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Islam Na Obszarze Postradzieckim – Regiony Opisane W Ra P O R C I E

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Islam Na Obszarze Postradzieckim – Regiony Opisane W Ra P O R C I E OÂ R O D E K ST U D I Ó W WS C H O D N I C H Centre for Eastern Studies Prace OSW / CES Studies P R A C E IslamOS na obszarze postradzieckimW C ES S T U D I E S n u m e r 7 W a r s z a w a styczeÄ 2003 © Copyright by OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich Redaktor serii Anna ¸abuszewska Opracowanie graficzne Dorota Nowacka Wydawca OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich ul. Koszykowa 6 a Warszawa tel. + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 fax: +48 /22/ 629 87 99 Seria „Prace OSW” zawiera materia¸y analityczne przygotowane w OÊrodku Studiów Wschodnich Materia¸y analityczne OSW mo˝na przeczytaç na stronie www.osw.waw.pl Tam równie˝ znaleêç mo˝na wi´cej informacji o OÊrodku Studiów Wschodnich ISSN 1642-4484 Spis treÊci W s t « p K rzysztof Strachota / 5 Islam w Azji Centralnej / 7 W p r o w a d z e n i e K rzysztof Strachota / 7 Islam w Kazachstanie Wojciech Bartuzi / 11 Islam w Kirgistanie Mariusz Marszewski / 16 Islam w Ta d ˝ y k i s t a n i e K rzysztof Strachota / 21 Islam w Tu r k m e n i s t a n i e A n d rzej Meller / 26 Islam w Uzbekistanie G rz e g o rz Zasada / 30 Islam na Kaukazie / 37 W p r o w a d z e n i e Wojciech Górecki / 37 Islam na Kaukazie Pó ∏ n o c n o - Z a c h o d n i m Wojciech Górecki / 42 Islam w Czeczenii Piotr Grochmalski / 48 Islam w Inguszetii Wojciech Górecki / 53 Islam w Dagestanie Marceli Zyga¸a / 56 Islam w Azerbejd˝anie J e rzy Ro h o z i Ä s k i / 61 Islam w europejskiej cz«Êci WNP / 68 W p r o w a d z e n i e K rzysztof Strachota / 68 Islam w Moskwie Bartosz Cichocki / 70 Islam w Ta t a r s t a n i e Mariusz Marszewski / 76 Islam na Kry m i e Mariusz Marszewski / 81 S¸ownik poj«ç podstawowych G rz e g o rz Zasada / 87 W s t « p szczegó∏owoÊci i wiarygodnoÊci w odniesieniu do poszczególnych zagadnieÄ Ð dotyczy to szczególnie danych statystycznych, cz´stokroç Rozpad ZSRR 1991 r. zapoczàtkowa∏ na obszarze manipulowanych przez w¸adze lub nieaktual- by¸ego Imperium procesy transformacji politycz- nych. Nale˝y równie˝ pami´taç, ˝e islam jest nej, gospodarczej i spo¸ecznej. Procesy te sà rów- trudnym wyzwaniem dla elit politycznych na nie˝ udzia∏em oko∏o 70 milionów muzu∏manów ca¸ym niemal opisywanym obszarze, co prowa- zamieszkujàcych ten obszar. Znaczna cz«Êç dzi do jego wybiórczego i tendencyjnego opisu z nich ˝yje na pograniczu geograficznym i kultu- w literaturze i mediach zale˝nie od intencji ma- rowym wielkiej Êwiatowej cywilizacji islamu, jàcego demonizowaç lub bagatelizowaç pro- dla której w ostatnich dekadach XX wieku islam blem. Autorzy Raportu sà Êwiadomi tych ograni- sta∏ si´ ideowà podstawà burzliwych i cz«sto- czeÄ i traktujà Raport jako pierwszy, niezb´dny k roç niebezpiecznych procesów politycznych, krok w refleksji o islamie na obszarze postra- spo¸ecznych i kulturowych majàcych ogromne dzieckim. znaczenie