Twenty-Sixth Annual Reunion of The

TWENTY-SIXTH

ANNUAL REUNION

OF THE

ASSOCIATION X GRADUATES

OF THE

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY,

WEST POINT, NEW YORK.

7fune Ioth/, I895.

SAGINAW, MICH. SEEMANN & PETERS, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1895.

Annual Reunion, June Ioth, 1895.

MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING.

WEST POINT, N. Y., JUNE 10th, 1895.

The Association milet in room 102 of the Academy Build- ing, at 3.00 o'clock, P. M., and was called to order by Colonel 0. H. Ernst, Corps of Engineers, of the Executive Committee. The roll was next called.

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

Those present are indicated by a ~.

1823. 1838. *GEORGE S. GREENE. JOHN T. METCALFE. WILLIAM AUSTINE. 1829. JOSEPH SMITH BRYCE. 1839. THOMAS A. DAVIES. ALEXANDER R. LAWTON.

1832. 1840. ERASMUS D. KEYES. STEWART VAN VLIET. GEORGE W. GETTY. 1833. HENRY WALLER. 1841. ZEALOUS B. TOWER. 1834. HORATIO G. WRIGHT. THOMAS A. MORRIS. SCHUYLER HAMILTON.

1835. 1842. JOSEPH H. EATON. GEORGE W. RAINS. THOMAS B. ARDEN. WILLIAM S. ROSECRANS. GUSTAVUS W. SMITH. JOHN S. MCCALMONT. 1837. EUGENE E. MCLEAN. JOSHUA H. BATES. JAMES LONGSTREET. ROBERT B. MCLANE. JAMES W. ABERT, 4 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o1th, 1895.

1843. FRANCIS H. BATES. WILLIAM B. FRANKLIN. ROBERT JOHNSTON. GEORGE DESHON. WILLIAM L. CABELL. JOSEPH J. REYNOLDS. CHRISTOPER C. AUGUR. 1851. GEORGE L. ANDREWS. 1844. ALEXANDER PIPER. CALEB HUSE. DANIEL M. FROST. ALEXANDER J. PERRY. ALFRED PLEASANTON. WILLIAM H. MORRIS. SIMON B. BUCKNER. ROBERT E. PATTERSON. 1845. WILLIAM D. WHIPPLE. EDWARD A. PALFREY. WILLIAM F. SMITH. *JOSEPH G. TILFORD. *THOM[AS J. WOOD. FITZ-JOHN PORTER. THOMAS G. PITCHER. 1852. THOMAS L. CASEY. 1846. JAMES VAN VOAST. *DAVID S. STANLEY. C. SEAFORTH STEWART. JAMES W. ROBINSON. EDMUND F. L. HARDCASTLE. MILO S. HASCALL. FRANCIS T. BRYAN. JOHN MULLAN. DARIUS N. COUCH. PETER T. SWAINE. CHARLES C. GILBERT. ANDREW W. EVANS. MARCUS D. L. SIMPSON. *ALEXANDER McD. McCooK. JAMES OAKES. AUGUST V. KAUTZ. INNIS N. PALMFR. JOHN P. HAWKINS. PARMENAS T. TURNLEY. DELANCY FLOYD-JONES. 1853. JOHN D. WILKINS. SAMUEL B. MAXEY. WILLIAM P. CRAIGHILL. WILLIAM R. BOGGS. 1847. WILLIAM S. SMITH. JOHN M. SCHOFIELD. JOHN HAMILTON. THOMAS W. VINCENT. ORLANDO B. WILLCOX. HENRY C. SYMONDS. HORATIO G. GIBSON. GEORGE BELL. JOHN GIBBON. LA RHETT L. LIVINGSTON. CLERMONT L. BEST. N. BOWMAN SWEITZER. EDWARD F. ABBOTT. WILLIAM W. LOWE. EGBERT L. YIELE. HENRY HETH. 1854. 1848. G. W. CUSTIS LEE. HENRY L. ABBOT. JoSEPH C. CLARK. THOMAS H. RUGER. RICHARD I. DODGE. OLIVER 0. HOWARD. *MICHAEL R. MORGAN. 1849. LOOMIS L. LANGDON. JOHN G. PARKE. OLIVER D. GREENE. ABSOLOM BAIRD. E. FRANKLIN TOWNSEND. CHAUNCEY MCKEEVER. *CHARLES G. SAWTELLE, RUFUS SAXTON. ZENAS R. BLISS. BEVERLY H. ROBERTSON. RICHARD W. JOHNSON. 1855. SAMUEL B. HOLABIRD. *CYRUS B. COMSTOCK. *GEORGE H. ELLIOT. 1850. *SAMUEL BRECK. FREDERICK E. PRIME, *FRANCIS R. T. NICHOLS. *EUGENE A. CARR. *ALEXANDER S. WEBB. ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o1th, 1895. 5

JOHN M. TURNER. GUY V. HENRY. *GEORGE D. RUGGLES. EUGENE B. BEAUMONT. *LEWIS MERRILL. HENRY B. NOBLE. *CLARENCE E. BENNETT. CHARLES H. GIBSON. *WILLIAM W. AVERILL. HENRY M. LAZELLE. 1861., June. DANIEL W. FLAGLER. 1856. *WILLIAM H. HARRIS. ORLANDO M. POE. ALFRED MORDECAI. JOHN W. BARRIGER. LAWRENCE S. BABBITT. RICHARD LODOR. PETER C. HAINS. JEREMIAH H. GILMAN. FRANCIS H. PARKER. JOHN K. MIZNER. JOSEPH B. FARLEY. JAMES MCMILLAN. WILLIAM B. HUGHES. FITZHUGI- LEE. 1862. GEORGE L. GILLESPIE. 1857. JARED A. SMITH. SAMUEL M. MANSFIELD. JOHN C. PALFREY. ALEXANDER. MORRIS SCHAFF. E. PORTER A. MARYE. WILLIAM SINCLAIR. WILLIAM JAMES H. ROLLINS. MANNING M. KIMMEL. JA-MES H. LORD. GEORGE H. WEEKS.

1858. 1863. ROYAL T. FRANK. *PETER S. MICIIIE. ASA B. CAREY. WILLIAM H. H. BENYAURD. JOHN R. McGINNESS. 1859. FRANK H. PHIPPS. JAMES W. REILLY. FRANCIS L. GUENTHER. WILLIAM S. BEEBE. MARTIN D. HARDIN. *THOMAS WARD. FRANCIS J. CRILLY. JOHN G. BUTLER. CALEB H. CARLTON. ROBERT CATLIN. *JOSEPH WHEELER. CHARLES H, LESTER. JOHN J. UPHAM. JAMES AM.J. SANNO. ABRAHAM K. ARNOLD. *JAMES R. REID. 1860. 1864. *HORACE PORTER. *JAMES H. WILSON. GARRETT J. LYDECKER. *JAMES M. WHITTEMORE. ALEXANDER MACKENZIE. JOHN M. WILSON. *OSWALD 1H.ERNST. *EDWARD R. HOPKINS. DAVID P. HEAP. WESLEY MERRITT. VANDERBILT ALLEN. WADE H. GIBBES. CHARLES J. ALLEN. *SAMUEL T. CUSHING. CULLAN BRYANT. ROBERT H. HALL. ISAAC W. MACLAY. EDWARD B. D. RILEY. 1865. 1861, May. CHARLES W. RAYMOND. HENRY A. DUPONT. A. MACOMB MILLER. ADELBERT AMES. MILTON B. ADAMS. ADELBERT R. BUFFINGTON. WILLIAM R. LIVERMORE. NATHANIEL R. CHAMBLISS. DAVID W. PAYNE. JOHN W. BARLOW. WILLIAM H. HEUER. CHARLES McK. LEOSER. WILLIAM S. STANTON. HENRY C. HASBROUCK. THOMAS H. HANDBURY. 6 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o1th, 1895.

JAMES C. POST. ROBERT FLETCHER. JAMES F. GREGORY. DAVID D. JOHNSON. ALFRED E. BATES. EUGENE 0. FECHkET. HENRY B. LEDYARD. CHARLES W. WHIPPLE. JOHN P. STORY. DAVID S. DENISON. WILLIAM A. RAFFERTY. ALEXANDER L. MORTON. APPLETON D. PALMER. JOSHUA L. FOWLER. WILLIAM H. McLAUGHLIN. WILLIAM J. VOLKMAR. JAMES M. MARSHALL. JAMES H. JONES. EDWARD HUNTER. JOHN B. RODMAN. ALEXANDER W. HOFFMAN. WILLIAM C. FORBUSH. EDGAR C. BOWEN. JOHN D. C. HOSKINS. 5 SAMUEL M. MILLS. JAMES W. POPE. WILLIAM D. O'TOOLE. CHANCELLOR MARTIN. GEORGE G. GREENOUGH. FRANK W. RUSSELL. WARREN C BEACH. THOMAS J. MARCH. ARCHIBALD H. GOODLOE. *LOYAL FARRAGUT. CASS DURHAM. CHARLES F. ROE. P. ELMENDORF SLOAN. DELANCEY A. KANE.

1866. *JAMES MERCUR. 1869. CHARLES E. L. B. DAVIS. ERIC BERGLAND. BENJAMIN D. GREENE. *SAMUEL E. TILLMAN. FRANK SOUIE. DANIEL M. TAYLOR. JAMES O'HARA. WILLIAM P. DUVALL. ABNER H. MERRILL. HENRY L. HARRIS. CHARLES KING. ARTHUR S. HARDY. WILLIAM H. UPHAM. WORTH OSGOOD. ELBRIDGE R. HILLS. REMEMBRANCE H. LINDSEY. *FRANCIS L. HILLS. *CHARLES BRADEN. JOHN F. STRETCH. CHARLES MORTON. WILLIAM F. SMITH. 1867. MARTIN B. HUGHES. WILLIAM GERHARD. JOHN C. MALLERY. CLINTON B. SEARS. *WILLIAM E. ROGERS. 1870. JOHN E. GREER. *JOHN PITMAN. *FRANCIS V. GREENE. FReDERICK A. MAHAN. WINFIELD S. CHAPLIN. FREDERICK A. HINMAN. CARL F. PALFREY. CROSBY P. MILLER. *JAMES ROCKWELL. THOMAS H. BARBER. WILLIAM R. QUINAN. JOHN MCCLELLAN. *JAMES A. DENNISON. EUGENE '. MURPHY. EDWARD G. STEVENS. EDWIN S. CURTIS. CLARENCE A. POSTLEY GEORGE A. GARRETSON. EDGAR S. DUDLEY. LEANDER T. HOWES. *CHARLES W. BURROWS. STANISLAUS REMAK. BENJAMIN H. RANDOLPH. EDWARD S. GODFREY. *ALEXANDER 0. BRODIE. WILLIAM J. ROE. *CHARLES W. LARNED. SAMUEL W. FOUNTAIN. EDWARD J. MCCLERNAND. 1868. DEXTER W. PARKER. ALBERT H. PAYSON. *SEBREE SMITH. *EDGAR W. BASS. WINFIELD S. EDGERLY. RICHARD H. SAVAGE. CLARENCE A. STEDMAN. JOSEPH H. WILLARD. ISAIAH H. MCDONALD. HENRY METCALFE. JOHN CONLINE. ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 7

1871. WILLIS WITTICHI. EDGAR L. STEEVER. LOUIS A. CRAIG. *JAMES C. AYRES. EDWARD E. HARDIN. ANDREW H. RUSSELL. MARION P. MAUS. GEORGE S. ANDERSON. CHARLES F. LLOYD. *FRANK H. EDMUNDS. THEODORE H. ECKERSON. WALTER S. WYATT. WALLACE MOTT. 1875. THOMAS M. WOODRUFF. *SMITH S. LEACH. RICHARD H. POILLON. EUGENE GRIFFIN. JAMES N. ALLISON. *WILLARD YOUNG. JAMES B. HICKEY. *LOTUS NILES. GEORGE F. CHASE, *JOHN P. JEFFERSON. DANIEL H. BRUSH. JOHN M. BALDWIN. FREDERICK D. GRANT. *ELBERT WHEELER. WILLIAM N. DYKMAN. 1872. *WILLIAM A. MANN. ROGERS BIRNIE. WILLIAM BAIRD. STANHOPE E. BLUNT. ALEXANDER RODGERS. OBADIAH F. BRIGGS. *FRANCIS E. ELTONHEAD. WILLIAM ABBOT. THOMAS F. DAVIS. HENRY R. LEMLY. JOHN G. BALLANCE. CHARLES D. PARKHURST. *EDWIN B. BOLTON. GEORGE RUHLEN. *TIIOMAS S. MCCALEB. FRANK WEST. RICHARD T. YEATMAN. 1876. JACOB R. RIBLETT. JOHN R. WILLIAMS. GEORGE E. POND. HEMAN DOWD. THOMAS C. WOODBURY. *ALEXANDER S. BACON. WILLIAM B. WETMORE. WILLIAM CROZrER. CHARLES A. WORDEN. HENRY H. LUDLOW. RALPH W. HOYT. JOHN T. FRENCH. THOMAS B. NICHOLS. LEONARD A. LOVERING. HERBERT E. TUTHERLY. EDWARD E. DRAVO. WILLIAM H. W. JAMES. HERBERT S. FOSTER. HENRY H. LANDON. CARVER HOWLAND. OSCAR F. LONG. 1873. HARRY L. BAILEY. WILLIAM H. BIXBY. CHARLES L. HAMMOND. JOHN A. LUNDEEN. HAMILTON ROWAN. JACOB E. BLOOM. JOSEPH GARRARD. 1877. EZRA B. FULLER. WILLIAM M. BLACK. FREDERICK A. SMITH. ALBERT TODD. *EDWIN T. HOWARD. WILLIAM W. GALBRAITH. CALVIN D. COWLES. *FRANCIS P. BLAIR. AUGUSTUS C. TYLER. CALVIN ESTERLY. QUINCY 0. M. GILLMORE. JOHN. J. HADEN. HENRY J. GOLDMAN. 1874. JOHN BIGELOW, JR. MONTGOMERY M. MACOMB. ALEXANDER M. PATCH. FRANK S. RICE. GEORGE L. ANDERSON. 1878. *JOHN P. WISSER. *JAMES L. LUSK. WRIGHT P. EDGERTON. EDWIN MCNEILL. EDMUND K. WEBSTER. JOHN T. BARNETT. RUSSELL THAYER. FRANK DEL. CARRINGTON. GEORGE R. CECIL. BALDWIN D. SPILMAN. CHARLES E. S. WOOD. WILLIAM J. ELLIOTT. 8 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895.

