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University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1978 A Method Of Detecting Viral Contamination In Parenteral Solutions. Joseph Alexander Woelfel University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Woelfel, Joseph Alexander. (1978). A Method Of Detecting Viral Contamination In Parenteral Solutions.. University of the Pacific, Dissertation. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3240 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A METHOD OF' Di'~'rECTING VIRAL CONTAMINATION IN PAP.ENTF,RAL SOLUTIONS . ' A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the School of Pharmaey the University of the Pacific In Partial Fulfillment of the Hequj.remen ts for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Joseph Alexander Woelfel 1 July 1978 j Copyright © 1978 Joseph Alexander Woelfel All Rights Reserved This dissertation, written and submitted by JOSEPH ALEXANDER WOELFEL is approved for recommendation to the Committee on Graduate Studies, University of the Pacific Dean of the School or Department Chairman: Dissertation Committee: ~M 1 ~~~ Chairman 4-;/~ud~C?/~~ Dated._hyp=:!=::f9.--<ZL.2~S,:.,..._.t._l ~9.L.11Lf _____ A ME THOll OF DETECTING VIRAL CONTAr~I!JA TI!HJ IN PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS Abstract of Dissertation Th~ pres~nce of contaminants in parenteral sol~tions is a constant nemesis against whic h pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as medical, pharmacy , and nursing practitioners mus t vigilantly struggle to provi de quality healt h care. At each level in the parenteral drug delivery system, contamination is possibl~ bc(ore the patient actually receives the infusion. The imple~entation of better practices and procedures contin ues in the ques t of contaminant-free parenterals. ~ e vertheless , the literature is replete with articles documenting contamination of parenteral ~edication . foreign body particulate matter has been found sequestered in the lungs of patients who have received intravenous therapy. The entrap~ent of forei~n bodies can occur in other body organs besides the lungs. The hazardous effects of this partic ~ late matter has been the subject of much concern. Other forms of parenteral contaminants have been reported in the liter~ture. These include both bacterial and fu"gal contaminants. Contaminant detection in parenteral solutions has been r.ccompli511ed by several methods . Thes e have included: visual inspection , nephelometric methods , methods of me~ brane filtration with suhsequent microscopic examination, and methods emplbyin~ various electronic adaptatibns . No references have been published describing viral contamination of pnrenterals or r.1e t hods for viral det2ction in parenteral sol~tiuns . Yet, viral contaminants infused directly into the blood of a pa tient May be of grave clinical significan ce . Thus, the objective of thi5 project was to develop a met~oj for detecting the presence of vir~sus in small and bulk parent.cr<Jl solutions. Both s mall and large volumes of Sodium Chl oride Inj~ction U.S . P. and S percent Dextrose Injection U. S .P . were i noculated ~ith 100 I.U . or 1 I. U. of Tcbaccq ~1q?aic Virus (TMV) per ml of solution . The contents of these parenterals were concen trated to a retentate vo!une using molecular filtra~ion . The retentate volume was examined for viral content using transmiss i on electron microscopy with negative staining techni~ues . Efficacy was determined by comparison of the results of the contaminated controls with the contaminated test groups . Statistically significa"t differences we re observed between the co"trol yroups, wnich were not ~ubjected to t he test method , and the t est uroups for both s mall and large volume ' parenteral solutions . Efficiency, which denotes the viral conta~ination l P. vel at which viruses are detectable, was determined by comp~ring the control groups of uncontaminated p a renteral sol utions with conta~lnated test gr~up~ of the same solutions . Both gruups were subjected to the •est r.1ethodology . The control and the test groups showed stat i ~tic a lly significant differences 3t t he 100 and the 1 I.li. TrW contaninntion levels . The results s howed thnt the defined ~etnod of viral detection i s efficacious and efficient at t he t ested TMV contamin<Jtion levels . This method could probably be applied to the detection of other viral contaminants of p a renteral solutions as well as to bio l ogical viral anal y s ~ s methods . