Some Facts About Asbestos

This Fact Sheet briefly reviews what asbestos is, how it is identified, where it is found, and how it is used. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides information on asbestos geolo- gy, mineralogy, and mining; other agen- cies listed on page 4 provide informa- tion on regulations and health effects of asbestos exposure.

What is asbestos? Asbestos is a generic name given to the fibrous variety of six naturally occurring minerals that have been used A B in commercial products. Asbestos is made up of fiber bundles. These bun- dles, in turn, are composed of extremely long and thin fibers that can be easily separated from one another. The bundles have splaying ends and are extremely flexible. The term “asbestos” is not a miner- alogical definition. It is a commercial designation for mineral products that possess high tensile strength, flexibility, resistance to chemical and thermal degradation, and high electrical resist- ance and that can be woven. C D

What minerals occur as asbestos? Figure 1. A, Chrysotile asbestos, a member of the serpentine group of minerals. B, Antig- The minerals that can crystallize as orite and lizardite, nonasbestiform serpentine minerals. C, Tremolite asbestos, a member asbestos belong to two groups: serpen- of the amphibole group. D, Tremolite having a nonasbestiform habit. Serpentine and amphi- tine (chrysotile) and amphibole (croci- bole minerals can have fibrous or nonfibrous structures; the fibrous type is called asbestos. Photographs by Garrett Hyde from U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8751, 1977. dolite, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos, and actinolite asbestos). Amphiboles are distinguished How is asbestos identified in a mineral asbestiform. Also, amphiboles break from one another by the amount of sodi- sample or product? (or cleave) into smaller fragments when um, calcium, magnesium, and iron that The best way to identify asbestos is finely ground. Long, thin cleavage frag- they contain. Serpentine and amphibole to use a microscope to examine samples ments resemble asbestos fibers. minerals can have fibrous or nonfibrous that have not been ground. Even with To resolve this problem, the ana- structures (fig. 1); the fibrous type is finely ground samples, there is no prob- lyst can compare the shapes of several called asbestos (see sidebar on Serpen- lem identifying chrysotile because its hundred amphibole particles in the tine and Amphibole Crystal Structure particle shape is distinct from the non- sample with those of asbestos reference and Shape). asbestiform varieties of serpentine. materials and determine whether a Asbestiform varieties of several With amphiboles, however, the dis- sample is asbestiform with a fair other amphiboles have been identified. tinction between asbestiform and non- degree of certainty. However, unless a Other minerals are similar to asbestos in asbestiform varieties is much less clear fiber bundle has splaying ends, it is their particle shape, but they do not pos- when examining samples through a impossible to determine if a single sess the characteristics required to clas- microscope. The reason is that amphi- long, thin particle grew that way (as sify them as asbestos (see definition of bole particles have a spectrum of shapes asbestos) or is a cleavage fragment asbestos above). from blocky to prismatic to acicular to (nonasbestiform).