1879. 1885. FREDERICK V. ABBOT. *JOHN M. CARSON, JR. JAMES E. RUNCIE. LORENZO L. C. BROOKS. 1886. *HENRY A. GREENE. FRANK L. DODDS. AVERY D. ANDREWS. ALFRED McC. OGLE. CHARLES C. WALCUTT, JR. *CHARLES R. NOYES. MALVERN H. BARNUM. HENRY DEH. H. WAITE. WALTER H. GORDON. WILLIAM B. REYNOLDS. CHARLES G. DWYER. JOHN S. MALLORY. WILLIAM G. ETLLIOT. SAMUEL W. MILLER. PERCY PARKER. 1887. NATHANIEL J. WHITEHEAD. PIERREPONT ISHAM. (GUY R. BEARDSLEE. SAMUEL SEAY, JR. MICHAEL J. LENIHAN. 1880. SAMUEL A. SMOKE. OBERLIN M. CARTER. CHARLES S. BURT. 1888. SAMUEL W. DUNNING. PETER C. HARRIS. CHARLES E. HEWITT. *WILLIAM H. WILHELM. GEORGE H. MORGAN. WILLIAM R. DASHIEL. *JAMES S. ROGERS. CHARLES B. VOGDES. JAMES W. WATSON. 1889. CLEMENT A. J. FLAGLER. 1881. WILLIAM A. PHILLIPS. EDWIN ST. J. GREBLE. *SAMUEL E. ALLEN. 1890. CHARLES H. BARTH. FRANK B. KEECH. ANDREW G. HAMMOND. CHARLES C. CRAWFORD. JAMES T. KERR. WALTER R. STOLL. LYMAN W. V. KENNON. 1891. CHARLES P. ECHOLS. 1882. RICHARD L. LIVERMORE. HOLLIS C. CLARK. EDWARD BURR. GUY H. B. SMITH. OSCAR T. CROSBY. GRAHAM D. FITCH. ORMOND M. LISSAK. 1892. JOHN T. THOMPSON. JULIUS T. CONRAD. CHARLES P. ELLIOTT. *.DENNIS M. MICHIE. CHARLES J. STEVENS. 1893. 1883. ANDREW J. CASSATT. ALFRED B. JACKSON. EDWARD TAYLOR. EDWIN C. BULLOCK. WILLIAM H. SMITH. 1894. ALFRED HASBROUCK. BUTLER AMES. CLARENCE R. EDWARDS. 1895. 1884. JOSEPH WHEELER, JR. DAVID DUB. GAILLARD. MORTON F. SMITH. WILLIAM L. SIBERT. DAVID S. STANLEY. *JOHN B. BELLINGER. JOSEPH N. AUGUSTIN, JR. ROBERT H. NOBLE. SAMUEL G. CREDEN. ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 9

General George S. Greene, Class of 1823, being the senior graduate present, was escorted to the chair by General T. J. Wood and Colonel J. G. Tilford. General Greene made a brief address of welcome.

- Urn

NECo1OLOQy.

BENJAMIN S: EWELL.

No. 664. CLASS OF 1832. Died, June 19, 1894, at James City, Virginia, aged 84.

"Let others hail the rising sun: I bow to that whose course is run." The noble, the gifted man, whose name heads this page, is no more. In his death must be noted the loss of one who, in his day and generation, occupied a conspicuous place among the broad-minded men of his State and, in conjunction with others of congenial character, exercised a wide and controlling influence upon the learned institutions and the young men who frequented them. This was due not only to perseverance and earnestness, necessary adjuncts to win success, but to the possession of personal qualities that command the respect of all men regardless of creed or party. The times in which he lived were propitious for the formation of such characters, and a few words more will portray in a measure his personal characteristics. Colonel Ewell was a man of strong will, not wanting, I think, in Celtic fire. But, it sel- domn dominated him, for it was mastered by goodness of heart, and that sense of what was due to others which is, and always will be, the foundation of good manners. Brought up in a school of manners, no longer existing, he had the winning address and manly bearing so well set off by the leading men of that time. In heart he was as tender as a woman, by nature as trustful as a child, and in disposition lenient and forgiving almost to weak-

-ll __ ,Al l - n------l X - I m 12 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o1th, 1895.

ness. Such was the man, the noble Virginian, whose memory I am attempting to portray for a season. Benjamin Stoddert Ewell was born in Washington, D. C., June 10, 1810, and died at his home, near Ewell Station, in James City County, Virginia, June 19, 1894, age 84. His father was Dr. Thomas Ewell, of the United States Navy, and his mother was Elizabeth Stoddert, who was the daughter of Benjamin Stod- dert, the first Secretary of the United States Navy under the elder Adams. He was appointed to the United States Military Acad- emy, at West Point, from Virginia, in July, 1828, and graduated third in the Class of 1832. Appointed Brevet Second Lieutenant Fourth Artillery, July 1, 1832, and the same day Second Lieutenant in the same Regi- ment. Served at the Military Academy 1832-36, as Assistant Professor of Mathematics August 31, 1832, to August 31, 1835, and as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philoso- phy August 31, 1835, to September 30, 1836. Resigned Septem- a ber 30, 1836. Civil history: Principal Assistant Engineer Balti- more & Susquehanna Railroad 1836.39. Elected Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy Transylvania University, Kentucky, 1839; declined. Professor of Mathematics Hampden Sidney College, Virginia, 1839-42, and of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy 1842-46. Professor of Mathematics and Mil- itary Science Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, 1846-48. Professor of Mathematics Hampden Sidney, College, Virginia, 1848; declined. Professor Mathematics and Acting President William and Mary College, Virginia, 1848-49; Professor Mathe- matics and Natural Science since 1849, and President 1854 to beginning of the war. Entered Confederate States Army May 24, 1861, and in command of Williamsburg and vicinity until and after the battle of Williamsburg. Commissioned Colonel and Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General Joseph E. Johnston Nove'mber 24, 1862, and serving through the war. He was the General's closest personal and official friend, consulting and advising with him as no one else did. In 1863, he was again elected President of William and Mary

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College, though still in the Confederate Army, from which he did not resign until March 20, 1865, and filled that office until he resigned from the College in 1888, when he was elected Emeritus President, and held the same till death. His brother, Lieutenant- General R. S. Ewell, commanded a Corps in the Army of North- ern Virginia, and a still younger brother, Lieutenant Thomas Ewell, who, first in the enemy's citadel, at Cerro Gordo, fell mor- tally wounded there. He was called "the hero of Cerro Gordo" by General Scott, and was most handsomely spoken of by his immediate commander, Loring. Between 1865 and 1867, Colonel Ewell refused a lucrative offer to leave the ruins of William and Mary College and accept a professorship at Hampden Sidney. He loved and labored for William and Mary as no one else could or would. It was an ideal love, enabling him to fight successfully every effort to remove the College from Williamsburg after the war. His visits to the national capital and earnest pleadings with Senators and members of Congress to reimburse the College for its losses during the war will not soon be forgotten. From Generals Grant and Meade he secured letters and certificates declaring the burning of the College to have been "a useless act of war," and with those letters obtained an appropriation. From 1879 to 1888, inclusive-ten years-the Colonel guarded the charter by having the bell rung every opening day. He kept up the inclosures as far as he could, and did all in his power to preserve the corporation which, under the charter, was vested in the "Masters and Professors of the College of William and Mary." He was the sole "Faculty." It can also be truly said that he spent many thousands of his own money to maintain the credit of the College. Only a mere pit- tance was ever repaid. Colonel Ewell served with credit and ability as a soldier, and rendered great assistance to General Magruder in establishing defenses on the peninsula, showing military training and engineering skill of no common order. But it is not as a soldier that his name and fame will most safely rest. He was intus et in cute born for peace, loved his fellow man, and did to others as he

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14 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895.

would haye others do to him. Full of courage, truth, zeal and fidelity, he was truly the friend of the poor, and was ever active in their behalf. Virginia, like the mother of the Gracchi, when asked for her jewels, proudly points to her sons, and the life and character of no Virginian can fail of elevation as he approaches the almost perfect standard of Benjamin S. Ewell. His death was felt all over the State, and in Williamsburg, where he was loved, honored and looked up to, tears from old and young fell without restraint at the grave where their President was buried. The writer loved the man, was influenced by his example, and now mourns his death. The day of forgetfulness to him will be the day upon which memory will cease to hang its fondest recollections. A grand Old Virginia Gentleman one of the olden time. E. J. HARVIE.

THORNTON A. WASHINGTON.

No. 1439. CLASS OF 1849. Died, July 10, 1894, at Washington, D. C., aged 67. THORNION AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON was born at Berry Hill, (now Cedar Lawn), Jefferson County, Virginia, (now West Vir- ginia), in 1827. He was great grandson of Samuel, brother of George Washington, the latter of whom he greatly resembled in physical as well as moral and mental qualities. Well trained in early youth, he entered the Military Academy at West Point in 1845, and was graduated in 1849; assigned as Brevet Second Lieutenant to Sixth Infantry; promoted Second Lieutenant First Infantry in 1850; Assistant Instructor of Tactics at West Point 1855; Regimental Adjutant 1857; resigned 1861; was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, afterward Colonel of Staff, C. S. A. '

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GENERAL JAMES B. FRY. -I U. _ _ *1'I - ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o1th, 1895. 15

His service during the war between the States was in the Trans-Mississippi Department, where there was comparatively little opportunity for the display of his exceptional military abilities. Overshadowed by a great name, he was debarred from showing the grand qualities he possessed. They were hid from himself in his great modesty, and known but to the few, whom he favored with his friendship and intimacy. At the close of the war he made his home in Texas, but more recently in Washington, D. C., where he died. His disdain of the mean and sordid was too great and uncon- cealed to permit of his following the ordinary course of trade, and it is mainly due to this fact that he was persuaded to devote his intelligence and abilities to the service of the Government, from which service he was relieved at the summons of the Great Cap- tain. His accomplishments in art and music were delights to his friends, when he could be prevailed upon to show them. He was married in 1860 to Miss Olive Ann Jones, at San Antonio, Texas. His widow and seven children are now living. In his loss the few survivors of the class of 1849 feel more than ever the thinning of the ranks, to be replenished only at the final roll call. S. M. BARTON.

JAMES BARNETT FRY.

No. 1344. CLASS OF 1847. Died, July 11, 1894, at Newport, R. I., aged 67. Few names rank higher among the Graduates of the United States Military Academy, who have added to the fame of their Alma Mater by individual excellence in the continuous cultivation of the intellectual faculties than General Fry. His life and character requires more space for their illustration than is afforded

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16 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895.

by the necessarily limited pages of a necrological register. Few men have accomplished more in the sphere of their opportunities, and none have asked less in return for what they gave. His career presents a completeness! a whole! so harmonious, so uniformly excellent and noble, in which an innate force of will and fixed- ness of purpose were so blended with kindness and courtesy, that only by the most intimate intercourse could the strong, salient points of his rare intellectual endowments be clearly seen and fully appreciated. In the history of his country he has left a mark that time cannot erase. When the great facts that underlie the story of the Civil War in America shall be separated by the skillful hand of the unbiased historian from current gossip and imaginary deeds. When the evanescent and the meritricious shall give place to the lasting and the true, the part that General Fry performed in that great drama shall be known and understood of all men; the manner in which he discharged the high and responsible duties imposed upon him, the result accomplished under circumstances the most unpropitious and difficult, as well as their effect upon the welfare of the Republic, will be recognized and appreciated in their fullest extent. The lessons inculcated by the life of this truly admirable man are many. His career was happily begun, was followed by extreme conscientiousness in the discharge of every duty and was well rounded to its close. Born at Carrollton, in the State of Illinois, on the twenty- third of February, 1827, his early youth was spent at the paternal home where the rudiments of his early education were received. When he was sixteen years of age he received the appointment of Cadet at the United States Military Academy, which he entered on July 1st, 1843, and from which he was graduated in June, 1847, and assigned to the Third Regiment'of Artillery as Brevet Second Lieutenant and in the following August was promoted to be Sec- ond Lieutenant in the First Regiment of Artillery and joined his regiment at the seat of war, then serving under General Winfield Scott. After the close of the war he served with his regiment at Fort Columbus, and in Washington and Oregon, and in Mississ- ippi and Louisiana. He published some charming reminiscences mwpI I- ~1 -- . -- - ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o1th, 1895. 17

of his service in the West. In December, 1853, he was detached from his regiment and assigned to duty as Instructor of Artillery at the Military Academy, and in the following year was selected as Adjutant of the Academy, a very responsible and honorable duty, which he performed until 1859, when he rejoined his regiment and served at Fortress Monroe in the Artillery School for practice, and as Recorder of the Board to revise the programme of Instruction at the Military Academy. At the termination of this duty he rejoined his regiment then at Baton Rouge, Louisiaina, and was afterwards on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and subsequently commanded a Battery of Light Artillery at Wash- ington, D. C. The breaking out of the Civil War furnished at once a wider field for his peculiar abilities and usefulness. He was appointed a Colonel of Staff and Additional Aid-de-Camp, and became Chief of Staff to Major-General Irvin McDowell, commanding the Eastern District of Virginia, from May 28th to July 27th, 1861, participating in the Manassas Campaign and Battle of Bull Run. On the 12th of November, he was appointed Chief of Staff to Major-General Don Carlos Buell, while in command' of the Department of Ohio. In this position he took the field with that officer, marching from the Ohio river to Nashville and Pitts- burg Landing, Tennessee, and was in the Battle of Shiloh, the Siege of Corinth, and the operations in North Alabama. In April, 1862, he was appointed Major and Assistant Adjutant-General, and subsequently Lieutenant-Colonel in that Department. On March 17th, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and Provost- Marshal General, in which position his great abilities manifested themselves in a prominent degree. The War of the Rebellion had reached that stage when its great magnitude became apparent to the Nation and to the World. The enthusiasm of patriotism had been dampened by the calamities and disasters of a prolonged. and desperate struggle; the regiments in the field were decimated and more than decimated by disease and death. Those elements of the social life of the country from which the Volunteer forces had sprung were well nigh exhausted. In this condition of things it became absolutely necessary to resort to conscription, and a draft

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was ordered upon the able bodied men of the country. This was the supreme crisis. For the first time the whole people of the country were brought face to face with their responsibilities as citizens and without distinction were called upon to take their places in the ranks of their country's defenders. A violent opposition at once manifested itself, which broke out into open and hostile demonstrations. The dregs of society, united with the assassin and the incendiary, led on in many instances by the emissaries of sedition from the rebel camps, to create a wide-spread disaffection. It required a master hand to meet this terrible emergency; a cool, determined, fearless organizer, with the highest order of intellectual force, and the clearest insight into all the intricacies of the situation, to create and direct the machinery in all its details and ramifications that was to supply the millions of recruits, arrest the volume of desertions, and, through the agency of substitution, to add to the funds of the treasury. The man for the hour was found in General Fry. Impartial history, that comes only through the lapse of time, will dwell long and generously over this part of General Fry's conspicuous career. From the time he was made Provost-Mar- shall General, with headquarters at the National Capital, March 17th, 1863, to the time of the abolition of that important office, Aug. 30, 1866, General Fry put into the army 1,120,000 recruits, arrested 76,000 deserters, collected $26,300,000, and made an exact enrollment of the National forces-a herculean task, performed with the energy of a hero. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted Major-General for faithful, meritorious and distinguished services. Later on he was Adjutant-General of the Divis- ion of "the Pacific" from 1866 to 1869; of the Division of "the South" from 1869 to 1871; of "the Missouri" from 1871 to 1873; and of "the Atlantic" from 1873 to 1881, when he was retired at his own request and became a resident and citizen of the city of New York. From that time to almost the day of his death he devoted himself assiduously to literary pursuits princi- pally connected with the profession of arms, to which he had devoted his life and energies, and in which he had become illus-

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trious. He published many interesting and useful works, among them a " Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department of the United States Army from 1815 to 1875," "History and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States from their origin in 1692 to, the Present Time," "Army Inspections," "McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run," "Operations of the Army under Buell," " New York and Conscrip- tion," "Military Miscellany," &c. General Buell, with whom he served, as Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff in all the great battles of the Kentucky campaign, and whose relations with him were closer than any other with whom he served, tells of "his admirable character and professional qualifications, his manly, unaffected deportment, his clear head and calm temper, his absolute freedom from every sort of selfishness or self-seeking, his willing and untiring devotion to duty in all its personal and official relations, and the unfailing facility with which he fulfilled every demand of his laborious position," and adds: " Loyal- ty!-(what public or private virtue is there which the term does not imply?) Loyalty! in the broadest sense consistent with honor was the leading trait of his character." To this let the Class, whose motto was " Nous nous Souttenon," join its tenderest senti- ments of love and affection ! E. L. V.

