APPENDICES APPENDIX I

Refractive indices (n D '·, i.e. measured at 20°C at the yellow natrium D-line) of some media used in microscopy for mounting, immersion, etc. air 1.0003 Malinol* 1.520 distilled water 1.333 methyl benzoate 1.520 seawater 1.343 Apathy's gum syrup (W) 1.524 ethyl alcohol (W) 1.362 gum damar 1.520 - 1.530 Aquamount (W) 1.435 clove oil 1.531 water-free glycerol (W) 1.473 methyl salicylate 1.535 liquid paraffin 1.482 Permount* 1.530 - 1.540 Gelatinol* (W) 1.480 - 1.490 Canada balsam* 1.530 - 1.540 toluene 1.495 Euparal* 1.535 xylene 1.497 nitrobenzene 1.535 benzene 1.502 (very toxic) cedar oil* 1.510 Cedax* 1.550 - 1.560 non-resinifying mono bromo benzene 1.560 immersion oil 1.515 anilin oil 1.586 ani sol 1.517 Clearax* 1.660 Eukitt* 1.510 - 1.520 mono bromo naphthalene 1.660 Clearmount* 1.510 - 1.520 Hyrax* 1.710 cristallite 1.5 10 - 1.520 methylene jodide 1.738

Media indicated with * become hard after a shorter or longer period, cementing object glass and cover glass together. This hardening process is caused by the evap• oration of a solvent (xylene, toluene) and/or as a consequence of a process of polymerization (with synthetic media) or resinification (with natural resins). During this process, which may take from one or two days to over a week, the refractive index gradually increases until a final value is reached. In the table only an average final value is listed; this is often not rigidly constant everywhere in the specimen, as in the centre the evaporation/polymerization process is sometimes stopped at an earlier stage than at the border, due to sealing off of the central part. Non-hardening media in the list usually are sharply defined chemical substances with constant physical characteristics: their refractive indices immediately have the desired value (which can easily be controlled with a refractometer). Especially in

* hardening mounting medium W miscible with water APPENDIX I 317 photometry, where the adaptation of medium and object may be very critical, but also with more unusual specimens such a pure liquid mounting medium may be indicated. As these substances have a low viscosity and are often volatile, the cover glass has to be sealed and fixed with a ringing cement. Different types of quickly hardening sealing media are on the market, but they are often soluble in benzene derivates and non water-miscible substances like methyl salicylate with its favour• able refractive index, so that they cannot be used to seal off specimens mounted in these media. In these circumstances, an excellent sealing can be obtained by using a 10% (wjv) solution of gelatin in water to which 10% (wjv) sucrose is added with gentle heating. When this mixture is kept in an incubator at 37°C, it remains liquid enough to be applied with a brush, but has a sufficient viscosity to seal off immediately a volatile medium. It dries in a few hours at room temperature in forming a stone-hard cement which can be removed easily with lukewarm water. It is not dissolved by xylol, petrol etc., so that immersion oil on the cover glass can be removed freely with these liquids. Apart from the pure substances mentioned in the list, use can be made of mixtures of different compounds to achieve a certain refractive index; these can also be obtained commercially with virtually any desired refractive index (Cargille• oil). It should be kept in mind in using any type of mixture that the refractive index of a stock solution may change considerably with time, due to differential evaporation of components. 318

APPENDIX II FOUR-LINGUAL VOCABULARY OF SOME COMMONLY

ENGLISH FRENCH adjustment ajustement air bubble bulle d'air angle of aperture angle d'ouverture angle of view angle de vue aperture stop diaphragme d'ouverture attachable mechanical stage surplatine amovible attachment camera chambre microphotographique oculaire beam of (light) rays faisceau lumineux bellows camera chambre photographique a soufflet birefringent birefringent bright field fond clair brightness of illumination force d'eclairement built-in illumination eclairage incorpore calibration etalonnage case coffret cement lut centering device dispositif de centrage chromatic difference of magnification difference chromatique de magnification coarse adjustment mouvement rapide coating, blooming traitement anti-reflet collector-lens collecteur colour temperature temperature de couleur comparison eyepiece oculaire comparateur comparison microscope microscope de comparaison compensating eyepiece oculaire compensateur compound lens lentille compo see concave mirror miroir convergent condenser condensateur, condenseur condenser with swing-out frontlens condensateur a lentille frontale escamotable 319

USED TECHNICAL TERMS IN MICROSCOPY

GERMAN SPANISH

Einstellung ajuste Luftblase burbuja de aire Offnungswinkel angulo de apertura Sehwinkel angulo visual Aperturblende diafragma de apertura ObjektfUhrer platina m6vil Aufsatzkamera camara fotografica acoplada al ocular

