DOCSLIB.ORG

The Changes of Chinese Painting Tools and the Combination of Water

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Changes of Chinese Painting Tools and the Combination of Water Journal of Literature and Art Studies, April 2021, Vol. 11, No. 4, 237-241 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2021.04.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Changes of Chinese Painting Tools and the Combination of Water WANG Kuo Beijing International Studies University, Beijing, China The evolution of tools plays a very important role in promoting the development of a kind of painting and can even shape the development. In the process of the development of Chinese painting, the emergence and improvement of writing brush and xuan paper have directly led to the reform of the categories and methods of Chinese painting. During this period, the relationship between Chinese painting art and the medium of water is getting closer and closer. The uncontrollability of water also provides more possibilities for the uniqueness and changeable pen and ink effect of Chinese painting. It can be said that without the unique tools and medium of Chinese painting, the art of Chinese painting may lose its most important support. Keywords: Chinese painting, tools, writing brush, xuan paper, medium, water The basic tools of Chinese painting are writing brush and xuan paper. Like other things, these tools are constantly improved, changed and enriched in the development process of history, so as to adapt to the requirements of the times and the convenience of users. In the reform and development of Chinese painting tools, the role of water in painting is becoming more and more prominent, which makes the meaning of water far beyond medium itself and becomes the soul of Chinese painting art. The Development of Brush and the Combination of Water The brush used in Chinese painting is different from other kinds of pen and it is more powerful in writing and variability. The approaching perfection day-by-day of Chinese pen-making technology is also achieved in the process of continuous change. The origin of the brush can be traced back to the Yangshao Culture of the Neolithic Age five or six thousand years ago. The earliest material object of brush found today are from the Tombs of the warring States period in Zuojiagong Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province, and the Tombs of the warring States period in Changtai Mountain, Xinyang, Henan Province. Of course, we can also get the evidence that the brush was widely used in painting and writing from the unearthed silk paintings of the warring States period. By the time of the Qin and Han dynasties, the shape of the brush had been basically complete, and the invention of papermaking technology in the Han Dynasty also promoted the development of the brush, and the materials of the brush tended to be more diversified. During the Han and Jin dynasties, most of the writing brushes chose rabbit hair with good energy and elasticity in autumn and winter, so that the technique of calligraphy and painting at that WANG Kuo, Ph.D., lecturer, Art Teaching and Researching Office, Beijing International Studies University. 238 THE CHANGES OF CHINESE PAINTING TOOLS AND THE COMBINATION OF WATER time was upright and powerful. There are more transfers of (cutting power of the brush) tip of a writing brush and less use of brush-lifting and dropping. However, brush with hairs of different animals has appeared during this period. It is recorded in Cui Bao’s gujinzhu that brush with hairs of different animals, is made with deer hair as the middle part of the writing brush, and the outside of the brush is wool. The advantage of the brush is that it can strike a balance between the strength and the need for larger water in the brush. During this period, the selection of brushes still focused on stiff hair brush, and the brush head was flat with uniform height which was not suitable for expressing changes in pen and ink. Moreover, most of the popular paper at that time was yellow paper, jute paper and other coarse paper, which was not suitable for painting, so Chinese painting was still painted on silk in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Due to the limitation of painting materials, fine brushwork adapted to materials became popular. At that time, as drawing lines, filling in colours on a sketch, multiple render and other techniques became increasingly popular and developed, the role of water in pen and ink appeared more as a reconciling medium, and more expressive ink-splashing and ink-breaking techniques, which relied heavily on the use of water still needed time to develop. Generally speaking, during the Tang and Song dynasties, stiff hair brush was still mainly used until after the Song Dynasty, the soft hair brush gradually became popular. There were