Graduating in July, 1847, Fry was appointed a Brevet Second Lieutenant in the First Artillery, and spent the closing year of the Mexican War on General Scott's line. Seven years were spent at various posts in Oregon, Texas, Louisiana and Mississip- pi, and six at the Military Academy-first as instructor of artillery (one year) and then as Adjutant of the Military Academy (five years). The advent of our great civil war created at once a demand for just such talent as Lieutenant Fry possessed in a high degree, and he rose rapidly upon the flood tide of war. Appointed early in 1861 to the Adjutant-General's Department, he was detailed on the staff of General McDowell and accompanied that officer:

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through the campaign which terminated in the disaster of the first Bull Run. Joining Major-General Buell in the fall of 1861, he served for a year with that officer, participating in all the great battles of the Kentucky campaign, winning from his chief the very highest commendation. General Buell in a private letter speaks of "his admirable character and professional qualifications; his manly, unaffected deportment, his clear head and calm temper, his absolute freedom from every sort of selfishness or self-seeking, his willing and untiring devotion to duty in all its personal and official relations, and the unfailing facility with which he fulfilled every demand of his laborious position," and adds, " Loyalty, (what public or private. virtue is there which the term does not imply?), loyalty in the broadest sense consistent with honor, was a leading trait in his character." The fall of 1862 found Fry on duty in Washington as Colonel on the Staff, and the following spring he was appointed Provost-Marshal of the United States. A year later his rank was increased to that of Brigadier-General. This appointment was one that called for not only the hard- est kindlof work, but the exercise of the largest amount of skill, judgment and discretion. The draft, of which the Provost Mar- shal had charge, was very unpopular. Men do not like to be forced to do what they should do voluntarily. The enormous bounties, the regulating of quotas to be furnished by various States and localities, the herculean efforts to fill quotas and avoid the draft by which men who did not want to go to war would be forced to go, the system of hiring substitutes by means of which the rich and unpatriotic were enabled to send the poor and needy into the field to be shot-all these questions were commingled and came up to the Provost Marshal General's office to be straightened out, met and settled by a " mere soldier," who soonl became aware of the fact that every unprincipled scoundrel not only outside, but inside the Bureau was in a mad race for money- getting, fully appreciating how lenient the people would be- towards those who caused the ranks of our armies to be filled,. though they themselves filled their pockets with blood-money at

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ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895. 21

the same time. But with all these complicated questions mixed up with the affairs of the Provost-Marshal General's Department, it was soon developed that there was an element still to be considered, destined to produce more trouble than all the other causes put together, and this element was the political one. This overshadowed all others. In the chemical world when two substances are held in a common solution, if another substance, with affinity for the one and repulsion for the other of those, is added, a revolution takes place and the two original substances are forced asunder. In the political world a similar revolution was now to take place, and the Provost-Marshal of the United States was destined to be the foreign element to precipitate this revolution, bring to a violent rupture the internal harmony of a great political party, and even change the complexion of its administration of the National Government. In the dominant political party of the country two great leaders strove for the mastery. It was only a question of time and opportunity when these two men were destined to break into open hostility. The time finally came at the close of the civil war. and the opportunity was furnished by the Military Commit- tee of the House incorporating in a bill for the reorganization of the army a proposition to retain in the regular establishment the Provost-Marshal's Department with, presumably, General Fry at its head. In the administration of the duties of his office Fry had come into serious conflict with Mr. Conkling, and in oppos- ing the proposed legislation, Conkling made a virulent attack upon the Bureau as administered during the war, and personally upon its head, General Fry. The other leader, Mr. Blaine, as a member of the Military Committee reporting the bill, advocated the proposed legislation and defended Fry. At once the whole flood-gates of vituperation and vindictiveness between these leaders were opened, and a rent was made which never thereafter was closed during the life time of the contestants. The hostile elements were rent asunder, and the innocent immediate cause of the separation was con-

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dem'ned by a committee report which took sides with Mr. Conk- ling. Fry, in a letter to Mr. Blaine thanking him for coming to his defence in a place where he could not defend himself, took occasion, whilst defending himself against Mr. Conkling's charges (which were of the gravest character), to give his side of the points presented in the House of Representatives, and Mr. Blaine, with the consent of the House, had the letter read from the clerk's desk. This raised a still worse storm, widened the party breach, and Fry lost in the struggle everything but his self- respect and the confidence and respect of the War Department. The soldier in his efforts towards a fair, honest administration of the laws, had come in conflict with the politicians and was worsted. More than a quarter of a century afterwards and only a year previous to his death, General Fry published in book form, for distribution to his friends, a full account of the controversy, pre- faced by the quotation: "When men cease to complain of injustice, it is as if they sullenly confessed that God is dead." General Fry, perfectly honest himself, proud of his record both before and after he became Provost-Marshal General, was stung to the quick by the charges brought so prominently before the country, not only regarding the corruptions and abuses existing in the Bureau, but against himself personally. The sting was all the more bitter when the Committee to which the matter was referred made its report " as to one branch of their investigation" (it never made any report on the other branch) and that report was adopted by the House with only four dissenting voices. The investigation made by the committee was a burlesque. Its report was a farce. It did not investigate frauds in the Pro- vost-Marshal's Bureau and made no report on the subject. With a semblance of investigation, it declared Mr. Conkling guiltless of all the charges against him ; that all Fry's statements were false; that he was guilty of a gross violation of the privileges of the House in his letter, read by unanimous consent; and said nothing of Mr. Blaine in regard to the violation of anything.

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A short time before his death, I spent several hours on two successive days in conversation with General Fry at his house at Newport, Rhode Island. Although suffering from physical disa- bility, his mental powers were as bright and clear as ever. His talk on current topics was interesting, intelligent and free. I can recall no allusion during those conversations to the Congres- sional discussion to which I have referred, but one remark he made I have since thought might have had reference to that subject. We were talking of the controversies that had arisen since the war, and he said with some feeling, he had often thought that charges or imputations made against public officers ought always to be met and answered at the time. He died at Newport on the 11 day of July, 1894, leaving a record for honest, faithful, untiring devotion to duty, well worthy of emulation by his brother graduates and all patriotic Amer- icans. J. G.

GEORGE T. T. PATTERSON. No. 2447. CLASS OF 1872. Died, August 14, 1894, at Newburyport, Mass., aged 46.

CAPTAIN GEORGE T. T. PATTERSON, Fourteenth United States Infantry, was born at Antrim, Guernsey County, Ohio, February 16, 1848. At the early age of 15 he enlisted in the Ohio Light Artillery, July 6, 1863, and served with his command in all the campaigns in which it was engaged, until he was honorably discharged at the close of the war. He entered the United States Military Academy as a cadet, July 1, 1868, and upon graduating, June 14, 1872, was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Fourteenth Infantry, was promoted in the same regiment to a first lieutenant March 15, 1883, and to a captain October 14, 1892. While a cadet he was a corporal, sergeant, lieutenant, hop manager for his class, and "turned out" as cadet lieutenant in

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charge of new cadets. In all of these positions, as well as in unofficial intercourse, he maintained an unusual popularity, not because he studied to attain it, but from his natural characteristics. He had a genial disposition, a handsome face, and graceful figure. He combined conscientious firmness with pleasing manners, could give a report without giving offense, and could "set up" a new cadet without humiliating him or exciting his indignation. He was a loyal friend, his classmates loved him, and the whole corps respected him, and this cadet character seems to fairly represent that of his life. He shared the hardships and fortunes of his regiment for twenty-two years, and for more than seven years performed the responsible duties of regimental quartermaster, in which position he rendered valuable service to the government, and displayed marked ability. His record as a soldier throughout is without blemish, and whatever came to him in the way of duty was performed zealously, faithfully and efficiently. He died of Bright's disease while on sick leave of absence; and his colonel thus speaks of him in orders: "He endeared him self to the officers and men of his regiment by his manly, upright qualities and his devotion to duty." No better eulogy can be given in these days of peace. It covers the possibilities of service, although they were much greater to those graduates so fortunate as to have received their commissions a decade earlier. H. E. TUTHERLY, Classmate.

ERNEST S. ROBINS.

No. 3048. CLASS OF 1884. Died August 18, 1894, at Plattsburg, N. Y., aged 32. Lieutenant Robins was born in Indiana, and appointed to West Point from the same State in 1880. Upon graduation he was assigned to the Third Cavalry. He served with his regiment

P8 II A l

GENERAL GEORGE STONEMAN. - 9 g II , _ _ I 1 I -a~ 111 A.NNUAL REUNION, JUNE. 1oth, 1895.

in Kansas and Colorado, being at the Leavenworth School from 1887 to 1889. He became a First Lieutenant in 1891, but poor health prevented further active service. Efforts were made to obtain from classmates a more extended obituary, but without success. SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION.

GEORGE STONEMAN. No. 1304. CLASS OF 1846. Died, September 6, 1894, at Buffalo, N. Y., aged 72.

MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE STOkEMAN, United States Volun- teers, retired Colonel United States Army, and ex-Governor of California, was born August 8th, 1822. The progenitor of General George Stoneman's family in this country was Richard Stoneman, of the Anglo Saxon family of that name, established near Exeter, England. Of two brothers, George and Richard, the eider, an officer in the British service, was killed in the battle of the Nile. Richard, soon after our Revolutionary War, left his native land forever, and sought a home in the town of New Berlin, New York, where hle married Miss Mary Perkins, whose family had about the same time moved in from Rhode Island. These were the days when New England people were looking westward for their future homes. George, the oldest son, and father of the future General, upon reaching his majority went to Chatauqua County, where he permanently settled in the town of Busti, near Jamestown. His marriage, soon after, to Miss Catherine Cheney, proved a fruitful and happy one. Ten children were born, George, the subject of these memorial lines, having been the senior. Of these children, eight grew up and became heads of families. Catherine, the youngest, who has kindly furnished important material for this paper, is the

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wife ot 5Mr. Benjamin H. Williams, a prominent citizen of Buf- falo, at whose house General Stoneman died. Mr. Stoneman was one of the pioneers of Chatauqua County, and in subduing the wilderness suffered the privations and hardships incident to the early settler's life. George, in growing up, assisted his father in the various occupations of farming, lumber- ing, &c., &c., which settlers must turn their hands to in order to get ahead. When attending school at the Jamestown Academy he was a successful competitor for the vacant cadetship then existing at West Point, and the appointment was accordingly presented to him by the Honorable Staly N. Clarke, the member of Congress from that district. . . George Stoneman entered the Military Academy on July 1st, 18-t2, where as a cadet he passed an uneventful four years; being esteemed by his personal associates as a generous-hearted, whole- souled companion. One of his class friends was T. J. (Stonewall) ("Old Jack") Jackson. They were 'a good deal alike in some respects, and very different in others. Both had unobtrusive meditative dispositions, not putting themselves forward, rather thinkers than talkers, and never saying a word that would wound a comrade's feeling. Stoneman was not ascetic, or, perhaps, puritanical, like his friend, but had social ways which endeared him to his associates, while Cadet Jackson was restrained more and did not much seek after' companionship, or unbosom himself to his comrades; nevertheless, his smile of recognition was so gracious that one's heart went out to him. Our country was at war with Mexico when the class of 1846 graduated, and Brevet Second Lieutenant Stoneman, of the First Dragoons, began his active field career, by joining a column at Fort Leavenworth, which marched across the continent to Cali- fornia, where he assisted in securing to the United States that splendid domain, of which afterwards its people, in recognition of his services, and distinguished character, elected him to the chief magistracy of the State.

-I I -I I- ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895. 27 Lieutenant Stoneman remained on frontier duty for nine years, when he was promoted to a Captaincy of the Second Cavalry in Texas, 1855 ; having acquired during this period of service the reputation of being a highly accomplished officer of the Cavalry service. "ST. PAUL, December 7th, 1894. DEAR GENERA.L:--My acquaintance with Stoneman began in 1855, he as Captain and I as First Lieutenant in the Second Cavalry (now Fifth). He was a fine soldier, strict in discipline and exemplary in habits. Our Regi- ment was stationed in Texas, and had to carry on war with Indians. When he went out on expeditions against them he showed great activity, and was very generally successful in overtaking and punishing them. He took great interest in his Company, and strived to make it the most efficient one in the Regiment. During the late war, as General, he was ever at the front, and no officer did better or more faithful. earnest, energetic work. After the war he was married, and on his way to command his department he and his wife were guests of myself and wife. In his married relations he seemed to be perfectly happy. Stoneman was always a favorite of mine. He affected a brusque exterior, but there pulsated within his manly breast a heart as warm as ever beat in the bosom of anyone. He was noble and generous to a fault. His purse was ever open to aid the needy and suffering, and his sympathy went out to all in distress. He was not a church member, but his conduct showed him to possess many, very many of the Christian virtues. I regarded him as a model soldier and gentleman, with a great love for the good and an equal abhorrence for all that was bad and immoral. Very truly, R. W. JOHNSON, To Maj.-Gen. D. N. Couch, Bvt. Maj.-Gen. U. S. A. Norwalk, Conn."

"WAsmINGTON, November 21st, 1894., From General R. Williams, U. S. A., to General Henry Heth. "GENERAL:-Your letter of the 12th, asking if I can aid General Couch in giving him some items of Stoneman's life in the Cavalry-my ill health prevents from fully answering-I do know that when he belonged to the Regiment, (First Dragoons,) he was universally respected by all its Officers, and indeed I may say with truth, was the most popular officer in it."

Mr. J.'C. L. Wadsworth, of Los Angeles, 1847-48. "Lieutenant Stoneman was an universal favorite with all of the officers, and likewise beloved by the private soldiers at Los Angeles; as instancep when a detachment was ordered out for scouting or other purposes, the men all wanted to go if Lieutenant Stoneman was in command."

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28 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895.

At the breaking out of the Rebellion Captain, Stoneman escaped from Southern Texas with a portion of his Company on a steamer for New York. Having become a Major of the First Cavalry, he was called to Washington to aid in defending that city from the Southern people ; from which time every thought and action of his, was given to the preservation of the Union during the bloody four years of war which followed. General McClellan in the West Virginia Campaign, had Major Stoneman on his staff, and during that service became so impressed with his active intelligence, that he made him the organizer and commander of the Cavalry of the Army at Wash- ington, in which duty he became Brigadier-General of Volunteers August 13, 1861.

"General Stoneman encountered and overcame, as far as it was possible continued and vexatious obstacles arising from the great deficiency of Cavalry arms and equipments, and the entire inefficiency of many of the first regimental officers appointed. General McClellan's Report, &c., &c.

On the Peninsula in 1862, Brigadier-General Stoneman opened the battle of Williamsburg with his Cavalry, and during the advance upon Richmond continued on the front and right flanks of the army, having under every circumstance the full confidence of the Commanding General. After the second battle of Bull Run, Stoneman was appointed to the command of Kearney's old division, and succeeded Heintsleman to the head of the Third Army Corps in November following; when on the 29th of the same month he was promoted to the ranks of Major-General of Volunteers and took part in the battle of Fredricksburg, December 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th, 1862. In the Spring of 1863, General Hooker who commanded the Army of the Potomac planned his memorable campaign, now known as the Battle of Chancellorsville. He first ordered Stoneman who commanded his cavalry, ten thousand strong, to commence active operations by throwing that force between Lee and Richmond.