U.S. Department of the Interior USGS Fact Sheet FS–012–01 U.S. Geological Survey March 2001 SERPENTINE AND AMPHIBOLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND SHAPE Does it matter whether an amphibole is asbestiform when it comes to health The frameworks of silicate miner- that is, they have one short dimension risk? als are composed of oxygen and sili- and two longer, approximately equal Yes, the Occupational Safety and con. These elements are arranged in dimensions, like a saucer. Health Administration (OSHA) conduct- the shape of a pyramid or tetrahedron, ed a review of the health effects of with silicon in the center and oxygen inhalation of nonasbestiform amphi- at the four corners. For many silicate boles. The agency determined (Federal minerals, these tetrahedra are arranged Register, v. 57, no. 10, June 8, 1992, p. in rows, and the rows are repeated to 24310) that “available evidence supports form the crystal structure. In the asbestiform variety of serpen- a conclusion that exposure to non- tine, chrysotile, sheets are rolled up asbestiform cleavage fragments is not tightly to form fibers. likely to produce a significant risk of developing asbestos-related disease.” Breathing high levels of asbestos fibers for a long time can lead to an In serpentine, the element magne- increased risk of asbestosis, lung can- sium is coordinated with the oxygen With amphiboles, the distinction cer, and mesothelioma. Asbestosis is a atoms in the tetrahedra. The tetrahedra is not so clear. When short double noncancerous lung disease related to are arranged to form sheets. Serpen- chains are arranged side by side, scarring of the lungs. This disease tine is a sheet silicate. blocky or equant crystals form. occurs in people heavily exposed to asbestos in the workplace and in house- hold contacts of asbestos workers. Lung cancer is a relatively common form of cancer, which has been linked to smok- If growth is along the length of the ing and a variety of occupational expo- double chains, rather than across their sures. Cigarette smoking significantly width, the amphibole crystals will be increases the risk of lung cancer for longer relative to their width. Slightly people exposed to asbestos. Mesothe- elongated crystals are prismatic. lioma is a rare cancer of the membranes lining the lungs, chest, and abdominal cavity. Almost all cases are linked to The framework for all amphi- occupational asbestos exposure. The boles is a double chain composed of As the length increases relative to the symptoms of these diseases do not usu- two rows of tetrahedra aligned side width, the crystals are called acicular. ally appear until 20 to 30 years after the by side. Attached to these tetrahedra first exposure to asbestos. are elements such as aluminum, calci- Particle shape, particle solubility, um, iron, magnesium, potassium, and and duration of exposure are reported to sodium. When the length is extremely long be the three most important factors that compared with the width, the crystals determine lung damage. Many are called asbestiform or fibrous. researchers believe that amphibole asbestos particles pose a greater risk than chrysotile particles because they are less soluble and more rigid than chrysotile, allowing the amphibole Unlike serpentine, which is either asbestos particles to penetrate lung tis- nonasbestiform (platy) or asbestiform sue and remain longer. Among the three principal serpen- (fibrous), amphiboles have a grada- What is the most common type of tine minerals, the distinction between tional transition from blocky to pris- asbestos? asbestos and nonasbestiform varieties matic to acicular to asbestiform. This Chrysotile is the most common type is apparent. In the nonasbestiform gradational change makes it difficult of asbestos in the United States and the antigorite and lizardite, the silica tetra- to distinguish between asbestiform and world. hedra are arranged to form a sheet nonasbestiform amphibole particles structure, and the crystals are platy; under the microscope. What types of asbestos are mined? of altered rock occurs predominantly the United States, there are almost no Currently, chrysotile is the only along the eastern seaboard from Alabama asbestos-containing products manufac- type of asbestos mined on a large scale. to Vermont, along the western seaboard tured specifically for use by the general It makes up over 99 percent of present- from California to Washington, and in public. day production in the world. Only the upper Midwest in Minnesota and chrysotile is mined in the United States. Michigan. Small occurrences of asbestos Is 15,000 metric tons a lot of In 1999, one firm in California account- are in other areas, such as Arizona, asbestos? ed for all U.S. chrysotile production. Idaho, and Montana. Relatively speaking, no. The peak Small amounts of tremolite asbestos Although asbestos can be present year of asbestos use in the United States are mined in India and possibly a few in most of the metamorphic rocks was 1973, when approximately 719,000 t other countries, but production is very described above, the bulk of the rock of asbestos was used for manufacturing limited. Commercial production of cro- mass does not contain asbestos. In fact, friction products, flooring, caulks, gas- cidolite and amosite ended about 4 years most commercial asbestos deposits con- kets, packings, electrical and heat insu- ago in South Africa. Anthophyllite tain less than 6 percent asbestos by vol- lation, plastics, roofing, textiles, and a asbestos has not been mined for an even ume. Only a few deposits contain 50 host of other consumer and commercial longer period of time in the United percent or more asbestos (such as products. States. chrysotile deposits near Coalinga, There have been thousands of appli- Calif.). cations for asbestos. Most were viewed Where does U.S. asbestos occur? as practical solutions to difficult prob- Asbestos has been identified in 20 Is asbestos still used in the United lems. For instance, asbestos helped States (fig. 2) and mined in 17 States States? make the braking systems in automo- over the past 100 years. It is found in Yes, about 15,000 metric tons (t) of biles much more dependable, it enabled many common rocks. Serpentinite, the asbestos was used in the United States the production of inexpensive cement- most widely occurring host rock for in 1999; most was imported from Cana- based water-supply pipes, and despite chrysotile, is present throughout the da. Major manufacturing uses in the the dire consequences to the installers, Appalachians, Cascades, Coast Ranges United States are as follows: asphaltic asbestos insulation made the warships of of California and Oregon, and other roofing compounds used on commercial World War II much safer. mountain belts. buildings, 61 percent; gaskets, 19 per- In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, In general, chrysotile and amphi- cent; and friction products, such as the consumption of asbestos increased at bole asbestos varieties occur in areas brake shoes and clutches, 13 percent. the rate of 3 to 4 percent annually. In where the original rock, under elevated Most of these products are installed on a the 1980’s and 1990’s, consumption temperatures and pressures, has been commercial basis under conditions regu- declined 5 percent annually (fig. 3). changed by heated fluids (a process lated by OSHA. Although very few referred to as metamorphism). This type asbestos products have been banned in What caused the decline in asbestos use? Concerns over health risks posed by high exposures to airborne asbestos brought on much of the decline. From the 1970’s onward, public pressure to reduce exposure to asbestos resulted in lowered exposure standards and spurred the quest for alternatives to asbestos. Exposure standards were reduced from 5 fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc) of air over an 8-hour time period to 0.1 f/cc in the workplace. Also, spraying of asbestos insulation onto steel girders and consumer sales of raw asbestos and artificial fireplace logs containing asbestos were banned. Commercial products such as asbestos-containing insulations, plasters, ceiling tiles, cement products, and caulks were slow- ly phased out. Many companies ceased Figure 2. Occurrences of asbestos in the contiguous United States. Major asbestos-bearing production of asbestos products because deposits occur in the mountain belts in the Eastern and Western United States. Data from of liability issues. As a result, asbestos USGS Digital Data Series DDS–52 (E.J. McFaul and others, 2000, U.S. Geological Survey consumption in the United States Mineral Databases—MRDS and MAS/MILS). declined rapidly. 5,000 Is more information available on EXPLANATION 4,500 asbestos? U.S. consumption Yes. For questions concerning geol- 4,000 World production ogy, mineralogy, and the asbestos indus- 3,500 try, contact the U.S. Geological Survey