mi«dzynarodowe Ð zw¸aszcza na Bli- Krzysztof Strachota skim i Ârodkowym Wschodzie, choç po 11 wrze- Ênia 2001 r. równie˝ daleko poza obszarem, na którym dominujà muzu∏manie. Obszar postradziecki prze˝ywa burzliwy proces odrodzenia islamskiego zbiegajàcego si´ z pro- cesem transformacji. W tym miejscu rodzà si´ pytania o charakter przemian zachodzàcych w islamie i spo∏ecznoÊciach muzu∏maƒskich na obszarze postradzieckim oraz perspektyw, jakie przemiany te stwarzajà dla poszczególnych ob- s z a rów b. ZSRR, w tym dla ich stabilnoÊci, zw¸aszcza w odniesieniu do regionów Azji Cen- tralnej i Kaukazu. Prezentowany poni˝ej Raport jest pierwszym etapem realizowanego w OSW projektu badaw- czego majàcego odpowiedzieç na te pytania. G∏ównym celem Raportu jest opis islamu w po- szczególnych podmiotach Wspólnoty Niepodle- g¸ych PaÄstw i Federacji Rosyjskiej na tle sytua- cji politycznej, spo¸ecznej i gospodarczej, która zdaniem autorów pozostaje w Êcis∏ym zwiàzku z przemianami w islamie. Raport zawiera pod- stawowe informacje na temat historii, struktur organizacyjnych Ð formalnych i nieformalnych, zaplecza materialnego, wreszcie wst´pnà ocen´ wp∏ywu islamu na ˝ycie polityczne, spo∏eczne i kulturalne na danym obszarze wraz z progno- zami na przysz∏oÊç. Podstawà opracowania Raportu sà badania tere- nowe (Kirgistan, Uzbekistan, Tad˝ykistan, Azer- bejd˝an), literatura przedmiotu i prasa, zw¸asz- cza z obszaru WNP, doniesienia agencyjne. Taki dobór êróde∏ nie pozwala jednak na pe∏ny i rów- nomierny opis tematu. Ró˝ny jest stopieƒ ich P r a c e O S W Mapa 1. Islam na obszarze postradzieckim Ð regiony opisane w Ra p o r c i e R y g a P O L S K A W i l n o M i Ä s k B I A ¸O R U Â M o s k w a K i j ó w FEDERACJA ROSYJSKA K i s z y n i ó w M o r z e C z a rn e A s t a n a T U R C J A T b i l i s i E r e w a n K A Z A C H S TA N B a k u I R A K B i s z k e k Ta s z k e n t A s z c h a b a d I R A N D u s z a n b e C H I N Y A F G A N I S TA N PA K I S TA N oprac. W. Bartuzi, J. Konieczna Regiony opisane w Raporcie: granice paÄstw stolice paÄstw b. ZSRR Europejska cz´Êç WNP: Moskwa, Krym, Tatarstan 1 Estonia 2 ¸otwa Kaukaz 3 Litwa 4 Mo¸dawia Azja Centralna 5 Gruzja 6 Armenia inne skupiska muzu∏manów 7 Azerbejd˝an P r a c e O S W W p r o w a d z e n i e Re g i o n Azja Centralna obejmuje pi´ç paƒstw: Kazach- stan, Kirgistan, Tad˝ykistan, Turkmenistan, Uz- bekistan. Powsta¸y one w wyniku rozpadu ZSRR w 1991 r. Region jest ogromnie zró˝nicowany geograficznie (pustynie, stepy, góry), etnicznie (ludy tureckie i indoeuropejskie Ð iraÄskie i s¸o- wiaƒskie), kulturowo (tradycje staro˝ytnych cy- wilizacji obok tradycji koczowniczych; islam obok spuÊcizny po komunizmie i tradycji ple- miennych). Obecny kszta¸t polityczny regionu (granice, instytucje paÄstwowe, struktura spo- Islam w Azji Centralnej ¸eczna i gospodarcza oraz elity polityczne) ma rodowód sowiecki, nie jest zakorzeniony w tra- Wojciech Bartuzi, Mariusz dycji regionu sprzed rewolucji bolszewickiej. W czasie ostatniej dekady mamy do czynienia z budowà nowych paƒstwowoÊci na bazie spu- Marszewski, Andrzej