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"Destroying along your route, railroads, bridges, trains, cars, depots of provisions." * * * * * * * * "As the line of the Railroad from Aquia to Richmond presents the shortest one for the enemy to retire on, it is more than probable that the enemy may avail himself of it, and the usually traveled highway, on each side of it, for this purpose, in which event you will select the strongest portions such as the banks of streams, commanding heights, etc., in order to check or prevent it, and if successful you will fall upon his flanks, attack his artillery and trains, and harass and delay him until he is exhausted and out of supplies. Moments of delay will be hours and days to the Army in pursuit." * * * * * * * * * You may rely upon the General being in connection with you before ycur supplies, (six days,) are exhausted." General Hooker's Orders, April 12th, 1863. The purport of these instructions was, that Lee would retreat towards Richmond and that Stoneman must do all in his power to aid in his destruction. About the same time that Stoneman started on the raid, General Hooker by a brilliant movement turned the left flank of the enemy and occupied Chancellorsville. Stoneman being cognizant of this manceuvre had no time to loose and acted with vigor. The following extracts are taken from the Report of Major- General George Stoneman to the Commanding General:

"After crossing the River I assembled the Division and Brigade Com- manders, spread our maps, and had a thorough understanding of what we were to do, and where each was to go." * * * * * "It was a source of the greatest satisfaction and encouragement to me to see with what eagerness and zeal every one entered into the accom- plishment of his appointed task." * * * * * *

On May 2d, Stoneman had concentrated his force of 3,500 men on the South Anna, 12 miles from the James, the balance of his original force having been recalled by the Commanding General. * '* .X *

" I gave the Regimental Commanders to understand that we had dropped into that region of country like a shell, and that I intended to burst it in every direction, expecting that each piece or fragment. would do as much harm

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ana create as much terror, as would result from senting the whole shell, and thus magnify our small force into overwhelming numberst; and the results of this plan satisfied my most sanguine expectations." * * * " The six days had now expired." * * * * * "To take the enemy by surprise and penetrate his country was easy enough, to withdraw from it was a more difficult matter." "To sum up the results of our operations, we moved in the direction of Racoon Ford and Louisa Court House, and instead of finding a small provost guard at Gordonsville, we found there a strong force of all arms. We destroyed along the Railroad (Virginia Central,) from Gordonsville eastward, all the railroad bridges, trains, cars, depots of provisions, lines of telegraphic communications, &c., for 18 miles, and from there we moved by forced marches to strike and destroy the line of the Aquia and Richmond Railroad, which, as the accompanying reports will show, was effcctually done, and which destruction, according to the Richmond papers, was not repaired and communications opened six days afterward." "The desire of the Commanding General, that I should 'understand that he considers the primary object of your (my) movement the cutting of the enemy's communication with Richmond by the Fredericksburg route, checking his retreat over those lines, and he wishes to make everything subservient to that object,' was fully complied with and carried out, as not only the railroad bridges on the two railroads leading out from Richmond northward were destroyed, but all the road bridges across the South Anna and several across the North Anna were completely destroyed, placing a ditch, fordable only in a very few places, between the enemy and Richmond. Had not my force been divided, and had I been permitted to take with me the whole command with which I started, or had not General Averill been recalled, and had he formed a junction with me, as was to be expected, I could have detached a force to Charlottesville, which is almost unguarded, and destroyed the depot of supplies said to be there." * * *

CAMP NEAR FALMOUTH, VA., May 6th, 1863. "The Major-General commanding tenders to his Army congratulations in its achievements of the last seven days." * * * * * "We have destroyed (his,) the enemy's depots-(Stoneman's Raid,) filled with vast amounts of stores, deranged his communications, captured prisoners within the fortifications of his Capital, and filled his country with fear and consternation." By command of S. WILLIAMNS, MAJOR-GENERAL HOOKER. A. A. G.

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"Not one of the least valuable, among other results of this expedition, is.the influence it had upon the Cavalry arm of the service, both in showing us what we are able to accomplish, if we but have the opportunity, and in convincing the country that it has not spent its men and money in vain in our organization." GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR, December 11th, 1894. 4 * * * "I rode with Stoneman as a member of his Staff in his Raid towards Richmond during the Chancellorsville campaign, in which he displayed those qualities of energy, ability and fortitude, (for he was at that time a great sufferer from hemorrhoids,) which in my judgment were marked characteristics of the man." * * * CHARLES G. SAWTELLE, Dep. Q. M. General.

Major-General Stoneman was assigned to the command of the Twenty-Third Army Corps in January, 1864, and to the Cavalry Corps of the Department of the Ohio, in April of the same year; being engaged in many reconnoisances and contests during the Atlanta Campaign until July 31st, 1864. STONEMAN 'S MACON AND ANDERSOXVILLE RAID. In General Sherman's operations at this time, he laid plans for an effective raid upon Macon, and at the suggestion of Stoneman, its leader, to afterwards move upon Andersonville and to release the Union prisoners held there. General Garrard with the largest part of- the command was, by General Sherman ordered to remain behind; when near Macon, General Stoneman found himself enveloped in a net work of cavalry, infantry and militia in- such numbers as to compel him to fight his way back to the Army; partially failing in this, he was taken prisoner sword in hand, with a few determined followers, after making heroic and successful efforts to cover the retreat of the largest portion of his command. The withdrawal of Garrard's Division, which Stoneman had counted upon as a part of his force to clean out all opposition between himself and Andersonville, was but a repetition of the diversion of Averill by Hooker at Chancellorsville. General Sherman at best was not given to complimenting

K-K IJ- -I' .I- 32 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895. his Cavalry, but rather the praises of this grand General went to his Infantry Brigades, those almost matchless warriors, who began a march at Chattanooga, which encircled Savannah and only terminated at Washington. General Sherman did not conceal his vexation at the untoward results of the expedition, nor did he take upon himself any blame for having underestimated Hood's capabilities of assembling what we now know .was a force under that active Confederate Chief of Cavalry, Major-General Joseph Wheeler, which came very near annihilating Stoneman's 2,000 men. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Washington, 1891. General Sherman states in his Memoirs that General Stone- man had not obeyed his orders to attack the Railroad first before going to Macon and Andersonville. Latitude must be left with the Commander of a Raiding Expedition, possibly there being no bridges over the Ocmulgee may explain the apparent disregard of instructions.

"At Monticello, July 28th, in the evening, the General (Stoneman) received the first intimation that there were no Bridges over the Ocmulgee river. His information, and on which his movements were based, was that there were three Bridges North of Macon over this river. His plan was now changed." Desperate efforts were made from sunrise of 31st until 12 M. to break through their lines. The men were nearly out of ammunition, and fatigued almost beyond endurance. The General (Stoneman) was much broken down at the thought of a surrender; he seemed to have but little regard for lhis own personal safety, if he could only save his command; he was not in the whole day scarcely from under the severest fire of the enemy." Report MAJOR H. ToMPKINS, Provost Marshal, Stoneman Corps Staff. Marietta, Ga., August 12th, 1864.

HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, D. C., November 19th, 1891. "Stoneman and his Cavalry were part of my command, Army of the Ohio, although acting directly under Sherman at the time of the raid in which Stoneman was captured. As the capture included a considerable part of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Ohio, there was not in the -I, -~PI(CGK----ls~-ar~s~r~· 'Urm-- ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10oh, 1895. 33

field remaining any appropriate command for Stoneman, and it was mainly to show my appreciation of his merits, notwithstanding his misfortune, that I sent him to represent me at Headquarters of the Depart- ment. This was done with General Sherman's concurrence. Yours very truly, J. M. SCHrOFIELD, (Lieut.-G en'l.)

From Major-General 0. 0. Howard. PORTLAND, OREGON, December 14th, 1894. "Yes, I often have much to say favorable to Stoneman. He did his duty well, and was most helpful in taking care of our flanks or clearing the way before us during Sherman's entire Spring Campaign of 1864. Stoneman at that time and all during the war was suffering from serious attacks (of hemorrhoids) that should have kept him from the fieldt, certainly from an independent Cavalry command. But he was noble and patriotic in heart." 0. 0. HOWARD, Major-General, U. S. A. Retired.

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., October 26th, 1894. To General Couch: "My recollection is that the general impression was as to the surrender by General Stoneman, that there was little chance that he could extricate his command, or any considerable portion of it." T. H. RUGER, Maj.-Gen'l, U. S. A. Army of Ohio.

MACON, GEORGIA, August 6th, 1864. (Through the medium of a flag of truce to General Sherman.) "GENERAL :-In regard to operations of my command from the time I left the Army up to the time I turned back near this place, I will only say, that I feel assured, when you know what was done and why it was done, you will be satisfied with reasons and results. All I wish to say now through the medium of a flag of truce, is solely in regard to how I and a small portion of my command became Prisoners of War. Before I had completed what I desired to accomplish, I learned that a force of the enemy's Cavalry was close upon my rear, and the only course for me to pursue and get out was to turn upon and if possible, whip this force. This I think we might have done had my command fought as it ought to and as I

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hoped it would have done. Without entering now into particulars we were whipped, so that near the end of the day I found myself with about 200 of the Fifth Indiana Cavalry and the Section of Artillery. I insisted on con- tinuing the contest, and if taken prisoners at all, upon being taken fighting, b it the Officers with me protested that being without ammunition and surrounded, our escape was next to impossible; that there was no use of fighting longer; that we had accomplished our object in covering the retreat of the rest of the command until it was well under way, and that in justice to all concerned we should surrender. My own horse had been shot under me and I was scarcely able to mount the worn down one, and the only one I could find to replace the one I had lost. I feel better satisfied with myself to be a prisoner of war, much as I hate it, than to be among those who owe their escape to considerations of self-preservation." GEORGE STONEMAN, Major-General U. S. A., Prisoner of War.

The unexpected reverses of General Stoneman's Macon Raid, apparently did not at all lessen his appreciation by Lieutenant- General Grant, who had a wonderful level head in estimating the military qualifications of his Lieutenants. General Grant wrote: (Report, July 22d, 1865.)

"General Stoneman concentrated the commands of Generals Burbridge and Gillem near Bean's Station to operate against Breckenridge, capturing and destroying the enemy's forces wherever he met them, the Salt Works at Saltville, Artillery, &c."

Following are extracts from General Grant's personal letter of Instructions to General Thomas:

" CITY POINT, VA., January 31st, 1865. To Major-General George H. Thomas, Commanding Army of the Cumberland * * * * I think, however, an expedition from East Tennessee, under General Stoneman might penetrate South Carolina, well down towards Columbia, destroying the Railroad and Military resources of the country, thus visiting a portion of the State which will not be reached by Sherman's forces. He might also be able to return to East Tennessee by way of Salisbury, North Carolina, thus releasing some of our Prisoners of War in rebel hands." "Of the practicability of doing this, General Stoneman will have to be the judge." * * * * * * * * *

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"You may order such an expedition. To save time I will send a copy of this to General Stoneman, so that he can begin his preparations without loss of time, and can commence his correspondence with you as to these preparations." "As this expedition goes to destroy and not to fight battles, but to avoid them when practicable, particularly against anything like equal forces, or where a great object is to be gained, it should go as light as possible. Stoneman's experience in raiding will teach him in this matter better than he can be directed." "Let there be no delay in the preparations for this Expedition, and keep me advised of its progress." Very respectfully your obedient servant, U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General.

The success of this Expedition, which had been projected by the Lieutenant-General with so much confidence in the capacity of its leader, was one of the finishing strokes of a War wherein General Stoneman had filled with capability more positions of trust perhaps than any other general officer engaged. During the excitement and bitterness of the re-construction period at Washington, President Johnson had a warm friend in General Stoneman, who sympathized with the Chief Executive in the leniency and forbearance which he extended to the Southern people. After the war, General Stoneman commanded different Departments and Districts until 1871, when he was retired as Colonel of the Twenty-First Infantry and Major-General of Volunteers, and settled on a fine Ranch, near Los Angeles, California, where among his vines and groves he lived a quiet life until 1882, he was elected by his party Rail Road Commissioner, and in 1883 Democratic Governor of the State by a large majority.

"While on duty at Los Angeles, 1847-48, Lieutenant Stoneman became a great admirer of a beautiful situation, some 8 or 9 miles distant from the Post, called El Monte, saying, that if he was ever in a position to purchase it he should do so and make it his home, which he did in after years." J. C. L. WADSWORTH.

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IN MEMORIAM -GENERAL GEORGE STONEMAN. (Extract.) * *,< * * * * * * * "He was of a most genial and sociable disposition and his memory will always be honored in California. General Stoneman was one of the earliest Companions of the Loyal Legion, and he proudly wore Insignia No. 30, having been elected a Com- panion of the First Class in the Commandery of Pennsylvania, October 4th, 1865. He was No. 166 in this Commandery, having been transferred to California, Jannary 4th, 1883. Another of our old Commanders of 1861-65 has gone to his well-earned rest, ripe in years and of unsullied reputation; for many years past he has been a great sufferer from disease contracted during the War and to him death was a welcome release. We drop a tear upon his grave as we mourn the passing away of a gallant soldier and good man. We sympathize deeply with his bereaved family and relatives; the consciousness of his great services to his country must be their consolation." THE COMMANDERY OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. W. R. SMEDBERG, Bvt-Lieut-Col., U. S. A. Recorder.

Upon the death of General Stoneman in Buffalo, the people of that city mourned the loss of one so noble and patriotic, while columns of State Troops drooped their colors in unison with those of the' United States forces, in respect for the body which had contained the immortal spirit of Major-General George Stoneman. DARIus N. COUCH, Major-General.

THOMAS TURTLE.

No. 2159. CLASS OF 1867. Died, September 18, 1894, at Washington, D. C., aged 50.