a large number of famous brush makers in Xuanzhou in the Song Dynasty, and there was also a kind of “Sanzhuo brush”, which was said to be a long front made of sheep hair, soft and flexible, as well as a strong water storage capacity, which was a good supplement to stiff hair brush. Different types of brushes jointly promoted the innovation and development of Chinese calligraphy and painting techniques. After the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the southward shift of the political, economic and cultural center, the Hubi made by Wuxing in Zhejiang Province in the Yuan Dynasty has basically replaced the popular Xuan writing-brush in the Tang Dynasty. Although Hubi uses both rabbit hair, wolf hair and goat hair, it has shifted its focus to making high-quality and inexpensive goat hair brush. With the improvement of brush-making technology in the Tang and Song dynasties, neither calligraphy nor painting was satisfied with simple artistic effects, while the rich changes brought about by goat hair brush’s strong water storage capacity also gave birth to the unique expression of ink art. Especially with the rise of literati painting after the Song and Yuan dynasties, in addition to technique of writing, calligraphy or drawing and method of the use of ink and water, the value of water technique had also been highlighted. Chen Yi of the Yuan Dynasty wrote in the Essentials of Hanlin: “calligraphy is born in ink, ink is born in water, and water is the blood of calligraphy”1. Zhang Shi also said in his Hua Tan: “the most important thing for a painter is to use ink. The ink method lies in using water, taking ink as the shape, and taking water as Qi. Qi needs to run vividly”2. It can be seen that water plays an important role in the art of Chinese calligraphy and painting. However, the change of brush is not a single event, but an aspect of the development of the whole Chinese painting tool system, and an inevitable trend driven by the needs of the times and users. 1 The Yuan Dynasty. Chen Yizeng. The Essentials of Hanlin / / Huang Binhong and Deng Shi, ed. The third series and fifth volume of the Art Series. China Guoguang Publishing House. In the first month of spring 1911, the first edition was published. The second edition was copied in October 1928. End of the third edition in summer of 1936. The fourth edition was revised in the autumn of 1937. 2 The Qing Dynasty. Zhang Shi. Hua Tan// Yin Xiaolei. A Brief Talk on Ancient Landscape Painting Theory. Beijing: People’s Fine Arts Publishing House, June 2010: 256. THE CHANGES OF CHINESE PAINTING TOOLS AND THE COMBINATION OF WATER 239 The Development of Paper and the Reform of Chinese Painting Paper is another iconic element of Chinese painting. Today, Chinese painting artists still use Xuan paper and other paper products with Chinese characteristics to carry out creative practice. Chinese paper is very different from western painting materials such as Sketch paper, gouache paper, oil canvas and so on. Chinese paper is sensitive and delicate, full of unexpected subtle changes. It not only provides a platform for the expression of water, but also brings infinite possibilities for Chinese calligraphy and painting. Its development also represents the great determination of the inheritance and development of Chinese art. The initial carriers of calligraphy and painting are generally walls, utensils, wood (bamboo) boards, silk and so on, but some of these materials are bulky or expensive. When the above writing materials are objectively difficult to meet the requirements of the public, paper, as a new material with easy writing and low cost, came into being at that time. As the most important material of Chinese calligraphy and painting, Xuan paper appeared in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Ming Dynasty and be in a period of great prosperity in the Qing Dynasty. Up to now, it is still made in accordance with the ancient method and is widely welcomed by people. Cai Lun, a eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the technology of papermaking. Emperor He of Han Liu Zhao praised Cai Lun for this and ordered the popularization of paper throughout the country. The raw materials used in papermaking in the Han Dynasty are mainly hemp, and the hemp paper produced is suitable for stiff brush such as rabbit hair brush because of its rough texture. At present, the earliest paper found in archaeology is the hemp paper unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Fangma Beach, Tianshui, Gansu Province. Due to the popularity of papermaking, paper was widely used. In order to prolong the life of paper, the technology of extracting juice from Phellodendron to dye paper was invented in Jin Dynasty. Many of the classics at that time were written on hemp paper. For example, the calligraphy works in Room of Three Rare Treasures that everyone is familiar with are all hemp paper works.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Real-Time Image-Based Chinese Ink Painting Rendering Lixing Dong
