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Comparison of Pacing Strategies Between Sprint and Individual Biathlon Competitions: Evaluation of Speed and Heart Rate Profiles

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Comparison of Pacing Strategies Between Sprint and Individual Biathlon Competitions: Evaluation of Speed and Heart Rate Profiles Master’s thesis in Sport science Comparison of Pacing Strategies between Sprint and Individual biathlon competitions: Evaluation of Speed and Heart Rate Profiles submitted to the Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck submitted by Daniel Langegger, BSc. Supervisor Univ.-Prof. DDr. Martin Burtscher 2nd Supervisor Univ.-Prof. Dr. Øyvind Sandbakk, PhD Trondheim, 16.2.2019 ABSTRACT The presented thesis aimed to investigate pacing profiles in two different types of biathlon races, the sprint and the individual discipline. Biathlon competition events in a 10-km sprint and 20-km individual discipline event were analyzed during 2 consecutive days by an integrated Heart Rate (HR) monitor and Global Positioning System (GPS). Nine elite male -1 biathletes (HRpeak 197 ± 7 beats min ), who regularly competed on National Championship races, were tested in the cross-country skating technique. Only comparable sections of the race were analyzed between disciplines and sprint laps 1-3 were equated with the starting lap, middle race lap and final lap in individual discipline, respectiviely, individual lap 1, 3 and 5. For results, speed profiles were viewed in relation to exercise intensity monitored by HR and further designated to a predefined pacing strategy. Results for pacing revealed positive pacing in the sprint competition, whilst reverse J-shaped pacing was found in the individual event. Sprint results demonstrated higher average speed in uphill and downhill sections (+ ∼4%, p <.001), respectively, in uphill sections (+ ∼10%, p <.001) throughout the race. HR profiles in individual were higher in both, uphill and downhill sections in the starting lap, and revealed higher HR profiles in sprint in the final lap (p <.001). HR showed a progressive lap-to-lap increase from the first to the other laps in sprint (p <.001), whilst a variable HR profile was found in individual discipline displaying an increase in HR only from lap 1 to lap 2 and lap 4 to lap 5 (p <.01). In sprint competition, speed and HR profiles revealed a gradual increase in exercise intensity throughout the race, whereas a variable profile of exercise intensity after a fast start strategy was found in individual competition. The selection of pacing seems to be related to distinguishing impact of shooting on overall performance, consequently resulting in different intensity during XC skiing. Sprint races reflect a strategy close to “all-out”, while pacing in individual appears to be more carefully to avoid possible negative impact on shooting misses. Indications reveal that biathletes’ exercise intensity is selected in order to balance out the physiological load with the risk of failed shooting and the duration of physical activity. 2 SUMMARY IN GERMAN Die vorliegende Arbeit diente der Untersuchung von Pacingstrategien in 2 unterschiedlichen Wettkampfdisziplinen des Biathlonsports, der Sprint- und der Individualdistanz. Die Wettkämpfe der 10-km Sprint- und 20-km Individualdisziplin wurden an 2 aufeinanderfolgenen Tagen anhand eines mobilen Herzfrequenzmessers und eines Global Positioning Systems (GPS) analysiert. -1 Neun männliche Biathlete (Herzfrequenz(HF)peak 197 ± 7 beats min ), welche regelmäßig bei nationalen Meisterschaften teilnahmen, wurden in der Skatingtechnik des Skilanglaufs getestet. Ausschließlich miteinander vergleichbare Abschnitte des Rennen wurden für die Analysen ausgewählt und die Runden 1-3 im Sprint mit der Startrunde (Runde 1), dem Mittelabschnitt (Runde 3) und der finalen Runde (Runde 3) des Individualbewerbs verglichen. Zur näheren Interpretation wurden die Geschwindigkeitsprofile in Relation zur Intensität während der Belastung, ermittelt durch die Messung der HF, betrachtet und einer im Vorfeld definierten Pacingstrategie zugeordnet. Es zeigte sich ein positives Pacingmuster im Sprintwettkampf, während ein ‘reverse J-shaped’-Pacing im Individualwettkampf ersichtlich war. Die Resultate ergaben höhere Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeiten in der Sprintdistanz über Rennabschnitte mit Anstiegen und Neigungen (+ ∼4%, p <.001) sowie in Rennabschnitten in welchen ausschließlich Steigungen untersucht wurden (+ ∼10%, p <.001). Profile der HF in der Individualdistanz zeigten höhere Durchschnittswerte in den untersuchten Rennabschnitten zu Beginn des Rennens, und höhere HF im Sprint in der letzten Runde des Wettkampfs (p <.001). Bei den HF konnte ein sukzessiver Anstieg der Belastungsintensität von der ersten bis zur letzten Runde in der Sprintdistanz beobachtet werden (p <.001), während die HF-Profile im Individualrennen ein variables Profil aufwiesen und ein Anstieg