THOMAS TURTLE was born in Ireland, April 7, 1844, appointed a cadet at West Point in 1863, graduated 1867 fourth in a class of

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63 members. His parents were of moderate means, and his early advantages were only those he could obtain in the district schools at his home in Massachusetts. That he made the most of these opportunities is shown by the fact that he early established a reputation as a scholar that came to the notice of his Congress- man, who offered him the appointment at West Point, an offer he gladly accepted. ' At West Point his innate dignity and manliness soon made him a great favorite. and in his studies he took and maintained a standing near the head of his class; this in spite of the lack of early advantages that many of his classmates had enjoyed. At his graduation he was appointed in the Corps of Engin- eers, where his marked ability, his high sense of duty, his habit of giving his personal attention and careful study to every detail of his work, quickly established for him a high reputation, and was followed by his selection for important and responsible work. The Army and Navy Journal published the following tribute to his memory, with a detail of his service after graduation: "Major Thomas Turtle, Engineer Corps, died at his residence, 2108 G street, Washington, D. C., September 18. The news of his death was a great shock to his many friends, as it was not generally known that he was sick. He was a strong, robust man, and was supposed to be in the best of health. He was at the War Department attending to his duties as usual up to last Friday. That day he told his associates that he was not feeling well. He went home, and sank rapidly until death ended his suf- ferings early Tuesday morning. His death is attributed to peri- tonitis. He leaves a wife and three children, all of whom were with him at his last moments. Major Turtle was an engineer officer of superior ability, and his death is a serious loss to the Army. He was a most genial, companionable man, and had a host of friends. He was a native of Ireland, and was born April 7, 1844. He was appointed to the Military Academy from Mas- sachusetts,,and graduated fourth in his class in 1867. He was promoted to be a Captain in 1881, and was promoted a Major about a year ago. During his service he has been stationed in

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nearly every section of the country. At different times he has been in charge of the defenses of Washington and Baltimore, of Forts Jefferson and Taylor, in Florida, of river improvements in Southeastern Texas, of the harbors about New Orleans, and from March, 1885, to April 1887, he was Secretary and Disbursing Officer of the Mississippi River Commission. Since April 9, 1887, he has been stationed at the War Department, serving as Dis- bursing Officer in the office of the Chief of Engineers, a member of the United States Board on Geographic Names, and was a member of the Board of Engineer Officers to report on a dam in the Alleghelny river below Hern's Island. Major Turtle was one of the best representatives in the military service of those qualities which have given our Engineer uorps an internationail reputation for fidelity and efficiency. No officer in the Corps was held in higher esteem. He was so thoroughly devoted to professional work that he was never quite content with his position as an assistant in the-office of the Chief of Engineers, and his presence there was due rather to the wishes of his chief than to his own choice of work. At one time he was suggested for Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia, but the suggestion never met with favor from him. He had no interests or ambi- tions beyond the strict line of professional work, except as they related to the little family, to which he gave the zealous devotion of a loving and faithful husband and a tender and judicious par- ent. His home life was an ideal one, and the change his death makes in that family circle, of which he was the pride and hope, can only be realized by those who knew him and them. Mrs. Turtle was the daughter of the late Martin Lewis, of Baltimore, who for many years represented the Danish Government at that port as its Consul. To his children Major Turtle leaves the price- less inheritance of an honored name, one that will always be asso- l.iated with fidelity to duty and the highest principles of manly obligation." The ffWa.'hington Star also published the following touching picture of him as he appeared to his friends at the time of his death:

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*'IN MEMORI.P]M. TURTLE. The memory of our deceased friend, Major Thomas Turtle, merits a fuller tribute than the mere date of his birth and death and the various ranks he attained in his profession as an engineer and officer of the Army of the United States. Awaiting an ampler record, a few thoughts are offered. It is true that as an engineer he was a man of distinguished ability, having been mentioned in connection with the post of Engineer Commissioner of the District, which, however, from his innate modesty and dis- like of display, he gave early notice that he would on no account accept if tendered to him. But, while shrinking from public notoriety, he had the highest appreciation of the dignity and privilege of his chosen profession. Duty was the watchword of his life, and an invincible and intelligent purpose, as he saw the right, was his guiding star that enabled him to overcome all obstacles and enter West Point, to graduate from it with high honor, and to make a record of his life as a United States soldier that will long remain an incentive to those who follow the same career. The perfect symmetry of a character is formed by hidden steady growth and is revealed in absolute sincerity, purity of life, and complete self-effacement. The superficial observer may see in these virtues only the gracious endowment of nature, but a deeper student feels the force of a strong will holding our friend steadfast from boyhood to the highest ideals, and re.straining even the natural expression of indignation toward all injustice, deliver- ing him from prejudice and lifting him into the clear, high atmosphere of charity and tolerance. So it was in the quiet walks of life, the domestic circle, the daily routine of duty as a citizen, a husband, father and friend (an unviritten history save in the hearts and memory of those who knew and loved him), that the name and character of Thomas Turtle will long survive as a beautiful remembrance. Though fifty years of age, he seemed so young, so full of strength and usefulness, his laugh was so genial, his intelligence so bright, his appreciation of the humorous so keen, and his de- ~.1 -.3 40 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895.

parture so sudden, it seemed as if a guest lhad just 'left the social circle, with his voice and his retreating steps still ringing in our ears, when the messenger of death met him outside the door and bore him away. As a tribute to the true Christian soldier, the trustworthy citizen, and the loyal friend, we lay this wreath upon his grave. WASHINGTON FRIENDS." Major Turtle was buried at the Arlington Cemetery, a place selected by himself for his final resting place. C. P. MILLER.

PHILIP M. PRICE.

No. 2276. CLASS OF 1869. Died, October 4, 1894, at Fort Monroe, Virginia, aged 46.

CAPTAIN PHILIP M. PRICE, Corps of Engineers, Engineer Secretary of the Light House Board, died after an illness of a few hours. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa., November 27th, 1848, his father being a prominent business man, and his uncle, Eli K. Price, a much esteemed lawyer of that city. The family was of Quaker origin, the first Philip Price being one of a number of Welsh Quakers who settled near Philadelphia in 1668. Captain Price's early schooling was at Trenton, N. J., under the well known teacher Samuel Backus, and later at a military school at Westchester, Pa. Still later, for a time, he attended school at Hartford, Conn., preparing for Yale College under the care of his father's friend Mr. Charles Dudley Warner. It was here that he became imbued with an ardent desire for a military life, and obtaining an appointment, he entered the Military Academy in June, 1865, when only a few months over 16 years of age. He was graduated, June 15th, 1869, fourth in his class, and was assigned to the Second Artillery, where he remained until June 10th, 1872, when he was transferred to the Corps of

I 1, _, i CAPTAIN PHILIP M. PRICE.

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Engineers. While in the Artillery he served with the Light Battery of his Regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas, until December, 1870. He was Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point, from January, 1871, to August, 1872. From this time until June, 1874, he served with the Engineer Battalion at Willett's Point, N. Y. After this he performed valuable service in connection with the surveys west of the 100th Meridian, and of the Northern Lakes and the Mississippi. From 1881 to 1883, he was engaged in engineering work on the Columbia River, and from 1883 to 1886, was again on duty at Willett's Point, commanding a Company of the Engineer Battalion. In 1886, he once more returned to duty at the Military Academy, remaining until 1889, in charge of the Department of Practical Military Engineering. From 1889 to 1893, he was in charge of the defences of Pensacola and of various River and Harbor improvements in Florida, Georgia and Alabama. In 1893, he was appointed Engineer-Secretary of the Light House Board, which responsible position he was filling at the time of his death. Captain Price married in 1879, in Sandusky, Ohio, a daughter of Mr. Augustus H. Moss, and from this time to the date of his death, a devoted wife, who was his constant companion in all the changing scenes of his varied duty, gave a charm and happiness to his life it had never before possessed. At one of his stations on the Upper Columbia River she remained with him for months though entirely isolated from female society. He left to mourn him, besides his wife, a brother, who is General Manager of the Cambria Iron Works, at Johnstown, Pa., an unmarried sister, and a host of friends, scattered all over this broad land, wherever the call of duty had carried him. For some years prior to his death Captain Price had been an earnest and consistent member of the Episcopal Church. Such is the record, from the archives, of a life all too brief; and it is one, of which those whom he has left behind may well be proud, but it is not all. There is another record, not kept in books, but in human hearts. It began on the day when dear old ' Peter" first came among us in that long ago June-time of blue

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skies and green leaves and youthful aspirations at the Academy, and that record was not closed till Azrael wrote "finis" against his name in the Book of Life. It is a record of kindliness, gentleness, friendliness. Oh! friend! brother of the heart! We shall not in the rest of our brief course on earth find a truer, more chivalric heart than yours. We shall find none more intolerant of wrong, nor more prompt to swear allegiance to the right; none more loving to friend, nor more open in hostility to foe. Sensitive to shyness, and often, from this cause, abrupt in manner, he possessed a moral courage of the highest order. and it was well known in the Corps of Cadets, that while Price's love for a friend, or his hostility towards those whom he did not like. might lead his judgment astray, once let him be firmly convinced of the rectitude of a course and he would follow it, regardless of consequences, while if, on the contrary, he deemed it wrong, no power on earth could induce him to even consider the advisability of adopting it. Prompt to decide and act, he was often in error, but never, in the whole course of his military career, was the error such as to involve his conscience. In judgment he might err, in rectitude never. It is hard to believe, old friend, that you have gone from amongst us for all time! That never again shall we see your keen, thin face alight with kindliness and intelligence, your honest eyes beaming with affection for a friend or flashing with anger and contempt over some false or cowardly deed. The world is, for many of us, distinctly more empty than it was, since you have gone "over the divide," and we will be the more ready when our summons comes, since you have gone before us into the "Unknown Country" and will await us there. What more can be said ? He was a Christian, a gentleman- in all that that word implied-and a soldier. We loved him for his virtues, and his few failings but endeared him the more to us, and till "this mortal" shall "put on immortality," we shall not see him again. But truly, for us,, he is not dead, can never die.

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He has but gone before and we shall meet again in God's good time.

And when at the dawn of that morning Which never an ending shall see, We meet for the final roll-call On the shores of the shining sea, We'll ne'er more know sorrow or parting, But from the griefs of this world we'll be free, When the dear ones we've lost come around us At the sound of the last reveille.

D. M. TAYLOR. (Class of '69.)

I WILLIAM FRANKLIN RAYNOLDS.

No. 1171. CLASS OF 1843. Died, October 18, 1894, at Detroit, Michigan, aged 75.

GENERAL WILLIAM F. RAYNOLDS was born at Canton, Ohio, March 17, 1820. His official and professional career is briefly summarized in the following extraet from the General Orders, Headquarters Corps Engineers, announcing his decease: "Thus has terminated a life of seventy-four years, of which forty-five were devoted to the active service of the United States and ten to the retirement resulting from having attained the age of sixty-four. The active service dated from July 1, 1839, when General Raynolds was appointed a cadet at the United States Military Academy from Ohio, his native State. Four years later he was graduated fifth in a class of thirty nine, of which many members attained exceptional prominence in military and civil life. Commissioned in the Fifth Infantry, in a few days he was transferred to the Topographical Engineers, in which he served

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for nearly twenty years, and he continued his service as an officer of the Corps of Engineers, in which he attained the grade of Colonel. General Raynolds was a veteran. of the wars with Mexico and of the rebellion, having been, during the latter war, Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Departments of Virginia, and of West Virginia, and of the Mountain Department; Chief Engineer of the Middle Department and the Eighth Army Corps; and in June, 1863, in charge of the defenses of Harper's Ferry and of Baltimore. For sixteen years he was engaged in surveys of the north- eastern boundary of the United States, and of the northern and northwestern lakes, having been superintending engineer of the latter survey for six years, and in charge of explorations of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. He had a wide experience in charge of various works relating to river and harbor improvement and to lighthouse engineering. His services during the war of the rebellion were recognized by the brevets of Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel, and Brigadier- General." W. F. Raynolds was a man of striking personality, prominent features, fair complexion, brown hair, mild blue eyes, and habitually wore a pleasant, cheerful, smiling expression. As a young man, during his cadet life, he was studious and rather staid in his habits; never shirked any military duty nor slighted any academic study, had little taste for amusements of a light order; always affable and ready to lend a helping hand to any one not so fortunate as himself in the more difficult branches of the courses. His inclinations were ,all toward the practical side of life; had faith in himself, and was somewhat given to discuss a point, at times, with his instructors, but always with a candor and manliness that invited respect and consideration rather than opposition. He took but little interest in the parade and show of military matters on the field, and was not inclined to be a fancy soldier. The principles and serious problems of his profession he grasped

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at once and made them his own for future application and usefulness. To all appearance, time dealt kindly with him to an unusual degree. The last time the writer had the pleasure of meeting him was at the semi-centennial reunion of the remnant of the class at West Point, in 1893. His hair was then but slightly sprinkled with gray, and in general personality and movement he was a somewhat enlarged edition of his youth. He was a man of strong, but especially unobtrusive religious convictions. In his will, after making ample provision for his widow, he directed that, at her decease, his estate should con- stitute a fund, the income from which should be devoted to the aid of struggling Presbyterian churches. He leaves a widow, to whom he was married in early life, no children. Five classmates survive him. J. J. REYNOLDS.

AMOS BECKWITH. No. 1470. CLASS OF 1850. Died, October 26, 1894, at St. Louis, Missouri, aged 69. AMOS BECKWITH was born at Sutton, Caledonia County, Ver- mont, October 4, 1825. He came from energetic, intelligent, solid New England stock. His ancestors were Baptists for many generations. He belonged to a remarkable family. His father, John Beckwith, was born in Putney, Windham County, Vermont. He was a lawyer, and a very able man. During the war of 1812 he was extremely patriotic and prominent. From 1812 to 1814 he was also unusually active in enforcing the revenue laws, sup- pressing smuggling from Canada. General Beckwith's mother, Matilda Shaw, was born in Marlow, Cheshire County, New Hampshire.

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He was one of ten children-six sons, and four daughters. His paternal grandfather, Amos Beckwith, was born in Lyme, New London County, Connecticut, in 1754. He was a Baptist minister, and was the first clergyman who settled in Sutton, Cal- edonia County, Vermont. He took an active and prominent part in the revolutionary war. His paternal grandmother, Susan Truman, was born in New London, Connecticut, 1760. His maternal grandfather, Jacob Shatw, was born in Brimfield, Hamp- ton County, Massachusetts. His maternal grandmother, Sally Lewis, was born in Lymie, New London, Connecticut. For many generations his ancestors had lived on American soil. Judge Croydon Beckwith. a brother, was regarded as one of the ablest lawyers in Illinois. He lived for some time in Chicago. where he died. As a railroad attorney he had few superiors. .Many of his other brothers occupied important and responsible positions. General Beckwith's appearance was clerical, his manners demure and reserved, with apparent sternness and abstraction. He was progressive, original, and far in advance of the masses in his methods and ways of accomplishing results. He was pertin- acious until his purposes were realized; he was aggressive and far- seeing, generally correct in his conjectures; with all he possessed the essentials of prosperity. Few ever accomplished a purpose who took greater precautions for success or more care against contingencies; yet, with all, he was bold and decisive. He was a marked representative of northern energy, force, and progress. During his duty in Washington his relations with President Lin- coln were extremely close. He soon became prominent in organizing the details of his department, in which he labored with so much vigor and success, and where his judgment, resources and practicability showed their favorable terminations. General Sherman, whilst in New Orleans, Louisiana, after the late war, remarked that "there was no position in the Army that General Beckwith could not have filled creditably."

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The following appeared in the Army and Navy Journal, November 3, 1894:

BREVET MAJOR GENERAL AMOS BECKWITH. Brevet Major-General Amos Beckwith, U. S. A., retired, who died at his rooms at the Southern Hotel, St. Louis, Missouri, on October 26, 1894, after an illness of about three months, was born, October 4, 1825, in Sutton, Caledonia County, Vermont. He entered the United States Military Academy July 1, 1846, and was graduated July, 1850. He served in the line in Florida hostilities against the Seminole Indians, on Artillery garrison duty at various eastern posts, on duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan- sas, and in Washington, District of Columbia, at the breaking out of the rebellion, until his transfer to the staff in 1861. He left the Subsistence Depot in Washington in November, 1863. His services thereafter were operative in the Western and South- ern Armies, part of the time under General W. T. Sherman-who had the highest opinion of his abilities-going with him in his long and exhaustive campaign to the Atlantic coast, and ulti- mately severing his connection with this officer when his Army disbanded in Washington, District of Columbia. His subsequent duties were in the South and Southwest, where his well-established force and power'were plainly shown. As a depot, inspecting officer or Chief C. S. of an Army, Division or Department, his skill or thoroughness was always acknowledged. He received the following brevets: Lieutenant-Colonel, September 1, 1864; gallant and meritorious services in the Atlanta campaign. Colonel, September 1, 1864; gallant and meritorious services in the campaign against Atlanta. Brigadier-General, March 13, 1865; gallant and meritorious services in the campaign terminating in the surrender of the Insurgent Army under General Joseph E. John- son. Major-General, March 13, 1865; faithful and meritorious services in the Subsistence Department during the war. Bri- gadier-General of Volunteers, January 12, 1865. As a cadet he was reticent, apparently reserved, meditative and retiring. He was free and communicative with those who

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were his intimates. He was marked for his rigid adherence to the regulations and orders of the Academy, and seemed to obey them with a consciousness which few could excel. His mind at all times was active, his feelings strong and under good control, but when once expressed admitted of no questionable understanding. Had a person been created to meet the requirements of the duties imposed upon him at the commencement of the rebellion, few more qualities of a necessary nature would have been essen- tial for absolute success than those he possessed. At this time his labors were invaluable; he organized and carried out prosper- ous methods in the Subsistence Department, performing all labor creditably and advantageously. He seemed to rise to the emergency, his powers and abilities expanding as his duties increased. He was untiring, forcible and unceasing until his purpose or object had been fulfilled. He worked for results, hampered by no technicalities or fear of consequences; his object to be accomplished was not retarded by embarrassments; his desire seemed to be to aid the Government by practical and common sense methods in the most profitable and serviceable manner. No con- ventionalities stopped his way; inability or failure to him were unknown. General Beckwith never married. His kindness and help to many who requested his assistance were freely given. He was probably too generous in his desire to aid those who neither had claims on him nor deserved his succor. He declined advancement in two Staff Corps of the Army at the request of friends, to accept a position in the one in which he spent his best days. Under his stern exterior or reserve was a warm heart, such as is found in few men; quietly and unobtrusively he performed many acts of charity known to few besides himself and the receiver. He possessed marked ability, great energy, fertility of re- source, originality and thoroughness. These qualities were given in his services to his country, when such services were most required, when it was in its greatest peril. *

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JAMES L. WHIT-E.