    Real-time image-based chinese ink painting rendering Lixing Dong, Shufang Lu & Xiaogang Jin Multimedia Tools and Applications An International Journal ISSN 1380-7501 Multimed Tools Appl DOI 10.1007/s11042-012-1126-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Multimed Tools Appl DOI 10.1007/s11042-012-1126-9 Real-time image-based chinese ink painting rendering Lixing Dong · Shufang Lu · Xiaogang Jin © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract Chinese ink painting, also known as ink and wash painting, is a technically demanding art form. Creating Chinese ink paintings usually requires great skill, concentration, and years of training. This paper presents a novel real-time, automatic framework to convert images into Chinese ink painting style. Given an input image, we first construct its saliency map which captures the visual contents in perceptually salient regions. Next, the image is abstracted and its salient edges are calculated with the help of the saliency map. Then, the abstracted image is diffused by a non-physical ink diffusion process.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Technology Journal
    Paper Technology Journal World paper market: Quo vadis newsprint? News from the Divisions: Stock Preparation, Paper Machinery, Finishing and Service. A Scandinavian Success Story. Notable Startups. Orderbook Highlights. China, changing times in 3 the cradle of papermaking. Contents Foreword 1 Corporate News Highlights USA/Germany: Voith Appleton machine clothing. 55 Startups, orders on hand 2 Austria: World paper market The Andritz Group – partnering the Quo vadis newsprint? 5 pulp and paper industry 58 News from the Divisions Germany: Stock preparation: B+G Fördertechnik thirty years on 64 Membrane technology for the further close-up of paper mill water loops 14 Germany: Board and packaging Paper Machinery: pilot paper machine upgrade – Ortviken PM 4 – facing the future with tomorrow’s technology today 22 versatility 69 Paper Machinery: Latest generation of cylinder mould New names, new addresses formers – FloatLip former N, NO, S 28 Hunt & Moscrop: now Voith Sulzer Paper Machinery: Finishing Ltd., Manchester 72 Serang BM3/BM4 – the exemplary commissioning 30 Voith Sulzer Paper Technology: regional representation in Jakarta 72 Gap Former Technology: No. 26 DuoFormer CFD installation a success 37 Special awards for innovation and design Paper Machinery: New applications in multilayer Neusiedler Paper wins innovation technology 38 award with a revolutionary 3-layer headbox and NipcoFlex press 73 Paper Machinery: Brilliant Coating with JetFlow F – SPCI ’96 – impressive presence 73 data, facts, experience 44 Finishing: Advertisement of the year in Brazil 73 Econip – a new generation of deflection compensating rolls 48 China: Service: The changing origins of GR2 cover – next-generation paper – from hand-made performance leader 51 to machine-made 75 Cover picture: Ortviken – successfull start-up (see article on page 22).
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Cleaner Production Opportunities for the Sugar Industry in Belize
    Study on Cleaner Production Opportunities for the Sugar Industry in Belize. Santos Chicas Advisor: Professor Liao Date: June 17, 2008 National Central University, Taiwan ROC NCU Library Power of Attorney of Master and Doctor Students The full text data and the computer file of the thesis authorized in this power of attorney are my thesis for master’s/ doctor’s degree in NCU. ( ) I agree (To make my thesis available immediately) ( ) I agree (To make my thesis available one year later)，because： ( ) I agree (To make my thesis available two years later)，because： ( ) I don’t agree, because: On the basis of mutual benefit, for the purpose of repaying my community and availing academic researches, I give the authority to NCU library to copy, collect and distribute my thesis online, in the form of paper document or CD-Rom without the restriction of place, time and frequency, or give the authority to other people. Graduate student autograph: Thesis title: Study on Cleaner Production Opportunities for the Sugar Industry in Belize. Advisor： Professor Wan Li Liao Graduate program ：International Master’s Program in Environmentally Sustainable Development (國際永續發展碩士在職專班) Doctoral ■master program Student I.D. number：953310602 Date：2008 year July month 10 day Remark； 1. After you sign this power of attorney, please bind the copy of this letter next to the title page of the thesis. The library will not receive the thesis without the power of attorney. 2. If you do not choose “I agree” nor “I do not agree”, you will automatically be regarded as “I agree to make my thesis available immediately”.
