Title Is Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek a suitable crop for Lindane contaminated soil?
Author Name Vishal Tripathi, Rama Kant Dubey, H.B. Singh, Nandita Singh, P.C. Abhilash
Journal Name Ecological Engineering
Year 2014
Volume and Volume 73 Issuue
Pages 219 - 223
Abstracts Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) is an organochlorine pesticide recently included in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants for global elimination. However, India is still allowed to use Lindane for combating vector borne diseases. Because of its large scale utilization during the last few decades, Lindane residue is reported from almost all agricultural soils of India. So there is an immediate need to monitor the accumulation of Lindane residue in crop plants growing in contaminated systems and suitable strategies should be taken to prevent the possible entry of Lindane in food chain. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the accumulation and translocation of Lindane in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung bean), a widely grown legume in India as a cheap source of protein. The test plant was grown in four different concentrations of Lindane viz. 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg g−1 soils and harvested at 15 and 45 days and at maturity. The experimental results showed that irrespective of the exposure days, the accumulation of Lindane in plant parts were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.915) with the Lindane concentration in soil. However, the Lindane concentration in soil significantly reduced the growth and yield (number of pods, pod length, number of seeds and seed weight) of the test plants at 95% confidence level (α = 5). At maturity, the concentration of Lindane in whole plant (root + shoot + leaf + seed) growing at four different concentrations were reached up to 3.8, 9.4, 13.5 and 17.79 μg g−1 dry matter, respectively. Worryingly, Lindane residue was found in the seeds of test plants grown at 10, 15 and 20 μg g−1 soils and the concentrations were detected as 0.2, 0.4 and 0.89 μg g−1 dry seed, respectively. Most importantly, the residue level detected in the edible part was higher than the maximum residue limit set by WHO and Codex Alimentarious Commission (0.1 μg g−1). Thus our study suggests that Mung bean is not a suitable crop for medium to high level Lindane contaminated soil.
Keywords Persistent organic pollutants, Organochlorine pesticide, Lindane, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, Phytoaccumulation, Maximum residue limit
Title Phytoextraction and dissipation of Lindane by Spinacia oleracea L.
Author Name Rama Kant Dubey, Vishal Tripathi, Nandita Singh, P.C. Abhilash
Journal Name Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Year 2014
Volume and Issue Volume 109
Pages 22 - 26
Abstracts Remediation and management of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) contaminated soil is becoming a global priority as they are listed in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for global elimination. Lindane is a OCPs candidate recently included in the Stockholm list. However, India has an exemption to produce Lindane for malaria control. Because of its widespread use during the last few decades, Lindane contaminated soils are found in almost all parts of India. Since phytoremediation is widely acknowledged as an innovative strategy for the clean-up of contaminated soils; the present study was aimed to evaluate the phytoextraction and dissipation of Lindane by a leafy vegetable Spinacia oleracea L (Spinach). The test plant was grown in different concentrations of Lindane (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg−1) and harvested at 10, 30 and 45 days. At 45 days, the concentrations of Lindane in root and leaf of Spinach growing in four different concentrations were reached up to 3.5, 5.4, 7.6 and 12.3 mg kg−1 and 1.8, 2.2, 3 and 4.9 mg kg−1, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) in the dissipation of Lindane in vegetated and non-vegetated soil. Moreover, the residual Lindane in four experiments was reduced to 81, 76, 69 and 61 percent, respectively. The experimental results indicate that Spinach can be used for the phytoremediation of Lindane. However, more studies are required to prevent the toxicity of harvested parts.
Keywords Persistent organic pollutants, Organochlorine pesticide, Lindane, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, Phytoaccumulation, Maximum residue limit
Title Enhanced Lindane removal from soil slurry by immobilized Streptomyces consortium
Author Name Juliana M. Saez, Analía Álvarez, Claudia S. Benimeli, María J. Amoroso
Journal Name International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
Year 2014
Volume and Issue Volume 93
Pages 63 - 69 Abstracts The aim of this work was to assess lindane removal from soil slurry by a Streptomyces consortium immobilized in cloth sachets, at different inoculum, lindane and slurry concentrations. In concentrated slurry (soil/water ratio of 2:3), the higher lindane removal (35.3 mg Kg−1) was obtained with the medium inoculum (107 CFU g−1) and the highest lindane concentration tested, at 7 days of incubation. Although, lindane removal was also detected in abiotic controls, probably caused by pesticide adsorption to soil particles. Thus, these parameters were selected for evaluating the pesticide removal in diluted slurry (soil/water ratio of 1:4). After 14 days of incubation, 28.7 mg Kg−1 of lindane were removed. Also, a phytotoxicity assay demonstrated that seeds growing on diluted slurries bioremediated during 7 and 14 days, showed an improvement in biological parameters, compared to those growing on non- bioremediated slurries. Thus, bioremediated slurries would not have toxic effects on lettuce seeds.