No. 1603. CLASS OF 1853. Died November 24, 1894, at Ocala, Florida, aged 64. Colonel White was a native of Florida and entered the Acad- emy from the same State in 1849. He graduated in 1853, and was assigned to the Second Artillery. He first served against the Seminoles, in his own State, from 1853 to 1854; next he was sent to the frontier, where he served continually till 1860, when he was granted leave of absence. Judging from the record as given in Cullum's Register, he must have had his full share of hard and arduous service. The following is taken from an Ocala, Florida, paper: "Colonel James L. White died suddenly Saturday morning at the Montezuma hotel, of general debility. He had only been ailing for a short time. Colonel White was a graduate of West Point and had for his classmates such distinguished military men as General Scho- field and others of equal note during the late war. At the breaking out of the war he cast his fortunes with the destinies of the late Confederacy, though in doing so wrote his brother, Judge Woodson White, of Quincy, Fla., what would be the inevitable ending of the conflict-all he predicted came true. During the war Colonel White superintended the making of ordnance material in Alabama. After the conflict was over he returned to Gadsden county and in 1872 he came to Marion county and settled at Iola, on the Ocklawaha Run, where he resided, following surveying, which was his occupation, until his death. In 1876 he was elected the first Democratic County Surveyor of Marion since the war. Colonel White married a very near relative of the great Ste- phen A. Douglass, who bore him six children, all of whom died a number of years ago. His remains were interred at Fort McCoy, where the dead of his family repose.

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Mr. Adam White, of Citra, is a brother of the deceased, while Mr. Charles W. White, of the same place, was his nephew. Colonel White was a man of splendid intellectual attainments and of cultured tastes, a most pleasant, entertaining and instructive conversationalist, and his death is greatly deplored by those who knew him best. Colonel White's father, who lived in Gadsden county, was a Methodist minister of considerable note. and during his day was known the State over." SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION.

ABRAM C. WILDRICK.

No. 1773. CLASS OF 1857. Entered into rest, at Clifton Towers, Fort Wadsworth, Sta- ten Island, New York, November 16th, 1894, Lieutenant-Colonel Abram C. Wildrick, United States Army, Brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral United States Volunteers, aged 58 years. The immediate cause of death was heart failure, following acute bronchitis. The announcement of Colonel Wildrick's death carried sorrow to a large circle of devoted friends, in all the ranks of army life, caused by recollections of the manly and generous traits of his character. Born in New Jersey, he was thence appointed to the Military Academy July 1st, 1853, graduating July 1st, 1857. Assigned that date as Brevet Second Lieutenant of Artillery, he was promoted Second Lieutenant Third Artillery, October 5th, 1857; First Lieutenant same regiment April 27th, 1861; Captain February 8th, 1864; Major Fifth Artillery November 3d, 1882; Lieutenant-Colonel First Artillery July 1st, 1892, and retired from active service, upon his own application, after thirty years service as a commissioned officer, October 10th, 1894. He received the brevet of Major and Lieutenant-Colonel in the regular Army March 13th, 1865, for gallant and meritorius services during the

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siege of Petersburg, Virginia, and the war of the rebellion, respectively. He was appointed Colonel of the Thirty-ninth .\ ew Jersey Volunteers, October 11th, 1861, and was mustered out of the Volunteer service June 17th, 1865, having been brevetted Brigadier-General of Volunteers April 2d, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services before Petersburg, Virginia. Upon graduation Lieutenant Wildrick served first at the Artillery School of Practice, then just revived, at Fortress Mon- roe, Virginia. In 1858 he started, overland, to join his regiment, the Third Artillery, which, on account of Indian troubles, had a few years before been sent to the Pacific coast. Here he remained on duty in various capacities and at different posts until June. 1864, when he came East. In this manner he missed possible opportunities for distinction on the eventful theatre of early military operations of the civil war. This he felt to be a great misfortune. The writer frequently heard him express regrets that the War Department, pursuant to an apparently predetermined policy which at first was departed from in rare instances only, declined for a long time to permit him to accept the Colonelcy of a New Jersey Regiment which was tendered him by the State authorities. Finally, however, as before mentioned, he was permitted to accept, and marched at once at the head of his Regi- ment to the vicinity of Petersburg, Virginia, taking a gallant and distinguished part in the final struggles for the overthrow of the rebel armies. After being mustered out of the Volunteer service, Colonel Wildrick returned to the Third Artillery, and assumed command of Battery E, which he retained until promoted to Major, except when on detached service as Aide de Camp to Major-General Meade, from October 5th, 1869, to May 25th, 1871. As Major of the Fifth Artillery, he served first at Alcatraz Island and subsequently at the Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. When promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Artillery he moved East, and assumed command of Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, New York. Leaving this post for a six months course of medical treatment, he returned to duty with the Regiment, ap-

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parently much improved in health, but a short time before he applied to be retired from active service, and not long before his untimely death. All the military honors due to his rank were paid to his memory by his late Regiment, the First Artillery, and his remains were buried amidst his comrades of a former day in the National Cemetery at West Point. Thus has passed away an able officer, genial gentleman, and faithful friend. To know Colonel Wildrick was to love him. This feeling pervaded all classes with whom he at any time was associated. The sorrow caused by his unexpected death was, wherever he was known, correspondingly deep and sincere. He had his failings, but they were wholly those that sprang out of the generosity of his nature. Whoever was fortunate enough to come in contact with him was gladdened by his open-hearted greeting. Whatever his failings, the true nobility of his mind impressed itself on all, whether of high or low degree; and if at any time its beauties were dimmed, it was felt that,

Like sunshine broken in a rill, Though gone astray, 'twas sunshine still.

The writer of this sketch was for six years a subaltern in Colonel Wildrick's Battery. He there learned to appreciate that officer's many noble qualities. He was kind to all alike; he knew what exact performance of duty meant, and appreciated those who did their duty strictly and uncomplainingly. He never wounded the feelings of anyone; his kindly advice to impetuous youth left no sensation except thankfulness, which time cannot effl-ce; he was particular as to how duty should be done without having in the least the spirit of the martinet. Those who had served under his command, whether officers or enlisted men, were always glad to renew that relationship. Such are the recollections of the writer, of the days of youthful service passed under the tutelage of his departed commander and friend. His memory is embalmed in the affections of the Third Artillery, in which he served continuously for a quarter of a century. Colonel Wildrick caime of good stock. His honored father

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served several years in the popular branch of Congress, where the records show that he occupied a position of trust and responsibility. He was one of the sturdy New Jersey war Democrats, and the Colonel often referred, with just pride, to the activity of his paternal ancestor in upholding in. his native State the hands of President Lincoln in his apparently arbitrary, but really necessary measures, during the trying scenes of the formidable rebellion that threatened the destruction of the Republic. 'Of Colonel Wildrick it truthfully might have been said:

His life was gentle; and the elements So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up And say to all the world, this was a man. W. E. B.

E. PARKER SCAMMON.

No. 899. CLASS OF 1837. Died, December 7, 1894, at New York City, aged 78.

GENERAL E. PARKER SCAMMAON was the son of Honorable Eliakim Scammon, of Whitefield, Lincoln County, Maine, where he was born December 27, 1816. In 1833 he entered the Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in 1837, fifth in a class of fifty-two. Generals Dyer, Benham, Bates, hIooker and Bragg and Early, (afterward of the Confederate Army.) are a few of the noted men who were his classmates. His room-mate was General Bragg. On July 1st, 1837, he was appointed Second Lieutenant of the Fourth Artillery, and on July 7th, 1838, was promoted to the rank of Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. During this time he also served as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point. In 1839 and the latter part of 1838 he served in Florida, and was afterward appointed on the Topographical Service at Oswego,

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New York. During 1839 40 he, with General Fremont, served under the French astronomer, Nicollet, in Washington, to deter- mine geographical points in the present States of Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota. Afterward he was assigned the Professorship of Ethics at West Point, which position he held until 1846. Among his pupils were such noted men as Generals Grant, Rosecrans and Newton. lie was then appointed Aide de Camp to General Scott in Mexico, and was recommended by him for promotion for bravery at the capture of Vera Cruz. He there contracted the yellow fever, and on his recovery was sent by General Scott as bearer of dispatches to Washington. In 1845 he had been received into the Catholic church, by Dr. Pisc, at St. Peter's church in Barclay street, New York. From 1847 to '54 he was engaged under Captain John Macomb in the survey of the upper lakes. In 1856, on leaving the Army, he resided in West Virginia, where he remained until 1858. He then received the Professor- ship of Mathematics at Mt. St. Mary's College, near Cincinnati, Ohio, and was afterward Director of the Polytechnic College of Cincinnati, Ohio. On the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed Colonel of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteers and placed in command of Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio. During 1861-2 he commanded a Brigade under Generals Rosecrans and Cox in West Virginia, and in 1863 was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, for gallant conduct at the battle of South Mountain. Among those who served under him during the rebellion were Ex-President Hayes, General Stanley Matthews, Colonel Comley and Governor McKinley. In 1864 he was taken prisoner of war, and, after being held for three months at Libby prison, he was then transferred with several other general officers to Charleston, South Carolina, where they were exposed to the fire of our own guns. This soon brought about an exchange of prisoners. He was then ordered to Florida, where he was in command until the close of the war. iI] lm -

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In 1866 he received the appointment of United States Consul for Prince Edward's Island, where he remained until 1870, when he resigned, and was employed as Engineer in New York Harbor, under General Newton. From 1875 to '85 he was Professor of History and Mathe- matics in Seton Hall College, New Jersey. He has spent the last four years of his life at the home of his son-in-law, N. S. Jones, at Audubon Park. His time was spent in literary work, largely reminiscent of the Mexican and civil wars. He died after a long illness, on the morning of De- cember 7. General Scammlon leaves a widow and four daughters, Mrs. N. S. Jones, Mrs. F. D. Hoyt, and Mrs. A. D. Blanchet, Jr., of New York, and Mrs. Walter Lockwood, of Chicago. One brother survives him, Captain Charles M. Scamlmon, of the United States Revenue Marines, well known for his work on the Mam- malia of the American Whale Fisheries of the Pacific Coast. Another brother, the late Honorable J. Young Scammon, was one of the pioneers of Chicago, Illinois. *

STEPHEN VINCENT BENET.

No. 1409. CLASS OF 1849. Died, January 22, 1895, at Washington, D. C., aged 68.

The subject of this memoir, Brigadier-General Stephen Vin- cent Benet, United States Army, was born at Saint Augustine, Florida, January 22, 1827. His ancestors on both sides were of Spanish origin, and were among the first settlers of that oldest city of the Union, which was brought under the government of the United States by the cession of the Floridas, a part of Spanish America, by Spain, in 1819. His grandfather was a native of Minorca, who settled in Saint Augustine near the close of the last century. A great uncle was a Captain in the Spanish Navy, and was -assassinated

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while in command of the Naval forces in Cuba. His father, Pedro Benet, one of the most respected citizens of St. Augustine, was prominent in politics, and for a long time surveyor of the port. When twelve years of age young Benet was sent to the Hal lowell school at Alexandria, Virginia, where he remained about four years, during which time, by attentive study and good coni duct, he laid a secure foundation for his future success. After careful preparation in English studies, Latin and the mathematics, he was transferred to the University of Georgia, at Athens, Ga. There was sent with him such warm accounts of his habits of study, character and good conduct, that he was able to enter the junior class with prospects of a successful career at the University. But before completing his course he was tendered an appointment as cadet at the United States Military Academy. He owed this appointment to the interest of the Dele- gate of the Territory of Florida in Congress, who, after Floridai became a State, March 3d, 1845, represented it in the Senate, under the distinguished name of Yulee. The appointment was accepted, because it came at a moment when the previous plans for the young man had become disarranged by the death of a relative, who had been Governor of the Territory, and with whom it was in contemplation that he should study law, and enter on its practice. The appointment, however, found him well equipped for his new position, where he would have to try conclusions for his standing and future position with young men from all parts of the country. He reported at West Point in June, 1845, as the first cadet from'the new State of Florida, thus becoming a member of the class of 1849, to whose reputation his character and standing were to contribute far above the average of its members. At this time his early bias toward the profession of the law was strong within him, and he pursued his studies more with the view of becoming a lawyer than an engineer or soldier, expectingto see his way to resign at a proper time and succeed to that career. For this reason literary matters had his preference over some other studies, and although second in mathematics and

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and third in general standing', possibly with a greater effort and more intense application generally he might have improved his position among the five or honor cadets of his class. His special liking for the law adhered to hini through life, and when, subsequently, he had bedome an instructor at the Academy in the course which embraced that subject, he prepared a treatise upon military law, written with his customary care and evidence of talent, which ran throuogh several editions. It was used at West Point as a text book for some years, becoming thus one of the authorities on military law during the civil war. When Cadet Benet reached West Point he arrayed himself in his best suit of clothes, in order to produce a good impression upon the Superintendent when he reported, and in this suit he was soon put into ranks and taken out to squad drill in close-fitting boots and gloves, which set off his small hands and feet to perfection, but gave him the air of a dandy, or, as we should now say, of a dude; but a brief acquaintance with him disabused one of any impression of a wish on his part to show off, or of levity; for he was seen to be full of intense earnestnees, serious, resolute, quiet, dignified, with a gleam in his keen black eye which forbade the least encroachment upon his dignity or imposition on his sense of self respect; but his whole manner relaxed and a genial,. pleasant smile welcomed a friendly advance. He was thin, delicate in figure, very slight and erect, somewhat above medium height, but seemingly not robust enough to face the rigor of northern winters. But although born and bred in the extreme sunny south, the event proved that he possessed a remarkable power of resistance to weather and exposure, not indicated by his appearance, and which, with careful habits and prudent conducts sustained him through a life of severe effort and constant mental and physical labor for sixty-eight years, with scarcely a day of illness in all that time. It will be noted that he was in his eighteenth year when he entered the Academy, so that he was graduated in his twenty- second. From the first day of his recitations he took his stand among the five distinguished cadets of his class, and maintained lU' lI - i 58 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895.