(Licht) BUschel haz luminoso Balgenkamera camara con fuelle doppelbrechend birrefringente Hellfeld campo claro Beleuchtungsstarke intensidad de i1uminaci6n Einbaubeleuchtung i1uminaci6n incorporada

Eichung calibraci6n Schrank caja 6 Estuche Kitt masilla Zentriervorrichtung dispositivo para el centraje chromatische Differenz der diferencia cromatica de aumento Vergrosserung Grobtrieb (Zahntrieb) tornillo macrometrico (enfoque rapido) ReflexschUtz tratamiento antireflectante Kollektor, Sammellinse colector Farbtemperatur temperatura de color Vergleichsokular ocular comparador Vergleichsmikroskop microscopio de comparaci6n Kompensationsokular ocular compensador verkittete Linse, zusammengesetzte lente compuesta Linse Hohlspiegel espejo convergente Kondensor condensador Klappkondensor condensador con lente frontal abatible 320 APPENDIX II

ENGLISH FRENCH continuous running interference filter monochromateur interferentiel control knob bouton de commande correction collar monture de correction cover-glass lamelle couvre-objet critical illumination eclairage critique cross-wires reticule en croix curvature of field courbure de champ dark field illumination eclairage a fond noir defects of image defaut de I'image deflecting prism prisme de renvoi depth of field profondeur de champ diffraction image image de diffraction dissecting microscope microscope a dissection distortion distorsion division eche\le graduee drawing apparatus (camera lucida) appareil a dessiner (chambre claire) dry objective objectif a sec electron dense dense pour electrons electron microscope microscope electronique empty magnification grossissement vide entrance pupil pupille d'entree exit pupil pupiIIe de sortie exposure time temps de pose extinction (optical density) extinction eyepiece oculaire eyepiece micrometer micro metre oculaire field lens verre (lentille) de champ field number index de champ field stop (- diaphragm) diaphragme de champ field of view champ visuel film holder chassis final magnification grossissement total fine adjustment mise au point (mouvement lent) flash eclair electronique flat-field objective objectif a champ plan fluorescent screen ecran fluorescent focal length distance focale focal plane plan focal to focus mettre au point APPENDIX II 321

GERMAN SPANISH

Verlauffilter-Monochromator filtro continuo desplazable de interferencia Bedienungsknopf tornillo de control Korrektionsfassung collar 0 montura de correcci6n Deckglas cubre objetos kritische Beleuchtung iluminacion critica Fadenkreuz reticulo en cruz Bildfeldwolbung curvatura del campo optico

Dunkelfeldbeleuchtung iluminacion de campo oscuro Abbildungsfehler defecto de imagen Umlenkprisma prisma de desviacion (para proyectar y dibujar) Schiirfentiefe profundidad de campo Beugingsbild imagen de difraccion Prapariermikroskop microscopio de diseeci6n 0 estereoscopico Verzeichnung distorsion Gradeinteilung escala graduada Zeichenapparat (camera lucida) camara clara para dibujar Trockenobjektiv objetivo 0 sistema en seeo

Elektronenmikroskop microscopio electronico elektronendicht electrodenso leere Vergrosserung aumento en vacio Eintrittspupille pupila de entrada Austrittspupille pupil a de salida Belichtungsdauer tiempo de exposicion Extinktion extinction Okular ocular Okularmikrometer ocular micrometrico

Feldlinse, Kollektivlinse lente de campo Sehfeldzahl numero indicador de campo Leuchtfeldblende diafragma de campo Gesichtsfeld campo visual Kassette chasis (portapeIiculas) Endvergrosserung aumento total Feintrieb (Mikrometerschraube) tornillo micrometrico (enfoque de precision) Elektronenblitz rayo electronico Plan-objektiv objetivo de campo plano 0 con optica plana Fluoreszenzschirm pantalla fiuorescente Brennweite distancia focal Brennebene plano focal Scharfeinstellen enfocar 322 APPENDIX II

ENGLISH FRENCH focussing eyepiece oculaire de mise au point focussing microscope, auxiliary microscope auxiliaire microscope focussing plane plan de mise au point foot of the stand base du statif front lens lentille frontale frozen section coupe Ii congelation glare, stray light lumiere parasite graticule, grating reseau ground glass plate plaque en verre depoli high power magnification grossissement fort high pressure mercury vapour lamp lampe a vapeur de mercure haute pression illumination illumination illumination apparatus appareil d'eclairage illumination field champ d'eclairage image image image-formation formation de l'image immersion-objective objectif a immersion incandescent lamp lampe Ii incandescence incident illumination eclairage incident intermediate piece bague intermediaire iris diaphragm diaphragme iris lamp lampe lens lentille light diaphragm, stop diaphragme light-refracting refringent light source source lumiere limb potence long-focus condenser condenseur a longue focale low power magnification grossissement faible low voltage lamp lampe a bas voltage magnification agrandissement main connection lamp lampe a branchement direct measuring eyepiece oculaire de mesure mechanical stage platine Ii chariot microscope microscope microscope stage (object stage) platine du microscope mirror miroir mirror image image refiechie mount monture APPENDIX II 323