    [Show full text]
  • THE G2000 GROUP Owner & Operator of G2000 & U2 Stores H a R V a R D a S I a P a C I F I C R E V I E W
    THE G2000 GROUP Owner & Operator of G2000 & U2 Stores H A R V A R D A S I A P A C I F I C R E V I E W V O L U M E VI • I S S U E 2 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN ASIA 6 Whither Biotechnology in Japan? Why biotechnology hasn’t yet taken off By Arthur Kornberg 10 Manchurian Plague Medicine and politics, East and West By William Summers 16 The Future of Chinese Education Educational reform and development in China By Chen Zhili 22 Libraries in Asia New life for libraries in the digital age By Hwa-Wei Lee 25 China’s Manned Space Program What is that all about? By Joan Johnson-Freese 34 Research and Development in China Traditions, transformations, and the future of science and technology policy By Zeng Guoping and Li Zhengfeng 37 Science and Technology in China Personal recommendations for the advancement of Chinese technology By Shing-Tung Yau 44 The Chinese Mindset What science and technology have done for modern China By Song Jian 46 Papermaking in China Ancient science and technology transfer By Pan Jixing 2 Fall 2002 – Volume 6, Number 2 CHINA China and the WTO 50 A report from one year after accession By Jin Liqun Globalization and Federalization 56 New challenges for Asia and the world By Wu Jiaxiang China’s Socioeconomically Disadvantaged 62 Breaking the surface of a challenging problem By Wu Junhua NORTHEAST ASIA Elections in Japan 66 How elections affect the economy By Junichiro Wada North Korea 69 Present and future By Robert Scalapino CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA Schooling in Iran 76 Education in Central Asia’s Most Enigmatic Country By Yadollah Mehralizadeh Globalizing What? 79 History, economics, equity, and efficiency By Amartya Sen PAN ASIA Cities and Globalization 83 The present and future of urban space By Saskia Sassen East and West 88 The ideogram versus the phonogram By Shigeru Nakayama Harvard Asia Pacific Review 3 H A R V A R D EDITOR IN CHIEF SAMUEL H.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 369 2nd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2019) Research on Design Strategy of Handmade Paper Products under the Concept of Cultural Consumption Shuyi Li1,a, Zhou Zhong2,b,*, Xiaopeng Peng3,c 1,2Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510090, China 3Zhongkai College of Agricultural Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] *Corresponding author Keywords: handmade paper, product design, cultural consumption, cultural heritage. Abstract. Handmade paper products are the carrier of disseminating folk culture. This article puts the design of handmade paper products under the context of cultural consumption concept, integrates modern design ideas, deeply analyzes market demand, and explores new ideas of product design.In the trend of cultural consumption, designers must dig deeply into the artistic characteristics of handmade paper, so that their products can be recognized by the society, establish cultural brands and integrate into the cultural life of the public. The design of handmade paper products needs emotional experience to get people's cultural resonance, and needs to guide people to better understand the cultural spirit behind handmade paper, so as to better inherit and develop traditional culture. 1. Introduction Traditional Chinese Arts and Crafts has a long history, among which the folk papermaking occupies an important historical position. The appearance of handmade paper can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty. Later, after the improvement of Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a relatively stable papermaking method was formed. With the development of the times, the emergence of mechanization has changed the production mode of paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 124 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2017) Inheritance and Industrial Development of Traditional Handcraft Paper Making Process in Beizhang Village, Chang’an Shaanxi Yuan Shao School of Fine Arts Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an, China Abstract—China’s paper making technique has been transmitted to other countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and leading around the world, which has witnessed the America, reaching every corner around the world. development of over two-thousand years since Han and Tang dynasties. The handcraft paper making process in Beizhang II. PAPER MAKING IN BEIZHANG VILLAGE, CHANG’AN Village, Changan, Shaanxi, a remains of the ancient paper making, is in a trend of being forgotten during the evolvement of historic culture and economic development. For the A. Historic Source of Paper Making in Beizhang Village intangible cultural heritages which are gradually disappearing North regions are sources of handcraft paper making in in China, the optimal method to inherit is to industrialize. China, which were cores of paper making in history and Based on the status quo and paper making process in Beizhang replaced by south regions in Song and Yuan dynasties. Village, the article compares the paper making industries Beizhang Village, Chang’an District, Xi’an, Shaanxi between the region and other regions in the country and raises Province is located at Xinglong Town, Chang’an District, at feasible suggestions for the industrialization of handcraft the foot of Qinling Mountains. The paper making records in paper making in Shaanxi. The industrialized development is Beizhang Village can be traced back to East Han Dynasty, expected to improve the understanding of the public to the which can be seen from the remains of Baqiao paper, till handcraft paper making, expand the publicity and increase the now, there is a ballad about paper making by Cai Lun economic benefits so as to continue the handcraft paper spreading in Beizhang Village.
