi di Sassari Abstract My thesis was conducted on the study of two groups of protozoa: the Parabasalia and Blastocystis . The first part of my work was focused on the identification, pathogenicity, and phylogeny of parabasalids. We showed that Pentatrichomonas hominis is a possible zoonotic species with a significant potential of transmission by the waterborne route and could be the aetiological agent of gastrointestinal troubles in children. -
Secondary Absence of Mitochondria in Giardia Lamblia and Trichomonas
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 6860–6865, June 1998 Evolution Secondary absence of mitochondria in Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis revealed by valyl-tRNA synthetase phylogeny (amitochondriate protistsydiplomonadsyparabasalia) TETSUO HASHIMOTO*†‡,LIDYA B. SA´NCHEZ†,TETSUROU SHIRAKURA*, MIKLO´S MULLER¨ †, AND MASAMI HASEGAWA* *The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 4–6-7 Minami-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan; and †The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021 Communicated by William Trager, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, March 27, 1998 (received for review December 29, 1997) ABSTRACT Nuclear-coded valyl-tRNA synthetase evolutionary origins of the amitochondriate condition. Before (ValRS) of eukaryotes is regarded of mitochondrial origin. any molecular phylogenetic data became available, cytological Complete ValRS sequences obtained by us from two amito- considerations led to the proposal by Cavalier-Smith that chondriate protists, the diplomonad, Giardia lamblia and the diplomonads, parabasalids, and microsporidia could be prim- parabasalid, Trichomonas vaginalis were of the eukaryotic itively amitochondriate (15, 16), and to the erection of the type, strongly suggesting an identical history of ValRS in all taxon Archezoa for these organisms. These three amitochond- eukaryotes studied so far. The findings indicate that riate lineages represented the first branches on phylogenetic diplomonads are secondarily amitochondriate and give fur- trees based on rRNA (17, 18) and some protein sequences (19). ther evidence for such conclusion reached recently concerning This observation was regarded as compelling evidence for an parabasalids. Together with similar findings on other amito- early separation of these groups from the main eukaryotic chondriate groups (microsporidia and entamoebids), this lineage, preceding the acquisition of mitochondria (20). -
23.3 Groups of Protists
Chapter 23 | Protists 639 cysts that are a protective, resting stage. Depending on habitat of the species, the cysts may be particularly resistant to temperature extremes, desiccation, or low pH. This strategy allows certain protists to “wait out” stressors until their environment becomes more favorable for survival or until they are carried (such as by wind, water, or transport on a larger organism) to a different environment, because cysts exhibit virtually no cellular metabolism. Protist life cycles range from simple to extremely elaborate. Certain parasitic protists have complicated life cycles and must infect different host species at different developmental stages to complete their life cycle. Some protists are unicellular in the haploid form and multicellular in the diploid form, a strategy employed by animals. Other protists have multicellular stages in both haploid and diploid forms, a strategy called alternation of generations, analogous to that used by plants. Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay. 23.3 | Groups of Protists By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe representative protist organisms from each of the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify the evolutionary relationships of plants, animals, and fungi within the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes • Identify defining features of protists in each of the six supergroups of eukaryotes. In the span of several decades, the Kingdom Protista has been disassembled because sequence analyses have revealed new genetic (and therefore evolutionary) relationships among these eukaryotes. -
The Amoeboid Parabasalid Flagellate Gigantomonas Herculeaof
Acta Protozool. (2005) 44: 189 - 199 The Amoeboid Parabasalid Flagellate Gigantomonas herculea of the African Termite Hodotermes mossambicus Reinvestigated Using Immunological and Ultrastructural Techniques Guy BRUGEROLLE Biologie des Protistes, UMR 6023, CNRS and Université Blaise Pascal de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière Cedex, France Summary. The amoeboid form of Gigantomonas herculea (Dogiel 1916, Kirby 1946), a symbiotic flagellate of the grass-eating subterranean termite Hodotermes mossambicus from East Africa, is observed by light, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Amoeboid cells display a hyaline margin and a central granular area containing the nucleus, the internalized flagellar apparatus, and organelles such as Golgi bodies, hydrogenosomes, and food vacuoles with bacteria or wood particles. Immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies raised against Trichomonas vaginalis cytoskeleton, such as the anti-tubulin IG10, reveals the three long anteriorly-directed flagella, and the axostyle folded into the cytoplasm. A second antibody, 4E5, decorates the conspicuous crescent-shaped structure or cresta bordered by the adhering recurrent flagellum. Transmission electron micrographs show a microfibrillar network in the cytoplasmic margin and internal bundles of microfilaments similar to those of lobose amoebae that are indicative of cytoplasmic streaming. They also confirm the internalization of the flagella. The arrangement of basal bodies and fibre appendages, and the axostyle composed of a rolled sheet of microtubules are very close to that of the devescovinids Foaina and Devescovina. The very large microfibrillar cresta supporting an enlarged recurrent flagellum resembles that of Macrotrichomonas. The parabasal apparatus attached to the basal bodies is small in comparison to the cell size; this is probably related to the presence of many Golgi bodies supported by a striated fibre that are spread throughout the central cytoplasm in a similar way to Placojoenia and Mixotricha. -