GERMAN SPANISH

Einstellokular ocular para ajustar Hilfsmikroskop, Einstellmikroskop microscopio auxiliar

Einstellebene plano de enfoque Stativfuss pie 0 base del estativo Frontlinse lente frontal Gefrierschnitt corte por congelacion

Streulicht luz parasita Strichplatte, Gitter red, reticula Mattglasscheibe placa de vidrio esmerilado starke Vergrosserung gran aumento Quecksilberhochdrucklampe lampara de vapor de mercurio a alta presi6n

Beleuchtung iluminaci6n Beleuchtungsapparat aparato de i1uminaci6n Leuchtfeld campo de luz 0 de iluminaci6n Abbildung, Bild imagen Bilderzeugung formaci6n de la imagen Immersions-Objektiv objetivo de inmersi6n Gltihbirne, Gltihlampe lampara de incandescencia Auflichtbeleuchtung iluminaci6n incidente Zwischensttick pieza intermedia Irisblende diafragma de iris

Lampe himpara Linse lente Blende diafragma Iichtbrechend refringente Lichtquelle fuente luminosa Tubustrager, Arm des Stativs brazo del estativo Kondensor langer Schnittweite condensador de gran distancia focal schwache Vergrosserung pequeno aumento Niedervoltlampe himpara de bajo voltaje

Vergrosserung aurnento Netzanschlusslampe lampara de conexi6n directa a la red Messokular ocular para medir Kreuztisch platina de carro Mikroskop microscopio Mikroskoptisch, Objekttisch platina 0 mesa del microscopio Spiegel espejo Spiegelbild imagen reflejada Fassung montura 324 APPENDIX II

ENGLISH FRENCH

mounting medium milieu d'inclusion

neutral density filter filtre absorbant neutre numerical aperture ouverture numerique

object field champ d'objet objective lens object if object marker marqueur d'objet oblique illumination eclairage oblique optical axis axe optique optical path difference (o.p.d.) difference de chemin optique over-exposure sur-exposition

parafocal objectives objectifs parafocaux particle corpuscule path of rays marche des rayons phase contrast contraste de phase phase plate plaque de phase phase retardation retard de phase phase ring anneau de phase phase shift changement de phase photomacrography macrophotographie photomicrography microphotographie plane mirror miroir plan pointer eyepiece oculaire indicateur polarizing microscope microscope polarisant (polarisation m.) power supply connexion electrique

rack and pinion movement mouvement a cremaillere range of adjustment domaine de reglage refractive index indice de refraction resolving power pouvoir separateur revolving nosepiece revolver

scanning electron microscope microscope electronique a balayage scratch eraflure screw micrometer eyepiece oculaire micrometrique it tambour section coupe semi transparent mirror miroir semi-transparent sharpness nettete single lens lentille simple slide, object slide lame porte-objet sliding sleeve douille sliding stage platine it frottement gras smear frottis speed (photographic emulsion) sensibilite (emulsion photographique) APPENDIX II 325

GERMAN SPANISH

Einschlussmedium medio de inclusi6n

Neutralfilter filtro neutro numerische Apertur apertura numerica

Dingfeld campo del objeto Objektiv objetivo Objektmarkierer marcador 0 sefialador schrage Beleuchtung iluminaci6n oblicua optische Achse eje 6ptico Gangunterschied diferencia de camino optico Uberbelichtung exposici6n larga

Abgeglichene Objektiven objetivos parafocales Korperchen particula, corpusculo Strahlenverlauf, Strahlengang trayectoria de los rayos luminosos Phasenkontrast contraste de fases Phasenplatte placa de rase Phasenverzogerung retraso de fases Phasenring anillo de fase Phasenverschiebung differencia de fase Makrophotographie macrofotografia Mikrophotographie microfotografia Planspiegel espejo plano Zeigerokular ocular indicador Polarisationsmikroskop microscopic de polarizaci6n Netzanschluss conexi6n al corriente electrico

Zahntrieb desplazamiento por cremallera Einstellbereich zona de ajuste Brechungszahl indice de refracci6n Auflosungsvermogen poder separado 0 resoluci6n Objektivwechsler (Revolver) revolver

