Les Littératures De Langue Anglaise Depuis 1945. Grande-Bretagne

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Les Littératures De Langue Anglaise Depuis 1945. Grande-Bretagne Denise Coussy Professeur à l'Université du Mans Geneviève Fabre Professeur à l'Université de Paris VII Michel Fabre Professeur à l'Université de Paris III Sorbonne-Nouvelle Évelyne Labbé Maître de Conférences Les littératures à l'Université du Mans de langue anglaise depuis 1945 Grande-Bretagne, États-Unis, Commonwealth UNIVERSITÉ NATHAN INFORMATION FORMATION NATHAN-UNIVERSITÉ Collection dirigée par Henri Mitterand, professeur à l'Université de Paris III FRANÇAIS Adolfo FERNANDEZ-ZOÏLA : • Freud et les psychanalyses. LANGUE Jean JAFFRÉ : Christian BAYLON et Paul FABRE : • Le vers et le poème. • Grammaire systématique de la langue française. Christian BAYLON et Paul FABRE : Jean LE GALLlOT, • Initiation à la linguistique. Simone LECOINTRE : Christian BAYLON et Paul FABRE : • Psychanalyse et langues littéraires. • La sémantique. Michel PATILLON : Christian BAYLON et Paul FABRE : • Précis d'analyse littéraire. 1. Les structures de la fini • Les noms de lieux et de personnes. tion. Nina CATACH : • Précis d'analyse littéraire. 2. Les structures du vem • L'orthographe française : traité théorique et pra- Bernard VALETTE : tique. • Esthétique du roman moderne. • Orthographe et lexicographie : les mots composés. Roland ÉLUERD : Auguste VIATTE : • La pragmatique linguistique. • Histoire comparée des littératures francophones. Paul LARREYA : LATIN • Énoncés performatifs - Présupposition. Jean MOREAU : Pierre BOUET, Danielle CONSO, • La contraction et la synthèse de textes aux examens François KERLOUEGAN : et concours. • Initiation au système de la langue latine. Jacqueline PICOCHE : Pierre MONTElL : • La lexicologie. • Précis de morphologie historique du français. • Éléments de phonétique et de morphologie du latini Jacqueline PINCHON et Bernard COUTÉ : GREC • Le système verbal du français. Lucien PERNÉE : Robert-Léon WAGNER : • Entraînement à la version grecque. • Essais de linguistique française. Michel Gey : Lucien PERNÉE : • Didactique de l'orthographe française. • La version grecque au CAPES et à l'agrégation. LITTÉRATURE LANGUES VIVANTES Jean-Michel ADAM : Jacques ROGGERO : • Le texte narratif. • Grammaire anglaise. Bernard BEUGNOT • Grammaire anglaise : travaux pratiques d'applica et José-Michel MOUREAUX : tion. • Manuel bibliographique des études littéraires. François SCHANEN, Horst HOMBOURG : Pierre BRUNEL, • L'allemand par le thème. Louis-Robert PLAZOLLES François SCHANEN, Jean-Paul CONFAIS : et Philippe SELLIER : • Grammaire de l'allemand : formes et fonctions. • Le commentaire composé. Claude DUCHET : Michel BALLARD : • La sociocritique. • La traduction : de l'anglais au français. NATHAN-RECHERCHE Daniel BRIOLET : Nina CATACH : • Le langage poétique. • Les listes orthographiques de base du français. Paul LARREYA : Jacqueline PICOCHE : • La modalité en anglais britannique. • Structures sémantiques du lexique français. © Éditions Nathan 1988. ISBN 2-09-190106) Avant-propos Une histoire des littératures anglophones se doit de commencer par celle de la Grande-Bretagne, dont la tradition insulaire impres- sionne et déroute. Les écrivains anglais, conscients d'appartenir à une société aux hiérarchies complexes ont, en effet, constamment cherché à en observer et critiquer les mécanismes. Ils l'ont toujours fait par le biais d'un réalisme ironique qui tient maintenant à distance le désarroi spirituel inhérent aux tensions et aux menaces du monde contemporain. Cette transcription tragi-comique des rapports humains s'est souvent trouvée doublée d'une dimension imaginaire subversive : présentations fantaisistes ou extravagantes de la réalité ou inventions d'un ailleurs terrifiant ou consolateur. Dépourvues au départ de l'épaisseur historique européenne, les œuvres américaines sont animées, par contre, d'une vision mythique de leur pays et se présentent comme de grandes explorations sym- boliques d'un destin collectif d'autant plus fascinant qu'il est récent, géographiquement vaste et ethniquement varié. A force de dégager l'essence de ses frustrations et de ses aspirations, la littérature des États-Unis est parvenue à produire un modèle universel de réflexion et d'expression où la disparition du sacré va de pair avec une per- ception aiguë du spirituel, où la dénonciation de l'oppression sociale entraîne l'affirmation de soi et où le refus des critères d'expression et de référence traditionnels a donné naissance à l'aventure post- moderniste qui instaure en fait un nouvel ordre littéraire. Lorsque les œuvres en provenance du Commonwealth ont com- mencé à s'imposer, dans les années cinquante, elles ont bon gré mal gré assumé ce double héritage mais ont très vite perçu leur rôle et leur mission : donner à lire des textes surgis du silence et du mépris et animés de ce fait d'un