    [Show full text]
  • Portada Tesis Copia.Psd
    EL PAPEL EN EL GEIDŌ Enseñanza, praxis y creación desde la mirada de Oriente TESIS DOCTORAL María Carolina Larrea Jorquera Directora: Dra. Marina Pastor Aguilar UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA FACULTAT DE BELLES ARTS DE SANT CARLES DOCTORADO EN ARTE: PRODUCCIÓN E INVESTIGACIÓN Valencia, Junio 2015 2 A mis cuchisobrinos: Mi dulce Pablo, mi Fruni Fru, Emilia cuchi y a Ema pomonita. 3 4 Agradecimientos Mi más sincera gratitud a quienes a lo largo de estos años me han apoyado, aguantado y tendido una mano de diferentes maneras en el desarrollo y conclusión de esta tesis. Primero agradecer a mi profesor y mentor Timothy Barrett, por enseñarme con tanta generosidad el oficio y arte del papel tradicional hecho a mano japonés y europeo, y por compartir sus experiencias como aprendiz en nuestros trayectos hacia Oakdale. A Claudia Lira por hablarme del camino, a Sukey Hughes por compartir sus vivencias como aprendiz y su percepción del oficio, a Hiroko Karuno por mostrarme con dedicación el arte del shifu, a Paul Denhoed y Maki Yamashita por guiarme y recibirme amablemente en su casa, a Rina Aoki por su buen humor, hospitalidad y amistad, a Lauren Pearlman por socorrerme en el idioma japonés, a Clara Ruiz por abrirme las puertas de su casa, por su amistad y buena cocina, a Nati Garrido por ayudarme a cuidar de mi salud y que no me falte el deporte, a Miguel A. por llenarme el corazón de sonrisas y lágrimas que valen la pena atesorar, Clara Castillo, Alfredo Llorens y Ana Sánchez Montabes, por su amistad y cariño, a José Borge por enseñarme que Word tiene muchas más herramientas, a Marina Pastor por sus consejos en la mejor manera de mostrar la información, a mi familia y a mis amigos chilenos y valencianos que con su buena energía me han dado mucha fuerza para terminar este trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • Wryly Noted-Books About Books John D
    Against the Grain Volume 29 | Issue 6 Article 22 December 2017 Wryly Noted-Books About Books John D. Riley Gabriel Books, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/atg Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Riley, John D. (2017) "Wryly Noted-Books About Books," Against the Grain: Vol. 29: Iss. 6, Article 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/2380-176X.7886 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Wryly Noted — Books About Books Column Editor: John D. Riley (Against the Grain Contributor and Owner, Gabriel Books) <[email protected]> https://www.facebook.com/Gabriel-Books-121098841238921/ Paper: Paging Through History by Mark Kurlansky. (ISBN: 978-0-393-23961-4, thanks to the development of an ingenious W. W. Norton, New York 2016.) device: a water-powered drop hammer.” An- other Fabriano invention was the wire mold for laying paper. “Fine wire mesh laid paper came his book is not only a history of paper, ample room to wander into Aztec paper making to define European paper. Another pivotal but equally, of written language, draw- or artisan one vat fine paper making in Japan. innovation in Fabriano was the watermark. Ting, and printing. It is about the cultural Another trademark of Kurlansky’s is a Now the paper maker could ‘sign’ his work.” and historical impact of paper and how it has pointed sense of humor. When some groups The smell from paper mills has always been central to our history for thousands of advocated switching to more electronic formats been pungent, due to the use of old, dirty rags years.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Great Inventions of China Many of the Greatest Inventions in Human History Were First Made in China
    History Topic of the Month Four Great Inventions of China Many of the greatest inventions in human history were first made in China. By the 13th century, China was an innovative and exciting place to live. Travellers from Europe discovered things there that were beyond imagination in Europe. When the explorer Marco Polo arrived in China, he encountered a Contributer: © Patrick Guenette / 123rf country vastly different from his home of Venice. In his book, The Travels of Marco Polo, Polo describes cities Cai Lun (AD c.57 – 121), was a Chinese courtier official. He is believed to with broad, straight and clean streets (very different from his be the inventor of paper and the home in Venice) where even the poorest people could wash papermaking process, discovering in great bath houses at least three time a week (again very techniques that created paper as we different from hygiene in Europe). would recognise it today. China celebrates four particular innovations as “the Four Great Inventions” — they were even featured as a part of the opening ceremony for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. So, what were these four great inventions? Writing it all down: Paper The first of the great inventions was something we all use almost every day: paper. Many different materials had been used for writing things down, like bamboo, wood (both hard to store and write on) or silk and cloth (much more expensive). Types of paper have been found in archaeological records dating back thousands of years, but it was very difficult to make. It wasn’t until AD c.105 that a quick and easy way of making paper was invented.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report for the Year 2003–2004