Raster-Elektronenmikroskop microscopio electr6nico de barrido Kratzer rascador, raspador Schraubenmikrometerokular ocular micrometrico de tambor Schnitt corte halbdurchlassige Spiegel espejo semitransparente Scharfe enfoque, estar a foco Einzellinse lente simple Objekttrager porta objetos Schiebehlilse vaina corrediza 0 tubo desplazable Gleittisch platina 0 mesa por deslizamiento Ausstrichpraparat frotis Empfindlichkeit (Photoschicht) sensibilidad 326 APPENDIX II

ENGLISH FRENCH stage micrometer micrometre object if stain, dye colorant staining coloration stand statif stop (diaphragm) diaphragme fixe telescopic mount monture telescopique time lapse intervalle entre les prises de vue transmission range domaine de transparence transmission electron microscope microscope electronique a transmission transmi ttance facteur de transmission transmitted illumination eclairage a lumiere transmise transparency transparence turning table platine tournante ultrathin section coupe ultra-mince under-exposure sous-exposition useful magnification grossissement utile vernier, nonius vernier wavelength longueur d'onde wide field condenser condenseur a grand champ wide field eyepiece oculaire a grand angle (wide angle eyepiece) (a grand champ) working distance distance de travail APPENDIX II 327

GERMAN SPANISH

Objektmikrometer objetivo micrometrico Farbstoff colorant Farbung coloracion, tinte Stativ estativo Lochblende diafragma fijo

Federfassung monture telescopica Zeitraffer observacion 0 microfotografia a intervalos (microcinematografia) Durchlassigkeitsbereich intervalo de transparencia (grado de transparencia) Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskop microscopio electronico de transmision Transparenz, Durchlassigkeit trans parencia durchfallende Beleuchtung iluminacion por transmision Durchsichtigkeit transparencia Drehtisch platina 0 mesa giratoria

Ultradiinnschnitt corte ultra fino Unterbelichtung exposicion corta fOrderliche Vergrosserung aumento uti!

Nonius nonius

Wellenlange longitud de onda Ubersichtskondensor condensador de gran campo 0 gran (Brillenglaskondensor) angular Weitwinkelokular ocular de gran campo (Groszfeld-Okular) (ocular gran angular) Arbeitsabstand distancia 0 separacion de trabajo INDEX

Abbe, Ernst 25, 41 arm of stand 29 -, condenser according to - 102 ASA-system 221 -, dispersion index of - 11 astigmatism 9, 133, 290 -, drawing apparatus according to - 242 attachment camera 211-213 -, illumination apparatus according to - auxiliary lens of condenser 99 32, 145 autofluorescence 153 - test plate 54 automatic exposure control 214-216 -, theory of image forming of - 166-168 axial resolving power 87 aberration axial setting 256 -, chromatic - 8-11 azimuth 199 -, monochromatic - 8 -, spherical - 9 band-spectrum III absorption - filters 114-117 bandwidth 224, 276 absorption-objects 116 barrier filter 154, 158-159 absorption of X-rays 301 bellows extension camera 212 accommodation 4-6, 8 binocular eyepiece 34-35 - range of the eye 87-88 birefringence 193-196 achromatic-aplanatic condenser 102 black body radiation 231-232 achromatic doublet 11 Bremsstrahlung 301 achromatic objective 49-50 bright field 146-147, 178 adjustment length 49 - fluorescence 156 Ahrens prism 194 brightness 17 Airy disc 76 - of image 126 Amici, Giovanni Battista 25, 42 - -Bertrand lens 173 calcite 194,201 amplitude camera - contrast 178, 191 -, attachment - 211-213 - grating 166 -, bellows extension - 212 - objects 116, 165 - length 217 analyzer 197 -- in projection X-ray microscopy 311 angle of vision 6-7, 68-69 - lucida 241 Angstrom-unit 3 candela 17 angular aperture 9, 40 capillary microscope 37 angular magnification 7 carbon arc 111 ani sol 124 cardioid condeser 149 anisotropy 193-196 cargille-oil 317 anoptral contrast 172 catadioptric systems 57 apertometer 55 catoptric systems 57 aperture diaphragm of condenser 94-97, cedar wood oil 124 125 centering device of condenser 101 aperture error 9 -- stage 31 aplanatic 102 - of objective 123 apochromatic objective 52 chromatic aberrations 8-11 INDEX 329