sentiment d'urgence à la fois triomphal et inquiet. Venues des quatre coins de l'ex-empire britannique, ces « nouvelles littératures » apportent au discours anglo-saxon la possi- bilité de traduire des sensibilités inhabituelles ; elles lui permettent ainsi d'élargir prodigieusement son champ d'exploration et d'influence. Aucun bilan de cette production anglophone contemporaine n'avait, à ce jour, été dressé en France et il a paru utile d'en donner un panorama qui couvre les quarante dernières années. Les difficultés rencontrées pour établir ce tableau d'ensemble sont inhérentes à ce genre d'entreprise qui, en cherchant à être aussi complète que pos- sible, ne peut éviter des écueils incontournables. L'ordre adopté — Grande-Bretagne, États-Unis, Commonwealth — a, par exemple, été dicté par le souci de donner à la « nation mère » la préséance histo- rique qui lui revient ; mais ce souci chronologique ne fait pas assez ressortir la filiation qui unit si fortement la puissance colonisatrice à ses anciens satellites. Le choix des auteurs retenus a évidemment impliqué une hiérarchisation que l'on a voulue la moins subjective pos- sible mais qui a entraîné d'inévitables exclusions. La liste des œuvres (loin d'être exhaustive) n'a volontairement pas été allégée de manière à conserver à cette étude son utilité comme ouvrage de référence. Le but essentiel de ce travail critique est, en fait, de montrer la diversité et la vitalité grandissantes de la création littéraire en langue anglaise. Ce foisonnement est imputable à de nombreux facteurs dont le plus évident est d'ordre pratique. La prolifération du livre de poche dans les pays anglo-saxons a très tôt mis la littérature à la portée d'un public curieux de tout. Cette émergence d'une culture de masse a, par voie de conséquence, modifié le statut socio-culturel de l'écrivain. Ce sont, par exemple, les « jeunes gens en colère » anglais, les romanciers juifs américains ou les déshérités du tiers monde qui ont été amenés à définir l'homme contemporain. En fait, si chaque auteur reste inséparable de son contexte, tous se rejoi- gnent en une même confiance accordée à l'écriture pour traduire — dans la continuité, la fragmentation ou le ressourcement — leur rap- port à la tradition comme à la modernité. Ce sont ces différences mais aussi ces affinités que la conception de ce livre a voulu mettre en évidence. Traiter d'oeuvres anglophones pour un public essentiellement francophone impliquait certains choix : par exemple donner le titre anglais pour les œuvres non traduites et le titre français pour les tra- ductions a semblé d'autant plus inutile que, s'il a parfois existé deux traductions d'un même ouvrage, aucune n'est peut-être encore dis- ponible. D'où la décision de s'en tenir à la date de publication et au titre originaux. Quant aux références biographiques, elles n'ont été données que pour les principaux auteurs pour ne pas accroître le nombre déjà important de dates fournies. En fin de livre, des tableaux mettent en parallèle l'histoire littéraire de chaque ensemble géographique et les événements socio-politiques marquants de chaque année. Mais c'est évidemment l'index des auteurs qui consti- tuera l'accès le plus commode à l'œuvre de ceux-ci. Les orientations bibliographiques qui vont clore cet ouvrage sont conçues à la fois pour le lecteur uniquement francophone et pour celui qui cherche des outils plus spécialisés, généralement encore en anglais. Au-delà des préoccupations légitimes de l'étudiant, nous voulions en effet fournir à un large public un instrument sérieux d'initiation à tout un vaste ensemble de la littérature mondiale contemporaine. Denise COUSSY LA GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET L'IRLANDE INTRODUCTION Fière du courage et de la ténacité manifestés par son peuple tout au long de la guerre, la Grande-Bretagne est, en 1945, mal préparée à affronter les désillusions dont s'accompagneront les premières années de son difficile redressement. Affaiblie dans ses ressources et son économie comme dans sa position internationale, elle doit néanmoins tenir les pro- messes d'amélioration sociale faites pendant la guerre. De 1945 à 1951, le gouvernement travailliste de Clement Attlee s'efforce de répondre à cette attente d'une société plus juste, plus égalitaire, en mettant immédiate- ment en œuvre un vaste programme de réformes : assurer la modernisa- tion de l'économie et le plein emploi grâce aux nationalisations et au dirigisme, et garantir aux citoyens, par l'établissement du « Welfare State » (ou « Etat-providence »), un système complet de Sécurité sociale. A l 'extérieur, il entame sans tarder le processus de décolonisation des ter- ritoires britanniques : l'Inde, naguère principal joyau de la couronne impériale, devient indépendante en 1947. L'expérience travailliste s 'accompagne cependant d'une politique d'austérité
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