3,000 online at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals or by fax from Mines FaxBack at 2,500 (703) 648Ð4999. 2,000 For information on regulations and OF METRIC TONS 1,500 health effects of asbestos exposure, con-

ASBESTOS, IN THOUSANDS 1,000 tact these agencies online: 500 ¥ Consumer Product Safety Commis- 0 sion (www.cpsc.gov) 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1999 ¥ U.S. Environmental Protection Figure 3. Asbestos consumption in the United States and world production of asbestos, which Agency (www.epa.gov) is used as a guide to world consumption. Peak U.S. consumption of asbestos was 719,000 met- ¥ Mine Safety and Health Administra- ric tons in 1973. Peak world production was 5.09 million metric tons in 1975. Data from Minerals tion (www.msha.gov) Yearbook, v. I (published by the U.S. Bureau of Mines until 1995 and by the U.S. Geological Sur- ¥ Occupational Safety and Health vey after 1995). Administration (www.osha.gov) ¥ National Institute for Occupational What about worldwide use of tion. The Libby deposit is unique among Safety and Health asbestos? commercial U.S. vermiculite deposits in (www.cdc.gov/niosh/) Worldwide, the use of asbestos has having an average amphibole asbestos ¥ National Institutes of Health declined, particularly in Western content of 4 to 6 percent. Miners and (www.nih.gov) Europe. Asbestos production is used as millers were, at times, exposed to high a rough guide for consumption (fig. 3). levels of asbestos-containing dusts. Production declined from 5.09 million Many workers developed health prob- For information on this Fact Sheet, metric tons (Mt) in 1975 to about 1.93 lems as a result of those exposures. please contact: Mt in 1999. Several Western European Some residents of Libby who were countries have banned some or all exposed to high levels of asbestos also Robert L. Virta asbestos products. have been diagnosed with asbestos- U.S. Geological Survey In other regions of the world, there related symptoms. 983 National Center is a continued demand for inexpensive, Officials are concerned about the Reston, VA 20192 durable construction materials. Conse- asbestos content of the soils around Telephone: (703) 648Ð7726 quently, markets remain strong for Libby, about workers who processed the Fax: (703) 648Ð7722 asbestos-cement (A/C) products, such as Libby vermiculite ore in manufacturing E-mail: [email protected] A/C panels for construction of buildings plants scattered throughout the United and A/C pipe for water-supply lines. States, and about the customers of those plants. USGS scientists are using a What is the connection between hyperspectral remote-sensing survey of asbestos and vermiculite? Libby to help map the distributions of The connection between asbestos the asbestiform amphiboles in soils. and vermiculite was first brought to public attention recently because of a Is this vermiculite still being sold? vermiculite mine near Libby, Mont. Ver- The Libby vermiculite mine closed miculite consists of clay minerals that in 1990, and shipments of vermiculite expand when heated to form wormlike from the Libby mill site ended in 1992. particles. Vermiculite is used in concrete However, products made from the Libby aggregate, fertilizer carriers, insulation, vermiculite may still be available from potting soil, and soil conditioners. retailers who sell from old stocks. The The Libby mine opened in 1921 only certain way to know whether ver- and once accounted for almost 80 per- miculite came from the Libby mine is to cent of the world’s vermiculite produc- ask the manufacturer.