- difference of magnification 10 - in X-ray microscopy 306 - polarization 199-201 - of photographic emulsions 220 chromophore 280 conversion filter 232 cinemicrography 236-239 correction collar 47 cleaning of optical surfaces 132-137 correction grade of objective 49 coating of lenses 18 Coulter-counter 265 co-axial controls 31 counting grids 262-264 coherence 78-79, 126-127 cover glass effect 45-49 collector 100, 109, 292 coverglass, thickness of - 46-47 colour balance filter 232 critical illumination 99-102, 120 - circle 225 crossed prisms 195, 198 - distortion 232-233 crown glass 11 - in relation to wavelength 225-226 Cuff stand 22 - photomicrography 229-233 curvature of field 9, 55 - sensitivity of photographic emulsions cut-off filter 154, 158-159 218-219 cytofluorometry 163, 283-284 - temperature, Kelvin scale for - 231 cytophotometry 279-282 coloured phase contrast 179 colposcope 37 dark field coma 9 - fluorescence 160 combination of lenses 11 - illumination 145-151 comparison eyepiece 74 Davies shutter 90, 149 compensating eyepiece 63 daylight compensator 201 - film 231 compound microscope 7 - filter 128 condenser 92-99, 101-103 - illumination 108 -, achromatic-aplantic - 102 Delesse, principle of - 266-267 -, aperture diaphragm of - 94-97 density 220, 233 -, auxiliary lens of - 99 depth -, cardioid - 149 - of accommodation 88, 256 -, centering device of - 101 - of field 86 -, Heine - 171, 173 - -, geometrical 87 -, mirror - 149 -- in projection X-ray microscopy 312 -, N-A. of - 94-97 - of focus 86 -, pancratic - 98 - measurements 256-259 -, paraboloid - 148 detachable mechanical stage 31 -, working distance of - 94 dichroic mirror 161 -, Richter - 98 dichroism 196 - according to Abbe 102 - induced - 196 - aperture in fluorescence microscopy 156 - intrinsic - 196 - immersion 96, 125 differential interference contrast 185-191 - iris diaphragm 94-97 diffracted light 168-169 - with long working distance 105 diffraction 75-78 - with swing-out frontlens 98 - disc 76 conoscopic microscope 202 -, X-ray - 303 contact-microradiography 304 DIN number 221 continuous running interference filter 225 dioptres 7 continuous spectrum 111, 301 discussion head 72 contrast dispersion 9, 11 - filter 224 - index of Abbe 11 - formation 115-117 distortion 9 - micrometer 252 distribution(al) error 281-282, 284 - in image 222 Dollond eyepiece 61 330 INDEX