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation and indebtedness to Dr. Donald Y. Barker for his ins truc­ tion, guidance, and assistance. Throug h his s upe r vision as advisor and chairman of the dissertation committee , the author has fulfilled this educational goal. Grate ful acknowle d gement i s al.so extended to Dr. Elizabeth Barbour, Dr. Do nald Floriddia , Dr. Don ald Pace , and Dr. Warre n Schne ider for their ins truction , suggestions , and counsel as well a s the ir assistance a.s dissertation c oin·­ mittee me mbe r s . Acknowl e dgement is given to Dr. David Hug hes and Dr . Marvin Malone for their assistance in the experime ntal design and statistical analysis for this proje ct . The financial assist a nce awarde d to this a utho r h as enable d t h is pursuit of knowledge . To De an Ivan Row l and and Assistant Dean Carl Ri edesel. of the Pharmacy School for their recommendations a n.d to Dean Re ube n Smith of the Graduate School, Universit y of the Pacifi c , for his gene r osity, this author extends his thankful appreciat ion. The author wishes to thank all those p e r sons who have contributed in any way to this project or this dissertation . ii To the author's parents and to Lillian R. Brughelli, this work is dedicated. No words can express the thankfulness and indebtedness of' the author to these persons. Their contributions to the author's life and beliefs can never be measured. Finally, the author dedicates his past, present, and future works and accomplishments to Him. For it is pe!::__!psu!!l, saecula-------- saeculorum. 1' iii 'TABLE OF' CON'l'ENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES vii.i INTRODUCTION. 1 LITERATURE. 2 Contaminants in Parenterals, 2 Contaminant Detection in Parenterals 8 Viral Contamination of Parenterals . 12 Viral Contaminant Detection in Parenterals 15 OBJECTIVES. 17 EXPERIMENTAL. 18 Definitions. 18 The Model Virus. 18 Preparation and Monitoring of Molecularly Fil­ tered Sterile Water for Injection 20 Parenteral Solutions . 25 Preliminary Tests with Small Volumes of Parenteral Solutions . 25 The Test Methoc'. 25 Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Sterilization of the l~olecular Filters . 28 Detection of TMV at Varying Viral Contamination Levels. 30 i Efficacy Determination at a Contamination Level of 100 I.U. of TMV per Milliliter of Solution. 30 i.v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Efficacy Determination at a Contamination Level of 1 I.U. of TMV per Milliliter of Solution. 34 Efficiency Determination at a Contamina-­ tion Level of 100 I.U. of TMV per Milli- liter of Solution . 34 Efficiency Determination at a Contamina­ tion Level of 1 I.U. of TMV per Milli- liter of Solution . 36 Tests with Large Volumes of Parenteral Solutions. 41 The Test Method ... 41 Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Sterilization of the Cell and the Molecular Filter . 43 Efficn.cy Determination at a Contamination Level of 100 I.U. of TMV per Milliliter of Soluti.on. 46 Efficacy Determination at a Contamination Level of 1 I.U. of TMV per Milliliter of Solution. 49 Efficiency Determination at a Contamina­ tion Level of 100 I. U. of TM\7 per Milli- liter of Solution . 49 Efficiency Determination at a Contamina­ tion Level of 1 I.U. of TMV per Milli­ liter of Solution 51 DISCUSSION. 56 SUMMARY .. 59 CONCLUSIONS 61 BIBLIOGR!\PHY. 63 v I~IS'f OF TABLES Table Page I. Preliminary Test Results - Detection of Virus in Small Volumes of -----·Tobacco Mosaic Parenterals at Varying Viral Contamination Levels . 31 II. Preliminary Test Results - Determination of the Efficacy of the Test Method with Small Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a. Con­ tamination Level of 100 Infectious Units of Tobacco Mosaic Virus per Milliliter of Solution -:- 33 III. Preliminary Test Results - Determination of the Efficacy of the Test Method with Small Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a Con­ tamination Level of l Infectious Unit of Js>.!"lacco Mosaic: Virus per Milliliter of Solu~ tion . , . , 35 IV. Preliminary Test Results - Determination of the Efficieney of the Test Method with Small Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a Con­ tamination Level of 100 Infectious Units of Tobacco Mosaic Virus per Milliliter of Solution____ -:--.-. 37 V. Preliminary Test Results - Determination of the Efficiency of the Test Method with Small Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a Con­ tamination Level of l Infectious Unit of Tobacco Mosaic Virus per Milliliter of Solution . 39 VI. Test Results - Determination of the Efficacy of the Test Method with Large Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a Contamination Level of 100 Infectious Units of Tobacco Mosaic Virus per Milliliter of Solution . 48 i vi LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page VII. Test Results - Determination of the Efficacy of the Test Method with Large Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a Contamination Level of 1 Infectious Unit of Tobacco Mosaic Vir~ per Milliliter of Solution 50 VIII. Test ResuJts -Determination of the Effi­ ciency of the Test Method with Large Volumes of Parenteral Solutions at a Contamination Level of 100 Infectious Units of Tobacco Mosaic Virus per Milli- liter of Solutio"n .

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