Ultrastructure and Molecular Diagnosis of Spironucleus Salmonis (Diplomonadida) from Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss in Germany
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 75: 37–50, 2007 Published March 29 Dis Aquat Org Ultrastructure and molecular diagnosis of Spironucleus salmonis (Diplomonadida) from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Germany M. Reza Saghari Fard1, 2,*, Anders Jørgensen3, Erik Sterud3, 4, Wilfrid Bleiss5, Sarah L. Poynton1, 6 1Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany 2Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany 3National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway 4Standards Norway, PO Box 242, 1326 Lysaker, Norway 5Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany 6Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Broadway Research Building, 733 North Broadway, Room 807, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA ABSTRACT: Diplomonad flagellates infect a wide range of fish hosts in aquaculture and in the wild in North America, Asia and Europe. Intestinal diplomonad infection in juvenile farmed trout can be associated with morbidity and mortality, and in Germany, diplomonads in trout are commonly reported, and yet are poorly characterised. We therefore undertook a comprehensive study of diplomonads from German rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and sequencing of the small subunit (ssu) rRNA gene. The diplomonad was identified as Spironucleus salmonis, formerly reported from Germany as Hexamita salmonis. Our new surface morphology studies showed that the cell surface was unadorned and a caudal projection was present. Transmission electron microscopy facilitated new observations of functional morpho- logy, including vacuoles discharging from the body surface, and multi-lobed apices of the nuclei. -
Pathogenesis and Cell Biology of the Salmon Parasite Spironucleus Salmonicida
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1785 Pathogenesis and Cell Biology of the Salmon Parasite Spironucleus salmonicida ÁSGEIR ÁSTVALDSSON ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-513-0604-9 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379671 2019 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in A1:111a, BMC, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, 10 May 2019 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Scott Dawson (UC Davies, USA). Abstract Ástvaldsson, Á. 2019. Pathogenesis and Cell Biology of the Salmon Parasite Spironucleus salmonicida. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1785. 70 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0604-9. Spironucleus species are classified as diplomonad organisms, diverse eukaryotic flagellates found in oxygen-deprived environments. Members of Spironucleus are parasitic and can infect a variety of hosts, such as mice and birds, while the majority are found to infect fish. Massive outbreaks of severe systemic infection caused by a Spironucleus member, Spironucleus salmonicida (salmonicida = salmon killer), have been reported in farmed salmonids resulting in large economic impacts for aquaculture. In this thesis, the S. salmonicida genome was sequenced and compared to the genome of its diplomonad relative, the mammalian pathogen G. intestinalis (Paper I). Our analyses revealed large genomic differences between the two parasites that collectively suggests that S. salmonicida is more capable of adapting to different environments. As S. salmonicida can infiltrate different host tissues, we provide molecular evidence for how the parasite can tolerate oxygenated environments and suggest oxygen as a potential regulator of virulence factors (Paper III). -
Phylogenomic Analyses Support the Monophyly of Excavata and Resolve Relationships Among Eukaryotic ‘‘Supergroups’’
Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic ‘‘supergroups’’ Vladimir Hampla,b,c, Laura Huga, Jessica W. Leigha, Joel B. Dacksd,e, B. Franz Langf, Alastair G. B. Simpsonb, and Andrew J. Rogera,1 aDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5; bDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1; cDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic; dDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; eDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7; and fDepartement de Biochimie, Universite´de Montre´al, Montre´al, QC, Canada H3T 1J4 Edited by Jeffrey D. Palmer, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, and approved January 22, 2009 (received for review August 12, 2008) Nearly all of eukaryotic diversity has been classified into 6 strong support for an incorrect phylogeny (16, 19, 24). Some recent suprakingdom-level groups (supergroups) based on molecular and analyses employ objective data filtering approaches that isolate and morphological/cell-biological evidence; these are Opisthokonta, remove the sites or taxa that contribute most to these systematic Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Exca- errors (19, 24). vata. However, molecular phylogeny has not provided clear evi- The prevailing model of eukaryotic phylogeny posits 6 major dence that either Chromalveolata or Excavata is monophyletic, nor supergroups (25–28): Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, has it resolved the relationships among the supergroups. To Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Excavata. With some caveats, solid establish the affinities of Excavata, which contains parasites of molecular phylogenetic evidence supports the monophyly of each of global importance and organisms regarded previously as primitive Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Opisthokonta, and Amoebozoa (16, 18, eukaryotes, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of a dataset of 29–34). -