drawing device 239-243 -, screw-micrometer - 253-254 - of Abbe 242 -, spectacle - 133 drawing prism 242 -, wide field - 68 draw-tube 27, 48 - -grid 260, 264 Drliner-camera 234 - number 63 Dyson, interference microscope according eyepoint 64-66 to - 184-185 -, objective 58 Farmer's liquid 242-243 Feulgen-DNA measurement 283 electromagnetic spectrum 288-289 field diaphragm 101 electron lens 290 field-emission 292 electron microscope 290-292 field-ion 292 -, mirror- - 291 field lens 60 -, scanning - 291-292 field marker 130 -, transmission - 291 field number 66, 69 electron probe X-ray microanalysis 302- field of view 66 303 filar eyepiece micrometer 253 electron rays 289-292 film-cassette 216 elliptical polarization of light 192 film emission spectrum 153-154 -, daylight - 231 empty magnification 83 -, reversal - 229 emulsion -, roll- 213 -, orthochromatic - 218 -, sheet - 213 -, panchromatic - 218 film polarizers 196 entrance pupil 15 filters, excitation filter 153-154, 158-159 -, absorption - 224 excitation spectrum 153-154 -, colour balance - 232 exit pupil 15, 64-66, 83-84, 210 -, contrast - 224 exposure 213-216 -, conversion - 232 - latitude 220 -, daylight - 128 - meters 214-216 -, heat-absorbing - 244 extinction 280 -, interference - 224 - factor 204 -, liquid - 224 extraordinary ray 193, 198 -, neutral-density - 232 eye clearance 65 flash tube 233 eye lens 4 flow birefringence 195 eyepiece(s) 60-74 flow system analysis 284 -, comparison- - 74 fluorescence -, compensating - 63 - cytophotometry 283-284 -, Dollond - 61 - -free objectives 157 -, Huygens - 61 - microscopy 152-163 -, image-shearing measuring - 255-256 - -, polarized - 162 -, integration - 261-264 fluorite 50, 293 -, Kellner - 61 - objective 50-52 - magnification 85 fluorochromes 154-155 - micrometer 250-252 flying-spot scanning 270 -, negative - 61 focal point 9 -, orthoscopic - 62 focussing frame 222 -, photographic - 208 focussing of image 222-223 -, pointer - 71 - -, in ultraviolet microscopy 295 -, positive - 61 focussing telescope 173, 1237 -, projection - 208 foot of stand 32 -, Ramsden - 61 form-birefringence 195, 203 INDEX 331 formvar film 306 image frame-lines of TV-system 245 -, final - 15 free working distance 37, 40 -, intermediary - 15 -, inverted - 15 gamma of film 220 -, latent - 227 gelatin absorption filter 224 -, isometric - 235 geometrical depth of field 87 -, real - 15 ghost-image 180-181 - analysis, automatic - 270-275 glare 96-97 - convener 295-296, 299 gradation 220 - errors 8 grain size of photographic emulsions 219 - forming agents 4 Greenough-type stereomicroscope 35 - of light source 97-99 grey-values 225 - scanning photometer 282-283 ground glass screen 212 - -shearing measuring eyepiece 255-256 immersion 121 halo (in phase contrast microscopy) 176- - fluid 42, 124 177 - objectives 42-45 heat-absorbing filter 244 - oil 124 heat radiation 110 - -, non-fluorescent - 156 height of seat 118 immunofluorescence 162 Heine-condenser 171, 173 impulse cytophotometry 284 high pressure gas-discharge burners 111- incandescent lamp 127, 227 112 incident high-speed camera 238 - dark-field illumination 150-152 high voltage lamp 108-109 - illumination 105 hinged stand 26 inclination of image plane 144 histometry 265 induced dichroism 196 historadiography 307 infinite tube length 45 Holmes effect 260, 266-267 infrared microscopy 298-299 holographic microscope 235 infrared radiation 110, 289 homogeneous immersion 43 instrumental depth of field 88 Hooke, Robert 19-22 integrating microinterferometer 185 Horn, interference microscope according integration eyepiece 261-264 to - 183-184 interference 75-78 Huygens, Christiaan 26 - colours 200 Huygens eyepiece 61 - fil ters 224 - -, continuous running - 225 illuminance 17, 212 - -, precision line - 224 illumination - -, monochromator 226 -, bright-field - 146-147 interference microscope 180,258-259 -, critical - 120 - according to Dyson 184-185 -, dark-field - 145-151 - according to Horn 184-185 -, daylight - 108 - according to Smith 184-185 -, incident - 105-106 intermediary image 15, 60 -, incident dark-field - 150-152 intersection points 268, 273 -, Kohler - 120-121 intrinsic dichroism 196 -, oblique - 143-145 inverted image 15 -, Rheinberg - 151 inverted microscope 104 -, vertical - 106 iris diaphragm in objectives 90 - apparatus 31 isometric image 235 - apparatus of Abbe 32, 145 - cone 94-97, 143 Jamin-interferometer 183 illustrator 239 Jentzsch prism 34 332 INDEX karyometry 265 -, total - 16 Kellner eyepiece 61 -, transverse - 7 Kelvin scale for colour temperature 231 -, useful - 85 Kohler illumination 99-102, 120-121 - changer 70 magnifying glass Lambert-Beer, law of - 279-280 Maltese crosses 199 lamp marking and re-locating 128-130 -, high pressure mercury-vapour - 111 meander-like search 129 -, incandescent - 127,227 measuring beam 183 -, high voltage - 108-111 measurement -, low-voltage - 109-111 - of areas 259-264 -, tungsten filament - 108-111 - of distances along optical axis 256-259 -, tungsten halogen -110-111 - of lengths 250-256 laser source 298 - of volumes 264-269 latent image 227 mechanical stage 30 lateral chromatic aberration 10 -, detachable - 31 Leeuwenhoek, A. van 20-22 Merz-grid 268 lens microfilm 236 - Amici-Bertrand - 173 microflash 233-234 -, electron - 290 microfluorometry 163,283-284 -, macro- - 207 micromanipulator 30 - aberrations 8 micrometer - formula 13, 291 -, contrast - 252 - paper 134 -, object - 251-252 Lieberkiihn mirror 92 -, stage - 251-252 light filter 127 - value 251 light scattering 146-148 - (fine adjustment) 29 light source, image of - 97-99 - (unit of length) 3 lighting intensity 17,216,244 microphotograph 207 limb of stand 29 microphotometry 279-283 linear analysis 262 microprojection 243, 247 linear magnification 7 microscope 7 linearly polarized light 192 -, capillary - 37 liquid filter 224 -, compound - 7 Lison, system for photometry of - 281 -, conoscopic - 202 lithium fiuoride 293 -, electron - 290-292 longitudinal chromatic aberration 10,63 -, Greenough-type stereo - 35 loupe 7,8 -, holographic - 235 low voltage lamp 109-111 -, inverted - 104 luminance 17, 108 -, interference - 180-192 luminars 59, 207 -, infrared - 298-299 luminous flux 17, 109 -, orthoscopic - 202 lux 17 -, operation - 37 -, photo - 212-213 Mach-Zehnder principle 183 -, polarization - 196-205 macro-lens 59, 207 -, plankton - 104-105 macrometer (coarse adjustment) 29 -, precision micrometer - 258 magnification -, setting-up of - 119-121 -, angular·- 7 -, simple - 7 -, chromatic difference of - 10 -, slit lamp - 37 -, eyepiece - 85 -, solar - 108 -, linear - 7 -, stereoscopic - 33-37 -, nominal - 16 -, travelling - 32 INDEX 333