it continuously without any special evidence of effort. Although he gave to every lesson his conscientious attention and careful study, fairly and fully earning his good standing, yet such was his preparation, his capacity, the habit and discipline of his mind, and his natural gifts, that there was no straining, no misgivings, but only the ordinary resolute routine application, so that each day took care of itself and its lessons; thus he gave a fine exhibi- tion of his good training and equability of temperament; for he was never known to shirk a lesson or evade a duty. His mental and physical balance was so nearly perfect that he appeared to have exact control of all his actions; he thus escaped the demerit marks that despoil the standing of so many naturally brilliant cadets. He was born with a constitutional prudence and self- poise that made it easy for him to be well up head in military conduct; if any marks were fixed upon him they were unavoida- ble and due to circumstances beyond his control, for it was well known that he constantly did his very best, to avoid censure or discredit. His ideal was a high one, and he lived up to it unfal- teringly, at every step in life; he allowed nothing to divert him, turn him, or cause him for an instant to lose sight of the goal toward which it was a habit of his being to work unceasingly. His friends always knew where to find him upon every question and at every crisis of his life. He was loyal and true to himself, and considerate to others; failure in any matter intrusted to him was not thought possible. The authorities placed over him always found him faithful, upright, sound to the core, and loyal in their service, without a pretext or shadow of doubt or failure in anything left him to do. He did not ordinarily seek friends or personal alliances, and when the chances of life or service threw them in his way he was as true to them as most men; but, at the same time, he would permit no personal considerations to interfere with what he regarded as his duty; he strictly drew the line there, and unpopularity, criticism, censure even, could not dis- turb his inflexible perseverence in following the path of duty. But he was not blunt, maladroit, or ostentatious, setting himself above others, or in taking a different course, but aimed gently to

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disarm criticism and put aside, by pleasant explanations, flie attacks that might be made upon him when he thus was obliged to differ; it was soon seen that his differences were founded upon a conscientious and sincere consideration of all the governing conditions that bore upon his action and led him to believe himself in the right. After he was graduated third in his class of forty-three members he was assigned to the Ordnance Department, as the practice was at that date; but he lived to bring about a change by which that corps was recruited from the whole army by merit indicated by expert examination, the first change of the kind introduced into our military service, and which has resulted in building up a body of scientific, zealous, and valuable officers, found nowhere else on this side of the great ocean. In the Ordnance he served as assistant at Watervliet, Frank- ford and St. Louis Arsenals, and in the bureau at Washington. He was in command of Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, from 1864 to 1869, during which period he successfully inaugurated and developed the manufacture of metallic cartridges for use in the breech-loading Springfield rifle, introduced into the service during his term of office. He was twice detailed for duty at the Military Academy, as Assistant Professor in geography, history, ethics, including law, and from 1861 to 1864 as Instructor in Ordnance and Gunnery. Incidentally, he was detailed as a member of the Ordinance Board temporarily; he was also employed inspecting ordnance and projectiles, and in making experiments with the new Parrott guns at Cold Spring. In thus inspecting cannon and material, in arming troops, and doing, at different times and places, the multifarious duties imposed upon a competent, skillful and expert ordnance officer, in every place and position he acquitted himself with honor, and demonstrated his value at a critical and trying period in our history; for, although offering himself for any service, he was informed that his services were believed to be more valuable to his country uwhere he found himself assigned than in any other that his impatience for distinction might impel him to seek.

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When the Dyer Court of Inquiry was ordered, in 1868, Major Benet was ordered to attend that court as an expert witness and to manage the defense of his chief. He acquitted himself with such ability that he established his reputation as a capable officer' of unusual intelligence, capacity and fitness for high position in any future emergency. This high opinion which had been formed of Benet's ability by those in authority bore fruit in 1874; for, when a vacancy occurred at the head of his Corps he was appointed Chief of Ord- nance by President Grant, although only a Major, and at a time when the Corps contained such men as Laidley, Benton and others. The event, which kept him at the head of the Corps for about seventeeen years, showed that no mistake had been made; for, in that time, he was able to bring about great and valuable changes, and to provide for the Army and the country a Depart- ment'of Ordnance, thus far without its equal. In his early ordnance service he had become an expert in ballistics and in the knowledge and science of gunnery and heavy ordnance. and so was well fitted to inaugurate the new style of high power guns, breech loading rifles of all calibres, including mortars and magazine small arms. He had a school of young officers fully qualified to work out successfully all the details that he could indicate as necessary; and he was gifted with broad and liberal administrative views, which disposed of that selfishness which awards nothing to others and renders a chief jealous and incompetent to see good that does not originate altogether in' himself. He was a fit and necessary head to an organization working toward vast, comprehensive ends, and fully understood the conditions that assured final success. In a struggle to estab- lish the scientific machine shops for the manufacture of guns there would necessarily arise conflicts of interest, and no one, even the most immaculate, could hope to escape the harsh criticism of the envious, or the malice of disappointed cupidity. Gen- eral Benet encountered it all steadily, wisely, and endured it man- fully, oftentimes surrounded by timid or doubting friends and opposed by bitter, unscrupulous enemies. Those knowing him Il -. I- -I I-

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well could readily foresee as a result when once the smoke should be cleared away that there would be found an established rational system, commanding public confidence, support, and finial ap- proval. Such has been the happy issue of it all; the trials and tribu- lations, the uproar and contentions, even, have been forgotten, but the manufactory stands out in resistless evidence, whence issue forth now the tremendous ordnance, that in due time is to make it possible to protect our great cities and harbors from all mnemies of the outside world. In his earlier years of service General Benet translated a part of Jomini's "Military History of the Wars of the Empire and Revolution," containing an account of the battle of Waterloo. During the period of his professional experiments and studies in ordnance he published a book upon Electro Ballistics. When, in after years, he became Chief of Ordnance he encouraged the officers of his own Corps and others to prepare professional papers on technical and military subjects, which he had published as Ordinance Notes, thus embodying them in permanent form and disseminating a great amount of information and many valuable studies to his Corps and to the Army. His interest in target practice in the Army was of the greatest importance to the success of that effort to instruct soldiers in the use of the arms his department placed in their hands. His efforts to advance the interests of the militia of the country bore fruit in an increase of the appropriation for "Arm - ing and disciplining the militia of the several States," and in securing increased attention to these grave matters by the general government. In 1855 the degree of A. M3.was conferred upon him by the University of Georgia, and in 1889 the University of Georgetown, District of Columbia, made him an L. L. D. After General Benet had handed over his great office to his able successor and friend, it soon became evident that he had given all his strength, physical and mental, to the work of his department. He had succeeded; but the faithful, frail, human

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instrument of success had been strained to his utmost tension; the silver chord was loosened, the golden bowl broken. The symptoms of brain trouble became more frequent and more alarming, and three years had hardly been left him after his work was done when, on his birthday, January 22, 1895, the end came peacefully and quietly, in his beautiful home, in the presence of his loved ones, as he himself, in his brightest moments, might have wished. "They saw in death his eyelids close Calmly as to a night's repose, Like flowers at set of sun."

In 1856 General Benet was married to Miss Laura Walker, a beautiful Kentucky lady, amiable, refined, and more than ordinarily accomplished, who made him a most devoted wife to the hour of his death. She brought him more than a competency; in fact, a small fortune in her own right, and it was through her ample means that was provided the beautiful and artistic home which they occupied for so many years; dispensing, as opportunity offered, an elegant hospitality to their friends, and which ensured in his domestic life about all the happiness and advantages possible or useful to man in any position here below. It is sufficient to say that he fully appreciated all his domestic advantages and ever proved himself a faithful, loving husband, a fond and considerate father. Kind, gentle and good to all with whom he came in contact, fulfilling every duty to society and to religion, he well deserved all the good fortune that fell to his lot. He left a loving wife, a scene of domestic peace and happiness; children and heirs to inherit and glory in his good name and fame; troops of friends who had admired him when living, and now mourn him when dead; too early lost for others, but not for himself; his work was done. He had achieved ail that lay in his power; time had kindly spared him until his ideal had been fully realized. He leaves two sons, one of whom is a Captain of Ordnance in the Army, and the other Ordnance Engineer of the Hotchkiss Ordnance Company.

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To this imperfect sketch might be added something further, in order to point out to the young aspirant for honors the favorable conditions that advance, as well as those which limit, a successful professional military life; for, although all run the race and strive for the crown, the prizes are few and hard to win. To illustrate this by General Benet's example, we are able to perceive that when he began his serious student life he had evidently set before himself a standard towards which to work. It involved a course to be pursued, steadily and persistently, through all diffi- culties and obstructions whatsoever, to the very end, trusting to that end to crown his work. His scheme of life was truly developed along the line thus laid down, in spite of the clouds that obscured and at times enveloped it. In his particular case, the symmetry of his attainments; his excellent preparation for the Military Academy; the absence, or conquest, of the usual propen- sities that distract or hinder the youthful aspirant, all have appeared to favor his steady resolution to succeed. Obstacles dis- appeared before that quietly working but indomitable will, and what would make some despair seemed only a species of exertion assuring him certain conquest in the end. He had an ideal; he had a fixed purpose; he was determined to prove himself worthy of the trust confided to him by his country, and therein lay the genius of final success. General Benet had acquired in the discipline of a long and arduous life unbounded self-reliance, although he never made it so apparent as to attract special attention, for he did not put forward ostentatiously his own opinions, however convinced he might be of their valid'ity and correctness; he rather introduced them tentatively, so that he drew out what was for, or against, without restraint and to the advantage of a just consideration of of all the elements of the subject in hand. He had acquired a pretty thorough knowledge of that kind of human nature with which he had to deal, so that he was not easily surprised at unexpected opposition, nor often overcome in any contest where, in his opinion, the public interest was involved. In ordinary intercourse he was amiable, courteous and happy

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in nms address anc7bearing. He was blessed with that sweet sense of politeness that seems a characteristic of the Latin races, and in his case made it a pleasure to do business with him. However, one not knowing him personally can hardly imagine how kindly, genial and gentle he was in his family and among his familiar friends. He had unfailing good humor and a lively sense of the ludicrous, and when he unbent, or laid aside, his cares he was overflowing with genuine "sweetness and light." Like a true gentleman, a good christian, he was admirable and delightful ii. all the walks of life.

"His life was gentle; and the elements So mixed in him that Nature might stand up, And say to all the world, "This is a man!"

"No blast of air or fire of sun Puts out the light whereby we run, With girdled loins, our lamplit race, And each from each takes heart of grace And spirit till his term be done, And light of face from each man's face In whom the light of trust is one; Since only souls that keep their place By their own light, and watch things roll, And stand, have light for any soul." S. B. HOLABIRD.

JAMES PORTER MARTIN.

No. 1869. CLASS OF 1860. Died, February 19, 1895, at Chicago, 1ll., aged 58. There is no instance within my knowledge which better illustrates the truth, that however great may be a soldier's qualities his career is frequently the result of the merest chance. Martin was a loyal Kentuckian, and that fact alone, under the peculiar

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ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 65 circumstances of the case, shows him to have been a man of unusual judgment and discrimination. He was reared as a state's rights democrat, and by appointment at large, entered the Mili- tary Academy in 1855, at a time when party and sectional feeling ran high, and the leading men of his State were among the leading men of the nation. His kinsmen were the friends of John C. Breckinridge, the unfaltering champion and the last support of the slave-holders' rebellion. They looked to him for their political opinions and guidance, both as citizens of the State and of the Nation, and yet it is an interesting fact, creditable alike to his sense of right and to his friendship, that when they consulted him as to the course the young graduate of the Mili- tary Academy should pursue, he told them that he should stick to the flag he had sworn to defend, and support the government which had educated him. It is a part of the honorable history of the army that it had no more faithful officer in its ranks than Martin, and that although a Southerner, whose brothers were afterwards found in the rebellion, no man ever heard him, either as cadet or officer, utter a disloyal word, or express a doubtful sentiment towards the flag or the union of the States. Through all the trials and excitement of the times, when social ostracism was visited upon such as dared to stand out for free political opinion, Martin, while still a mere stripling, maintained his inde- pendence and professed his loyalty in an open and fearless manner. He chose his friends without reference to their politics, or to the section from which they came, and never descended to the meanness of ostracising a comrade with whose opinions he could not agree. Possessing a sane and vigorous constitution, an erect and manly figure and an open, gladsome countenance, he was a most excellent speciman of the blue-eyed and yellow-haired race which are overrunning the world. From the day he entered the Academy till he yielded to the conqueror death, through all the vicissitudes of his varied career, he bore with him a'level head and a cheerful heart, as pleasant and encouraging to his comrades as it was helpful and reassuring to his superiors. He was a fearless horseman

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and almost as good a companion to his steed as to his brother officers. Well do I remember his cheerful temper and tireless industry during the Antietam campaign. We were serving with a lot of other youngsters on General McClellan's staff, and barring the perils and hardships incident to the campaign, were having a most enjoyable time, but it was not without its serious troubles. After the two days' battle and the disappointment which fell upon us because of Lee's escape, it will be remembered that the army of the Potomac went into camp at Pleasant Valley, to rest and refit, and while there it was overtaken by the rumor that the President was about to issue a proclamation freeing the slaves. Every Amer- ican soldier, whether high or low, is more or less a statesman, and all have opinions on politics as well as on military questions. All felt at that time that a proclamation abolishing slavery, whatever its terms, would be productive of far-reaching consequences, and the measure aroused the fiercest discussion around the camp fires. It was by no means popular with the regular officers and many of them opeiily declared that they would leave the army if the president should persist in carrying out such a measure. With his usual prudence Martin listened to all that was said, for it was not without a personal interest to him, but took no part in the discussion till an officer, noted for his stentorian voice, shouted out above " the noise of the captains," that he intended to send in his resignation at once, whereupon Martin rose to his feet, and pull- ing out his pocket book, said, with a voice full of contempt: "Gentlemen, I have listened to this senseless twaddle till I am sick of it, and now I will bet five hundred dollars that not a man of you resigns so long as Uncle Abraham's greenback mill keeps grinding !" Instantly a dead silence fell upon that'meeting, for while the argument was not a noble one, coming from a Kentuck- ian, it was timely and seemed perfectly adapted to the compre- hension of the young and thoughtless swashbucklers to whom it was addressed. The bet was not taken, but it ended the discussion, and shortly afterwards the meeting broke up. It is hardly necessary to add that the proclamation was duly issued, and while it cannot be said that it received a hearty welcome, it was follow- m1 IIII · I · -'I - I I - ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 67

ed by no resignations and more than one of the dissatisfied youngsters afterwards rose to distinction in the service of the Union. Such instances as this are insignificant in themselves, but they frequently serve to illustrate the qualities of young men. All who knew Martin realized that underneath a playful exterior, he was a man of the soundest sense when subjects of public interest were under consideration. A jovial, whole-souled companion, always ready for a lark, or to make a night of it, he never neglected a duty nor took a light or trivial view of a serious matter. As a cadet Martin always held a middle position in his class. He never aspired to high scholarship nor profound learning, but was a very able man for all that. His powers of mind were of the strongest. He learned easily and retained with a tenacious grip the nub and nut of all that was useful in the course of studies, which for our class extended over a period of five years, and was for those days unusually rich in military science and history. Martin was full of playful wit and good fellowship, and with Merritt and Borland did much to beguile the heavy hours of cadet life for his less buoyant classmates. Even the solemn sanctity of the section room was not proof against his frolicsome badinage and inimitable repartee, especially when the instructor happened to be the fencing master or, as he afterwards became, the professor of Spanish. He delighted in running harmless rigs on a preten- tious but conscientious classmate in that department, and did not fail to make the professor's life somewhat of a burden to him. Withal he did not escape without charges against him for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline," with the usual specifications " in this that he, cadet James P. Martin, after being duly posted as a sentinel in the hall of cadet barracks did, before being regularly relieved and whilst on post as a sentinel, read a newspaper" and " smoke a pipe." "All this at West Point, New York, on the 29th of December, 1855." aThis it will be observed, was in his first year and must have been quite alarming, but so far as the record shows, resulted in nothing more serious than a few extra tours of guard duty, which offered renewed opportunities for similar infractions of discipline and similar