Keywords Lindane, Soil slurry, Streptomyces, Consortium, Immobilization
Title Remediation of lindane by Jatropha curcas L: Utilization of multipurpose species for rhizoremediation
Author Name P.C. Abhilash , Bindu Singh, Pankaj Srivastava, Andreas Schaeffer, Nandita Singh
Journal Name Biomass and Bioenergy
Year 2013
Volume and Volume 51 Issue
Pages 189 - 193 Abstracts In the present study we demonstrate the rhizoremediation potential of a biodiesel plant Jatropha curcas L. against lindane and discuss the field applicability of Jatropha based remediation techniques and future research prospects. Six different experimental approaches were conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of Jatropha under glasshouse conditions. For this, Jatropha plants were grown in garden soil spiked with four increasing concentration of lindane (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg−1) and harvested after 45, 180 and 300 d. One set of control plants were grown in lindane free soil and another set of spiked soils were kept without Jatropha plants. At every harvesting, plant growth, lindane accumulation in plant parts, residual lindane concentration in soil as well as percentage lindane dissipation from soil were calculated. After 300 d, the accumulation of lindane in Jatropha grown in four simulated soils reached up to 5.42, 10.83, 15.95 and 20.85 μg g−1 plant dry matter, respectively. Correspondingly, the residual lindane soil concentrations in the above four treatments were reduced to 89, 82, 77 and 72% with respect to the applied lindane amounts, respectively. We conclude that Jatropha enhances the dissipation of lindane in simulated soil and is useful for onsite remediation.
Keywords Multipurpose species, Rhizoremediation, Jatropha curcas L., Biodiesel plant, Lindane
Title Maize plants (Zea mays) root exudates enhance lindane removal by native Streptomyces strains
Author Name A. Álvarez, M.L. Yañez , C.S. Benimeli,M.J. Amoroso
Journal Name International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
Year 2012
Volume and Issue Volume 66, Issue 1 Pages 14 - 18
Abstracts The organochlorine pesticide (OP) lindane was removed from minimal medium (MM) by two Streptomyces native strains, while growing on maize root exudates (REs) as a primary carbon and energy source. REs supported 55 and 35% of lindane removal by Streptomyces sp. strains A5 and M7, respectively, corroborating the hypothesis that co-metabolism may be a plant/microbe interaction important to bioremediation. In addition, residual lindane concentration was more than half of the amount in MM supplemented with glucose compared to MM supplemented with REs, suggesting that exudates could be more appropriate carbon source to support aerobic dehalogenation of the pesticide. Lindane-degrading activity was detected in REs, which could explain 42% of lindane removal in REs-lindane assay, without microorganisms. Because Streptomyces sp. A5 showed maximum biomass and the highest pesticide removal in REs-lindane assay, it was found to be the most promising strain regarding their future application. These results showed that phytostimulation of OP-degrading actinobacteria by maize REs are therefore likely to be a successful strategy for the remediation of lindane-contaminated environments.
Keywords Bioremediation, Lindane, Root exudates, Maize, Actinobacteria, Phytostimulation
Title Influence of rhizospheric microbial inoculation and tolerant plant species on the rhizoremediation of lindane
Author Name P.C. Abhilash, Shubhi Srivastava, Pankaj Srivastava, Bindu Singh, Amina Jafri, Nandita Singh
Journal Name Environmental and Experimental Botany
Year 2011
Volume and Issue Volume 74 Pages 127 - 130
Abstracts Application of rhizospheric microbes to enhance the phytoremediation of organic pollutants has gained considerable attention recently due to their beneficial effects on the survival and growth of plants in contaminated soil sites. The present study was demonstrated to test the combined rhizoremediation potential of Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies urealyticus in the presence of tolerant plant Withania somnifera grown in lindane spiked soil. Withania was grown in garden soil spiked with 20 mg kg−1 of lindane and inoculated with 100 ml of microbial culture (8.1 × 106 CFU). Effect of microbial inoculation on plant growth, lindane uptake, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity, residual lindane concentration and lindane dissipation percentage were analyzed. The microbial inoculation significantly enhances the growth and lindane uptake potential of test plant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was an enhanced dissipation of lindane observed in microbial inoculated soil than the dissipation rate in non-inoculated soil (p < 0.01) and the dissipation rate was positively correlated with the soil dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass carbon (p < 0.05). The study concludes that the integrated use of tolerant plant species and rhizospheric microbial inoculation can enhance the dissipation of lindane, and have practical application for the in situ remediation of contaminated soils.