-, ultraviolet - 293 objective 39-59 -, X-ray reflection - 304 -, achromatic - 49-50 microrefractometry 175 -, apochromatic - 52 microspectrofluorometry 283 -, centering of - 123 microspectrophotometry 275-279 -, correction grade of - 49 microtechnique 115-118 -, Dyson - 58 millimicron 3 -, fluorescence-free - 157 minimum resolvable distance 5, 81-83,291 -, fluorite - 50-52 Mired 231 -, immersion - 42-45 mirror 31 -, level of focus with high power - 123 -, dichroic - 161 -, mirror - 57 -, electron microscope - 291 -, monochromatic - 293 -, Liberkiihn - 92 -, Newton - 57 -, substage - 29,93 -, oil-immersion - 121-125 - condenser 149 -, parafocal - 49, 122-123 - fork 93 -, photomicrographic - 58 - objective 57 -, plan-achromatic - 52 modulation contrast 192 -, plan-apochromatic - 53 monochromatic aberrations 8 -, reflecting - 57 monochromatic objective 293 -, Schwarzschild - 57 monochromator 226, 275 -, semi-apochromatic - 50-52 morphometry 265 -, strain-free- 201 mounting media 116-117 -, testing of - 54-55 -, refractive index of - 316 -, ultraviolet - 58, 293 oblique illumination 143-145 nanometer 3 ocular: see eyepiece near point 4-6 oil-immersion objectives 121-125 necessary magnifying power 83 ordinary ray 193, 198 negative eyepiece 61 orthochromatic emulsion 218 negative phase contrast 171 orthoscopic eyepiece 62 neutral density filter 108, 232 orthoscopic microscope 202 Newton objective 57 opacity 279 Nicol prism 194-195 operation microscope 37 Nomarski, interference system according optical activity 193 to - 186-187 optical density 280 nominal magnification 16 optical object distance 40 non resinifying oil 124 optical path difference 174, 182 normal incident illumination 106 optical rotation 193 normal film format 238 optical section 89 nosepiece, revolving (rotating) - 27 optical thickness 174, 182 numerical aperture 40-45 pancratic condenser 98 object panchromatic emulsion 218-219 - beam 183 paraboloid condenser 148 - field 66 parafocally adjusted objectives 49, 122-123 - -, illumination of - 97, 99 parallel prism 195, 198 - finder 131-132 partially polarized light 192 - marker 130 particle size analysis 260 - micrometer 218, 251-252 pattern recognition 273 - scanning photometer 282-283 penumbra 308-309 - slide 117-118 percentage transmittance 279 - stage 29 phase annulus 169 - thickness 115 phase-changes 165-168 334 INDEX