The Transferome of Metabolic Genes Explored: Analysis of the Horizontal
Open Access Research2009WhitakeretVolume al. 10, Issue 4, Article R36 The transferome of metabolic genes explored: analysis of the horizontal transfer of enzyme encoding genes in unicellular eukaryotes John W Whitaker, Glenn A McConkey and David R Westhead Address: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK. Correspondence: David R Westhead. Email: [email protected] Published: 15 April 2009 Received: 18 December 2008 Revised: 6 April 2009 Genome Biology 2009, 10:R36 (doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-4-r36) Accepted: 15 April 2009 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2009/10/4/R36 © 2009 Whitaker et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Metabolic<p>Metabolicencoding genes gene network HGTleads to analysis functional in multiplegene gain eukaryotes during evolution.</p> identifies how horizontal and endosymbiotic gene transfer of metabolic enzyme- Abstract Background: Metabolic networks are responsible for many essential cellular processes, and exhibit a high level of evolutionary conservation from bacteria to eukaryotes. If genes encoding metabolic enzymes are horizontally transferred and are advantageous, they are likely to become fixed. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a key role in prokaryotic evolution and its importance in eukaryotes is increasingly evident. High levels of endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) accompanied the establishment of plastids and mitochondria, and more recent events have allowed further acquisition of bacterial genes. -
Phylogenetic Position of Parabasalid Symbionts from the Termite
INTERNATL MICROBIOL (2000) 3:165–172 165 © Springer-Verlag Ibérica 2000 RESEARCH ARTICLE Delphine Gerbod1 Virginia P. Edgcomb2 Phylogenetic position of parabasalid Christophe Noël1,3 Pilar Delgado-Viscogliosi4,5 symbionts from the termite Eric Viscogliosi1,3 Calotermes flavicollis based on 1Laboratoire de Biologie Comparée des Protistes, small subunit rRNA sequences UPRESA CNRS 6023, Aubière, France 2Center for Molecular Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, USA 3Institut Pasteur, INSERM U167, Lille, France 4Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France Summary Small subunit rDNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction 5Institut Pasteur, Eaux et Environnement, Lille, France using specific primers from mixed-population DNA obtained from the whole hindgut of the termite Calotermes flavicollis. Comparative sequence analysis of the clones revealed two kinds of sequences that were both from parabasalid symbionts. In a Received 13 January 2000 molecular tree inferred by distance, parsimony and likelihood methods, and including Accepted 15 June 2000 27 parabasalid sequences retrieved from the data bases, the sequences of the group II (clones Cf5 and Cf6) were closely related to the Devescovinidae/Calonymphidae species and thus were assigned to the Devescovinidae Foaina. The sequence of the group I (clone Cf1) emerged within the Trichomonadinae and strongly clustered with Tetratrichomonas gallinarum. On the basis of morphological data, the Correspondence to: Eric Viscogliosi. Institut Pasteur. INSERM U167. Monocercomonadidae Hexamastix termitis might be the most likely origin of this 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette. sequence. 59019 Lille. France Tel.: +33-3-20877960 Fax: +33-3-20877888 Key words Parabasalid protists · Termites · Small subunit rRNA · Phylogeny · E-mail: eric.viscogliosi@pasteur–lille.fr Molecular evolution microsporidia, diplomonads and parabasalids, represent the Introduction earliest eukaryotic lineages [29, 38]. -
Development of a Stable Transfection Vector for Spironucleus Salmonicida
Development of a stable transfection vector for Spironucleus salmonicida Elin Einarsson Degree project in applied biotechnology, Master of Science (2 years), 2010 Examensarbete i tillämpad bioteknik 45 hp till masterexamen, 2010 Biology Education Centre and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University Supervisors: Staffan Svärd and Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 The Spironucleus species ............................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Spironucleus salmonicida ............................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Transmission of spironucleosis caused by S. salmonicida ............................................................. 6 1.4 The mitosome ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Cytoskeleton-associated proteins ................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Aim of the project ........................................................................................................................... 7 2. Results