Keywords Integrated bioremediation, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies urealyticus, Lindane, Dissipation; Rhizoremediation
Title Comparative bioremediation potential of four rhizospheric microbial species against lindane Author Name P.C. Abhilash, Shubhi Srivastava, Nandita Singh Journal Name Chemosphere
Year 2011
Volume and Issue Volume 82, Issue 1
Pages 56 - 6
Abstracts Four microbial species (Kocuria rhizophila, Microbacterium resistens, Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies urealyticus) were isolated from the rhizospheric zone of selected plants growing in a lindane contaminated environment and acclimatized in lindane spiked media (5–100 μg mL−1). The isolated species were inoculated with soil containing 5, 50 and 100 mg kg−1 of lindane and incubated at room temperature. Soil samples were collected periodically to evaluate the microbial dissipation kinetics, dissipation rate, residual lindane concentration and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). There was a marked difference (p < 0.05) in the MBC content and lindane dissipation rate of microbial isolates cultured in three different lindane concentrations. Further, the dissipation rate tended to decrease with increasing lindane concentrations. After 45 d, the residual lindane concentrations in three different spiked soils were reduced to 0%, 41% and 33%, respectively. Among the four species, S. cohnii subspecies urealyticus exhibited maximum dissipation (41.65 mg kg−1) and can be exploited for the in situ remediation of low to medium level lindane contaminated soils.
Keywords Lindane; Kocuria rhizophila, Microbacterium resistens, Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies urealyticus, Bioremediation
Title Determination of lindane leachability in soil–biosolid systems and its bioavailability in wheat plants
Author Name Pamela Caicedo, Andrea Schröder, Nadin Ulrich, Uwe Schröter, Albrecht Paschke, Gerrit Schüürmann, Inés Ahumada, Pablo Richter
Journal Name Chemosphere
Year 2011
Volume and Volume 84, Issue 4 Issue
Pages 397 - 402
Abstracts The leachability of lindane from different biosolid amended soils was determined and compared to its bioavailability. Sand, soil, and a mixture of soil–sand (1:1 w/w) were spiked with lindane, blended with different amounts of biosolids, and subjected to a leaching process with water that lasted for 1–28 d. This procedure is in accordance with ISO/TS 21268-1: 2007. After these batch tests, lindane was extracted from the leachates using three different solvent- free microextraction techniques, including solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and silicone rod extraction (SRE). The amount of lindane was determined with thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The efficiencies of the three microextraction techniques were statistically different, and the efficiency could be related to the amount of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in each extraction device. However, all of the techniques provide data that shows that the leachability of lindane is dependent on the amount of organic matter contained in the matrix.The results of the lindane leachability assay were compared to the bioavailability of lindane, which was determined by measuring the amount of lindane that accumulated in the roots of wheat plants grown in similar soil–biosolid systems.It was confirmed that the amount of organic matter in the matrix is a determining factor for lindane immobilization. The presence of biosolids decreases the mobility of lindane in all of the systems under study. Similarly, increasing biosolid concentrations in the soil significantly decreased the bioavailability of lindane and, consequently, plant absorption.The good correlation (R2 = 0.997) between the leachability of lindane from the matrix and plant absorption of lindane indicates that the proposed biomimetic methodology can predict the bioavailability of lindane in a time period as short as 7 d.The results of this work confirm that amending contaminated soils with biosolids is beneficial for immobilizing lindane and helps prevent the percolation of lindane through the soil profile and into groundwater.
Keywords Lindane, Leachability, Bioavailability, Soil–biosolid, Organic matter