phase contrast microscopy 165-180 polychlorinated biphenols 125 phase difference 166 polystyrol-foam 134 phase grating 167 Porro prism set 36 phase objects 166 positive eyepiece 61 phase plate 169-173 positive phase contrast 171 phase-refractometry 175 precision line-interference filters 224 phase reversal 176 primary fluorescence 153 phase retardation of anisotropic objects principal plane 13-14 199 principal section 193 phosphorescence 152 prism photographic emulsion -, Ahrens - 194 -, colour sensitivity of - 218-219 -, drawing - 242 -, contrast of - 220 -, Jentzsch - 34 -, grain size of - 219 -, Nicol - 194-195 -, resolution of - 219 -, parallel - 195, 198 -, speed of - 221 -, reinverting - 36 photographic eyepiece 208 -, Thompson - 36, 194 photomacrography 207-235 -, Wollaston - 186-187 photometer projection -, accuracy of - 282 - area 260 -, image scanning - 282-283 - distance 244 -, object-scanning - 282-283 - eyepiece 208 -, precision of - 282 - head 73 photometry 17, 279 - microradiography 308 photomicrographic objective 58 - television 245 photomicrography 207-239 punctum proximum 4 -, colour - 229-233 pupillar border 8 -, infrared - 299 -, stereo - 234 quanta 192 -, ultraviolet - 294-296 quarter wave plate 201 photomicroscope 212-213 quartz 293 photomicrosysthesis 235 quartz-rod illuminator 107 photomultiplier 214, 275, 296 plan-achromatic objective 52 rack-and-pinion movement 28, 31 plan-apochromatic objective 53 radiation plane of polarization 192 -, black body - 231-232 planimeter 261 -, electromagnetic - 288-290 plankton microscope 104-105 -, heat - 110 pleochromism 196 -, infrared - 110, 289 plug-method 281 -, ultraviolet - 159, 289 point-counting method 261 -, white - 301 point-projection principle 292, 309 Raleigh's criterion 77 pointer eyepiece 71 Ramsden circle 64-66 polarization Ramsden eyepiece 6 I -, chromatic - 199-201 ray - microscopy 196-205 -, extraordinary - 193, 198 - -, quantitative - 200-202 -, ordinary - 193, 198 - of light 192 - tracing 12 - -, circular - 192 reading glasses 132 - -, elliptical - 192 real image 15 polarized fluorescence microscopy 162 reciprocity failure 215, 230 polarizer 197 reflecting objective 57 polaroid filters 197-198 reflection 10 INDEX 335 refraction 114-117 slit lamp microscope 37 refractive index 116-117, 180-192 slow-motion cinematography 236-237 -, of X-rays 304 Smith, interference microscope according reinverting prism 36 to - 184-185 research stand 32 soft X-rays 301 residual aberration 49 solar microscope 108 resolution 81, 126 Soret-band 276 -- of photographic emulsions 219 specific refractive increment 181-182 resolving power 5, 55. 75-82 specimen-plane scanning 271 reversal film 229 spectacle 132 revolving nosepiece 27 - eyepieces 133 Rheinberg illumination 151 speed of photographic emulsions 221 Richter condenser 98 spherical aberration 9 ringing cement 317 - of electron lens 290 Rontgen rays 300-307 spot measurement of exposure 215 roll film 213 spring-mount 56, 121-122 rotating nosepiece 27 stage -, detachable mechanical - 31 scanning -, sliding - 31 -, flying-spot - 270 - micrometer 251-252 -, image-plane - 271 staining 117 -, specimen-plane - 271 stand 26 -, television - 271 -, hinged - 26 - and integrating cytophotometer 282 - with upright (straight) tube 26 - electron microscope 291-292 - with oblique tube 26 - microfluorometer 284 star test 54 scattering 196 statoconia 201, 204 - of X-rays 301 stereo-ocular 234 SchwarzschiJd effect 215, 230 stereo logy 264-269 Schwarzschild objective 57 stereo photomicrography 234 screw-micrometer eyepiece 253-254 stereoscopic microscope 33-37 secondary Stilb 17 - electrons 291 stops 14 - fluorescence 153 strain birefringence 195 - spectrum 49, 52 strain-free objectives 201 section thickness 115 stray-light 43, 96-97 semi-apochromatic objective 50-52 substage condenser 31 semi-transparent beam splitter 237 substage mirror 92-93 semi-transparent plate 106-107 super-8 film format 238 sensitation process 221 surface area fraction 266 sensitivity curve of eye 128 surface density 267 sensitization of colour films 231 surface-to-volume ratio 269 sensitometry 221 setting accuracy 254-255 television microscopy 245-247 setting-up of microscope 119-121 television scanning 271 shading-off 177 Thompson prism 194 sharpness of image 222-223 thyristor resistance 109 sheet film 213 time-lapse recording 236-237 sheet polarizer 197-198 tissue section 115 SJ-system 3 total magnification 16 simple microscope 7 transmittance 233 sitting position 118 transmission 224, 279 sliding stage 31 - electron microscope 291 336 INDEX transverse magnification 7 volume fraction 266 travelling microscope 32 trinocular tube 212 wavefront 76 tube 27 - reconstruction 235 - diameter 68 wavelength --length 16 - of X-rays 301 - -, infinite - 45 - in relation to colour 225-226 tungsten-halogen lamp 110-111 white radiation 301 tungsten incandescent lamp 108-111 wide-field eyepiece 68 Tyndall-effect 147 Wollaston-prism 186-187 working distance of condenser 94 ultramicroscopy 147 working table 119 ultrathin sections 291 ultraviolet X-ray 300-307 - microbeam 298 -, absorption coefficients in - 307 - microspectrophotometer 297 -, hard - 301 - microscopy 293-298 -, soft - 301 - objectives 58, 293 -, wavelength of - 301 - sensitive phototube 296 - absorption analysis 302 - radiation 159, 289 - emission lines 301 upright image 7 - fluorescence analysis 302 useful magnification 83, 85 - microanalysis 302-303 - reflection microscope 304 valuation of eyepiece micrometer 251-252 - microscopy - 308-313 varia ble phase contrast 172 - projection microscope 308-313 vertical fluorescence illumination 161 xenon high pressure burner 112 vertical illumination 106 xylol 134 video-recording 246 virtual image 7 Z-prism 36 visible light 4 Zeiss, Carl 25, 42 visual angle 60 zone of action 177 visuflash 234 zoom-system 70 volume density 267 Zernike, F _ 167