Meller, Êcizny sowieckiej. K rzysztof Strachota, Rozpadowi ZSRR i powstawaniu nowych paÄstw w Azji Centralnej towarzyszy¸o za¸amanie ide- G rz e g o rz Zasada ologiczne (krach komunizmu i Imperium), spo- ¸eczne (m.in. przetasowanie struktury spo¸ecz- nej, zmiana perspektyw awansu spo¸ecznego, eksplozja demograficzna) i gospodarcze (spadek poziomu ˝ycia, obni˝enie produkcji, za∏amanie istniejàcych instytucji, np. ko∏ c h o z ó w , niszczenie infrastruktury) oraz wynikajàce stàd konflikty o charakterze etnicznym (zw¸. w Kotlinie FergaÄ- skiej) i politycznym (najsilniej w Tad˝ykistanie – wojna domowa w latach 1992Ð1997; bezpardo- nowa walka z opozycjà we wszystkich krajach i in.). ûaden z tych problemów nie zosta∏ rozwià- zany Ð proces transformacji spo¸ecznej i gospo- darczej przebiega opieszale i bez spektakular- nych sukcesów (najlepsza pod tym wzgl´dem sytuacja panuje w Kazachstanie). We wszystkich krajach regionu wykszta¸ci¸y si« silne, scentralizowane aparaty paÄstwa oparte na pozycji prezydentów, którzy rzàdzà nieprze- rwanie od og¸oszenia niepodleg¸oÊci. Niemal wszyscy (poza prezydentem Tad˝ykistanu) pia- stowali wysokie stanowiska w KC KPZR przed 1991 r.; obecni prezydenci Kazachstanu, Turkme- nistanu i Uzbekistanu rzàdzili swoimi republika- mi w charakterze pierwszych sekretarzy w cza- P r a c e O S W sach ZSRR. W∏adza prezydentów ma charakter kularnym tego przejawem jest zaanga˝owanie autorytarny (w Turkmenistanie wr«cz totalitar- USA w regionie po zamachach 11 wrzeÊnia ny); generalnie nie dopuszcza istnienia powa˝- i og¸oszeniu wojny ze Êwiatowym terrory z m e m ) . nej opozycji i obszarów ˝ycia publicznego nie- podporzàdkowanych w∏adzom (wyjàtkiem jest I s l a m Tad˝ykistan). Po zd∏awieniu opozycji nacjonali- stycznej i demokratycznej w pierwszej po¸owie Islam, podobnie jak ca¸y region, jest ogromnie lat dziewi´çdziesiàtych oÊrodki opozycji tworzà zró˝nicowany. Wynika to z: si« albo w obozie w¸adzy (Kazachstan i Turkme- a. uw a ru n k owaÄ historycznych Ð oazy po¸udnio- nistan), albo w oparciu o zmarginalizowane eli- wej cz´Êci regionu sà zislamizowane od ok. ty regionalne coraz wyraêniej odwo∏ujàce si´ do VIII w., przez stulecia by∏y równie˝ jednym z naj- hase∏ islamskich (Tad˝ykistan, Uzbekistan, Kirgi- wa˝niejszych centrów Êwiata islamu. Pó∏noc stan Ð tu bez charakteru islamskiego). regionu islamizowano w XIX w., co znacznie ob- ni˝a si∏´ islamu kazaskiego, kirgiskiego czy turk- Nowe paÄstwa Azji Centralnej sta¸y si« podmio- meÄskiego. tem polityki mi«dzynarodowej. Jednym z naj- b. uw a ru n k owaÄ kulturowych Ð najsilniejszà po- wa˝niejszych cz´Êci sk∏adowych polityki tych zycj´ islam zdoby∏ wÊród osiad∏ych Tad˝yków paÄstw jest rywalizacja regionalna o pozycj« li- i Uzbeków. Kazachowie, Kirgizi i Turkmeni Ð na- dera postradzieckiej Azji Centralnej. Pr z e d e rody o silnych tradycjach koczowniczych Ð w du- wszystkim jednak region jest polem ãWielkiej ˝o wi´kszym stopniu zwiàzani sà z tradycjami Gry” toczonej przez Rosj´, USA, Chiny, w mniej- plemiennymi i przedislamskimi.
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