    2003–2004 ANNUAL REPORT SAM Students with Sanislo Feast SAM CONNECTS ART TO LIFE CONTEMPORARY CHINESE ARTIST LI JIN’S A FEAST made a permanent impression on the fourth- and fifth-grade students at Sanislo Elementary School. Inspired by the fifty-nine- foot-long painting depicting food from a traditional Chinese dinner on a background of recipes written in Chinese calligraphy, the students set out to re-create their own version. Art teachers Ruth Winter and Carolyn Autenrieth designed the project to celebrate the diversity of cultures at their school. Students painted their favorite ethnic foods, and staff helped transcribe the recipes into the students’ original languages. On display at the Seattle Asian Art Museum last spring, the students’ work, Sanislo Feast, a fifty-foot-long art scroll portraying food and languages from seventeen different nations and cultures, reflected the heritage of Sanislo students and staff. Students, families and teachers commemorated the unveiling of their “masterpiece” with a special celebration at SAAM. cover: Li Jin, China, born 1958, A Feast, 2001, ink on Xuan paper, 39 3/8 x 708 5/8 in., Courtesy of the artist and CourtYard Gallery, Beijing right: Wolfgang Groschedel and Kunz Lochner, Equestrian armor for Philip II, ca. 1554, etched steel and gold, Patrimonio Nacional, Real Armería, Madrid SEATTLE ART MUSEUM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Director’s Letter 17 Betty Bowen Award 2 Board of Trustees 18 Reaching Out to Youth & Families 3 Broadening, Deepening, Diversifying 19 Teaching and Learning 4–5 One Museum, Three
    [Show full text]
  • Handmade Paper: a Review of Its History, Craft, and Science
    REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com HANDMADE PAPER: A REVIEW OF ITS HISTORY, CRAFT, AND SCIENCE Martin A. Hubbe a* and Cindy Bowden b For over 2000 years the manual craft of papermaking has been practiced all over the world utilizing a variety of techniques. This review describes the evolution of hand papermaking and its cultural significance. Paper’s evolution has been shaped by the structure and chemical composition of the fibers. Almost every aspect of modern papermaking technology has been foreshadowed by traditional practices. Such practices were passed down for many generations within families of papermakers. The main sources of cellulosic fiber evolved as the ancient craft migrated from its birthplace in China to Korea and Japan, the Islamic world, and then to Europe and America. Though most paper made today comes from automated, continuous production systems, handmade paper has enjoyed a resurgence, both as a traditional craft and as an art-form. In addition, traditional papermaking methods can provide insights to help in modern applications involving cellulosic fibers. Keywords: Handmade paper; History; Handcraft; Science; Cellulosic fibers Contact information: a: Department of Forest Biomaterials; North Carolina State University; Campus Box 8005; Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 USA; b: Robert C. Williams American Museum of Papermaking, Inst. of Paper Science and Technology, Mail Code 0620, Georgia Tech., Atlanta, GA 30332-0620; *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Whenever people engage their hands and minds to make paper, there is a continuing opportunity for evolution of the craft. Each maker adopts or selectively omits parts of the methods that have been passed down to them, sometimes inventing new techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Ink Dispersion on Qianlong Xuan Paper with Improved Ink Expression
    Journal of Materials Science & Technology 32 (2016) 182–188 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Materials Science & Technology journal homepage: www.jmst.org Ink Dispersion on Qianlong Xuan Paper with Improved Ink Expression Shuyi Wu 1, Xinglong Wu 1,*, Paul K. Chu 2 1 Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 2 Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China ARTICLE INFO Qianlong Xuan paper, lost two hundred years ago, was reproduced by engineers in Red-Star Xuan Paper Article history: Limited Liability Company of China. Its remarkable performance and profound historical value are highly Received 25 January 2015 regarded by artists and the paper commands very high price in the commercial market. Ink penetrates Received in revised form and spreads optimally in the paper and the words exhibit clear edges with small fluctuations because 11 July 2015 of the desirable wettability and wicking. These characteristics make it stand out from three Xuan paper Accepted 12 July 2015 samples. The good wettability, verified by contact angle measurements, is an essential prerequisite to Available online 17 December 2015 strong wicking. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is performed to de- termine the chemical structure of Qianlong Xuan paper and the relatively large hydrogen bonding ratio Key words: contributes to the hydrophilicity. The microstructure investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Qianlong Xuan paper atomic force microscopy reveals wide fibers and a uniform fiber arrangement with good connectivity, Wettability dense network, as well as rough fiber surface.
    [Show full text]