der HF lediglich von Runde 1 zu Runde 2 sowie von Runde 4 zu Runde 5 beobachtet wurde. Im Sprintwettkampf wurde durch die Berücksichtigung von Profilen der Geschwindigkeiten und HF auf einen graduellen Anstieg der Belasungsintensität über die gesamte Renndistanz geschlossen, während sich nach einem schnellen Start mit stark ansteigender HF im Individualwettkampf ein variables Profil der Belastungsintensität mit einem ‘reverse J-shaped’-Pacing zeigte. Die Auswahl der Pacingstrategie im Biathlon scheint in Verbindung mit Unterschieden hinsichtlich des Einflusses des Schießens auf das Gesamtresultat zu stehen, was die Intensität beim Langlaufen maßgeblich zu beeinflussen scheint. Im Sprintwettkampf zeigt sich die Strategie einer “all-out” Intensität, während das Pacingprofil im Individualbewerb mit größerer Vorsicht gewählt wurde. Die Intensität der Biathleten scheint somit je nach Disziplin insofern gewählt, sodass die physiologische Leistungsfähigkeit mit Faktoren wie der Dauer der Belastung und den negativen Folgen durch Schiessfehler harmonisiert wird. 3 ABBREVIATIONS bpm Beats per minute d Cohens’s d (effect size) F Fisher–Snedecor distribution HI High intensity HR Heart rate HRpeak Peak heart rate HRmax Maximal heart rate IBU International Biathlon Union GPS Global Positioning System MANOVA Multivariate analysis of variance NSD Norwegian Centre for Research Data NL National level p Level of significance r Correlation coefficient SD Standard deviation WC World cup 4 DANKSAGUNG Dieses Projekt wäre ohne des damaligen Insistierens von Thomas Stöggl, meine örtlichen Überlegungen hinsichtlich meines 1.Erasmusaufenthalts nochmals ausgiebig zu überdenken, mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit nie entstanden. Hierfür, nämlich dass du mich damals in den skandinavischen Norden anstatt auf die iberische Halbinsel entsendet hast, und für zahlreiche Denkansätze, möchte ich dir herzlich danken, Tom. Im Zuge der Anfertigung der Masterarbeit war ein weiterer Mann von herausragender Bedeutung, der mich vom 1.Tag an im Olympiazentrum in Grånasen, Norwegen, exzellent betreute: Øyvind Sandbakk. Lieber Øyvind, du hast es in herausragender Art und Weise verstanden durch wenige Worte, kurze und präzise zusammengetragene Gedanken, mich strukturell über den gesamten Zeitraum hinweg so sicher und ausbalanciert zu begleiten, sodass ich die Arbeit wohl selbst in norwegischer Sprache problemlos bewältigt hätte. Takk skal du ha! Einen weiteren Löwenanteil, diese Arbeit in sichere Gewässer zu leiten, nimmst aber du ein, Martin Burtscher. Martin, mir ist durchaus bewusst, dass du in deiner gewohnt bescheidenen Art und Weise dein Zutun lediglich minimal beziffern würdest, aber in dieser Hinsicht muss ich dir leider (oder Gott sei Dank) widersprechen. Du warst stets da, wenn ich in irgendeiner Hinsicht einen Rat brauchte, was für einen Professor im emeritierten Zustand nun wirklich keine Selbstverständlichkeit darstellt. Schon alleine deine Reaktion auf meine damals leicht skeptische Frage, ob du es dir denn selbst im Leben nach der Universität vorstellen könntest mich bei dieser Arbeit zu betreuen, sprach Bände: mit einem Lächeln hast du mir ohne den leisesten Ansatz von Zweifel sofort erwidert, dass dies für dich absolut kein Problem darstellt und du mich gerne betreuen wirst. Vielen, vielen lieben Dank für all die zahlreichen Mails, Gespräche, dein Beistand in motivational schwierigen Zeiten sowie der souveränen Abwicklung aller organisatorischen Dinge, die im Rahmen eines Auslandsaufenthalts wirklich keine Kleinigkeit darstellten. 5 Contents INTRODUCTION 8 METHODS 14 Subjects 14 Self-Perception 15 Overall Design 15 Race profile analyses 16 Instruments and materials 17 Statistical analyses 18 RESULTS 18 DISCUSSION 31 Speed Profiles/Pacing 31 Heart-Rate Profiles 34 CONCLUSIONS 36 LIMITATIONS 37 REFERENCES 37 6 Introduction Over the last 250 years, biathlon has developed from a classic military sport practiced by the Scandinavian countries to a worldwide, high-performance sport incorporated into the International Biathlon Union (IBU). The Winter Olympic sport biathlon contains intensive loops of cross-country skiing (XC) while using the skating technique interrupted by either 2 or 4 shot series of rifle shooting in prone or standing position. Biathletes have to carry their 3.5-kg rifle on their back while XC skiing, only taking the weapon off to fire five shots at the shooting range. Two of the main disciplines in biathlon are sprint- and individual distance races, which differ substantially from each other in regard to their competition structure. Whereas sprint events have a total distance of 10-km, containing 3 loops of XC skiing suspended by one shooting series in prone- and one shooting series in standing position, the individual races double the amount by including a total distance of 20 km. In detail, the individual race contains five loops interrupted by two shot series
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