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punishment. It cast no "shadow over his young life," nor did it impress him with unusual gravity of demeanor. He remained always a leader in his class, and when the great misfortune fell upon it of being compelled to stay the full term of five years at the Academy, after having enjoyed the brief felicity of looking forward to graduating at the end of its fourth year, it was decided to send a committee to question one of the professors who was supposed to have had something to do with securing the change of cou'rse back to five years, in order to prevent the abolition of his own department, Martin was chosen to represent his class, and the skill and dignity with which he carried himself and bluffed the professor remain to this day a pleasant memory with his classmates, and show him to have been an innate diplomatist as well as a soldier. His assumption of the dignity and a stately bearing of "Judge Douglas" or "William H. Seward," the champions of their respective parties in those days, was remarkable and afforded unfailing delight to his boyish companions. It showed where his mind was interested, however light and playful his behavior might appear. But his prevailing characteristic was a bright and cheerful disposition, which never left him, even in battle or during the trials of the most exacting campaign. Coming out of the hottest fire which circled about, "' Roundtop," a comrade, asked him how he felt. "Oh !" said he with a merry twinkle of the eye, "I felt as though every minute might be my next !" It was for his conduct in that crucial and decisive action that Captain D. P. Hancock, at that time commanding the seventh U. S. Infantry, after describing the important part and gallant behavior of his regulars, said: "As all the officers and men did their duty well it is impossible for me to make individual distinc- tions in that regard, but I would respectfully remark upon the great coolness, gallantry and intrepidity of Captain J. P. Martin, acting field :officer, and to his great efficiency in keeping order and preventing confusion in the regiment." And thus it was, with a stout heart and an encouraging countenance, he did his part wherever duty called him. Withal he was not only a versatile soldier in all arms of service, but a wise and

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prudent counsellor, and almost immediately after the outbreak of the rebellion so impressed himself upon the senior officers with whom he came in contact, that he was constantly used on the most important staff duties. Although he was assigned to the Infantry on graduating, and served nearly a year on the frontier, his first responsible position was that of acting assistant Adjutant-General of Cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. Here he showed the quality of his mind and metal, and but for his chance absence when General Pleasan- ton was asked to name some young officers for the rank of Brig- adier-General, would probably have been nominated early in the war for that grade. He was passed over by accident, but the opportunity did not come again. He had plenty of hard service and bore himself upon all occasions right gallantly, but the field officers in actual command of troops, thereafter, as was right, secured most of the promotions. Had fate willed it otherwise and given Martin his star, no one who knew him can doubt that he would have reached high command and distinction. It was conceded by his companions that he had every quality necessary for a General, and lacked only the good fortune of being called to that grade. After serving with marked distinction on the field and taking part in nearly all the campaigns and battles of the Army of the Potomac, he was called to the war department, where he acted as assistant Adjutant-General of the Cavalry bureau till the war was closed. During ten weeks of this time, in the spring of 1864, I had the honor of serving as chief of that bureau, and had the active assistance and constant companionship of Capt. Martin who had preceded me there by a fortnight. It gives me the greatest pleasure to say that I found his judgment excellent, his temper unfailing and his industry prodigious. He showed himself to be a model bureau officer, and so commended himself to my respect and esteem, that when I returned to the field I specially recommended him to the Secretary of War for retention in his most important position. The story of the work done in that bureau for the organization, equipment and perfection of the National Caval- ll I -- 1

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ry has not yet been fully told, but when it is it will assign to this young captain of infantry the highest praise for the part he played in shaping that arm into the splendidly efficient machine it became before the rebellion ended. It was during that period of his life that Martin became well acquainted with the Hon. Charles A. Dana, who was then assistant Secretary of War and had supervision of Bureau work. His keen and unerring judgment singled out Martin as a man of mark and later caused him to write to the Secretary of War a stroug letter of recommendation, in which he said: "During the last two years of the war I had frequent opportunities of observing the manner in which Captain James P. Martin performed his duties, especially after he became connected with the Cavalry Bureau. I take great pleasure in saying that I consider him a very valuable officer, who may be relied upon to discharge with fidelity any function that may be committed to him and who will do credit to any promotion which may be conferred upon him." Nearly thirty years subsequent service vindicated in the most signal manner the correctness of this high estimate of Mar- tin's character and usefulness as an officer. But this was not his only endorsement. About this time, March, 1866, Martin filed his application for appointment as assistant Adjutant-General in the United States Army, and that application was referred to the Secretary of War by General Grant, "heartily recommended. Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Martin is an officer of distinction who has served faithfully and efficiently in the field during the war and would be my first choice among all who have been mentioned for promotion to an adjutant-generalcy." But this was not all, for the Lieutenant-General went in person with the application and his endorsement to the Secretary of War and told him that Martin was "his first and only choice for the vacancy," and of course this very unusual interposition secured the appoininment for him. His faithful services as a subaltern, performing duties of the gravest responsibility, had at last been rewarded with the rank of Major in the Adjutant-General's department. The republic was slow, if not niggardly in discharging its debt, but the modes-

I - IDF I · I I II 1~~~I ANNVUAL REUNION, JUNE o0th, 1895. 71 ty of the man aspired to nothing higher. Now that life's fitful fever is over, his friends may recount with pride the great sum of his services. Having gone in the fall of 1860, after graduating, to California, he came the next year to the scene of active operations in Virginia and cast in his lot with the Army of the Poto- mac. In the order announcing his death, which occurred at his station in Chicago, on the 19th of February, 1895, the Adjutant- General makes the following summary: "He served as Acting Adjutant-General for the cavalry of that army on the peninsula; as acting aide-de-camp for Major-General McClellan in the Mary- land campaign; as acting aide-de-camp to Major-General Heintzle- man, commanding the department of Washington; later as captain in command of his company on the Rappahannock, and in the Pennsylvania campaign; as Acting Adjutant-General, Second division, fifth corps, in the suppression of the draft riots in New York City, and on the Rappahannock, and during the Mine Run operations; and as Acting Adjutant General of the Cavalry Bureau at Washington. He was engaged in the seige of Yorktown, the battle of Williamsburg, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, South Moun- tain, Antietam, Gettysburg and the combat at Rappahannock station. "He received the brevet of major "for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Gettysburg" and Lieutenant-Colonel "for faithful and meritorious services." "Appointed an Assistant Adjutant-General on April 10, 1869, and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, February 28, 1887, he has served as the Adjutant-General of the department of the Cumberland, twice of the department of Arizona, twice of the department of Texas, of the department of the Platte, of the department of the Missouri, at the headquarters of the recruiting service and in the office of the Adjutant-General of the Army, with marked ability." It might well have been added that he received the commendation of all his commanding officers, and so great was his knowledge and experience that it had come to be the custom of the War Department to send the newly appointed Brigadier-Gen-

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erals to him to receive instruction in the proper manner of run- ing the business of a military department. He was the friend of Willcox, Crooke, Stanley, Merritt and Miles, and the peer of either of them in military knowledge, if not in rank and fortune, while he enjoyed the respect and confidence of Grant, Sherman and Sheridan. In relieving him from duty in the Department of Ari- zona, General Willcox stated, in orders, that " Major Martin will carry with him the warm regards of the commanding General for his affability and good sense as an organ of communication with the command, and for the zeal and fidelity with which he has discharged his duties." Later, that peerless soldier, General David S. Stanley, wrote Colonel Martin an autograph letter which runs as follows: "On leaving the command of the De' partment of Texas and retiring from active duty in the Army, I desire to leave you this testimonial to the excellent way in which you have done the duties of your department for the past three years under my command. In eleven years of command as a general officer, I have had no Adjutant-General who surpassed you in systematic despatch of business. Your advice has been valuable, but never intrusive or dogmatic, and your temper has always been excellent. I am confident that you are qualified for the highest position in your department, a position I would be very happy to see you promoted to." This is genuine, unsolicited praise of which any soldier might be proud, and coming as it did, from a man who would not flatter Neptune for his trident, it was cherished as the apple of his eye by Colonel Martin. His last commanding officer, after announcing his death and recapitulating the principal events of his military career, added the following words of commendation: "As shown by the record of his service, Colonel Martin possessed courage and capacity; he was also efficient in the performance of duty and had the becoming qualities of a kind disposition and generous nature." While these words are characterized by the brevity and reserva- tion, common in military orders, they might well have been made warmer and more comprehensive, without in any way doing

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violence to the real deserts of this modest and able officer. The honorable part taken by him in the measures for the suppression of the labor riots at Chicago, was well known to many of the leading citizens and could have been mentioned with praise without detracting from the very great merits of the military commander, upon whom rested the final responsibility for the part actually taken by the federal troops in restoring order and upholding the national authority. This was a great epoch in the history of the country because the crisis was a grave one, and it was safely passed by virtue of two most important discoveries. First, that the President of the United States needed no invitation from municipal or state authorities, under the provisions of the interstate commerce act, to suppress insurrection and keep open the lines of interstate railways, and second, that no matter how well labor might be organized, it could never be well enough organized, so long as the bond between the organization and the individuals composing it rested on a voluntary basis, to successfully withstand the organized foeces of the Federal Government directed by a firm and patriotic President. It is true that Colonel Martin's part in the military events which followed, was that of a subordinate, but it is not too much to say even at this late day, that his sound and discriminating sense, his excellent judgment and his affable manners and temper were never displayed to better advantage than during those trying days. Both officers and men who were thrown in contact with him at that time bear willing and uniform testimony to the confidence which his presence at headquarters inspired in them. And so it always was during the thirty-five years of his active military life. His companions knew that his was one of these steadfast souls which needed no fastening to keep it true to duty or to en- sure its wise and reasonable action in times of peril. A committee of his associates in the Illinois commandery of the military order of the Loyal Legion. appointed to prepare a tribute of respect to his memory, after reciting at some length the principal events of his military life, concluded as follows: "This brief record covers an active life of thirty-five years

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as an officer, during a period when the Nation's life was maintained only through the most arduous and patriotic services of her sons. Colonel Martin's fidelity to duty and his meritorious service are attested by the brevets and special preferment that he received; his selection for staff duty by several officers, including two of the most distinguished commanders of the army of the Potomac. are standing proof of the high estimation in which he was held by his military superiors who were cognizant of his services. Your committe, as comrades of Colonel Martin in his later life, bear testimony to the cheerfulness and generosity of his disposition, and to his uniform courtesy in all relations, official and personal. Smittenby a disease whose fatal ending he anticipated even before the most careful and skillful professional examination detected occasion for such an ending, he faced death with soldier- ly constancy, and he died at his post in this city, Tuesday, Febru. ary 19, 1895, of malignant endocarditis. This disease, we are told by his physicians, is of rare occurrence, and in his case was without ascertainable cause of origin. Had it not been for the stealthy approach of death through such unfrequented portals, our companion had promise of many more years of life. Your committee voicing the feeling of all of Colonel Mar- tin's associates, desire to enter on the records of the Loyal Legion, that brotherhood that holds the dead soldier's service in special honor, the expression of sincerest sympathy with the bereaved family of our late companion." This faithful, modest officer performed his duty everywhere loyally and uncomplainingly. The records fail to show a single effort to avoid a detail, however disagreeable it might be. A letter was found amongst his papers, written in 1880 by General Sherman from the headquarters of the army in Washington, to Colonel Martin at Prescott, Arizona, from which it may be in- ferred that after fifteen years constant service, mostly on the frontier or in the south, Martin had made a personal request for a more congenial station. Sherman's reply was characteristic. While it indicated a willingness to have officers make known to him their

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personal wishes, and that he regarded " Turn about as fair play a 1 the world over," it also made it clear that he favored the right of the "General to choose his own Adjutant rather than that the Adjutant should choose his General," and that he would not recom- mend a change in this case, unless some other General commanding a department should ask for it. Whether this was done in any case thereafter, 1 have failed to ascertain, but it is certain Martin's services were mostly rendered in the south, southwest and west, and that wherever he went he gained the good opinions and sympathy of those with whom he came in contact. He had, early after the close of the rebellion, sought and obtained an assignment to that branch of army administration and service, the principal duty of which is to stand by the side of and aid those in high command, and to efface oneself as completely as possible. In both of these respects, as we have seen, he was eminently successful. Faithful, patient, painstaking and able, he performed his duties capably and acceptably at all times and in all places, but claimed no part of his chief's just credit. He effaced himself literally, but was always ready to perform the routine duties of his office, according to his own judgment, if left to it, or to take the specific instructions of his chief, if that method was preferred. But his truest effacement was shown by the fact that he left no autobiographical account of his own services, no family history, no diaries and but few of the letters and personal memoranda, which most educated men cherish with sedulous care, and which form such an interesting part of their record. Colonel Martin, like all who wear mortal flesh about them, had his weaknesses, but they did no harm and brought no unhappiness to anyone but himself and those who were nearest and dearest to him. He was as open as the day, as generous as a prodigal, and had a heart full of charity and kindness for all the foibles of human nature. He was steadfast and loyal in friendship and as unchanging as adamant in his. hatred for cant and meaness. A classmate who met him last in 1892, writes: "I was delighted to find in him the same big hearted, generous, delightful companion

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whom we first met at the Point forty years ago. Officially he was generally conceded to be the ablest man in the Adjutant-General's department, and he had in a high degree a trait-official courtesy -which is far from common in that branch of service." Personally, I have always believed that Martin needed but the opportunity and the favoring chances of stirring times to have reached high rank and a world-wide fame, but fate was against him and so his lot was perhaps a disappointment to himself. But his true worth was not diminished on that account. His intimates knew it and esteemed him for it just the same, and even the poorest soldier found him, in his own humorous words, "indeed a pleasant man to do business with when they came to know him well." Like most of his classmates, I loved him as a brother, and look back upon the long years of our acquaintance and unbroken friendship with unalloyed pleasure. Let us " no further seek his merits to disclose," but remember him to the last for his healthy nature, his sound and saving sense, his unselfish and generous heart, and above all for:

"His little nameless, unconsidered acts of kindness and of love."

JAMES HARRISON WILSON.

FREMONT P. PECK.

No. 3190. CLASS OF 1887. Killed, February 19, 1895, at Sandy Hook, N. J., aged 29.

LIEUTENANT FREMONT P. PECK, Ordnance Department, United States Army, met with an untimely death at the Sandy Hook Proving Grounds, on February 19, 1895, while in the active discharge of his duty. He was injured by the bursting of a Hotchkiss 4.7 inch rapid-fire gun which he had just fired, and death resulted from the injury a few moments later. mII - ! I - · - I -lP al ---- -

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Lieutenant Peck was born at Stone Mills, Jefferson County, New York, in 1866. He attended the Canton University, Lawrence County, New York, until he entered the Military Academy, in September, 1883. As a cadet he gave promise of those finer qualities which as a man made him distinguished among those of his age. He was a close student, and, having a clear, perceptive and analytical mind, always ranked among the brightest of his class. As an officer of Artillery, he served at the Presidio of San Francisco, where his abilities brought him to notice and procured his detail upon special scientific duty of importance. He was transferred to the Ordnance Department in March, 1891, and with the exception of a year spent at the Springfield Armory, where he was a great favorite, both professionally and socially, his service has been entirely at the Proving Grounds. Here he put forth all the efforts of his intelligence to better his corps and his country. His natural abilities made him peculiarly well fitted for these duties, and he performed them with a thoroughness and zeal which made him invaluable. He made several special investigations in addition to his regular duties, and is the author of various valuable reports. He died, unfortunately, too young for his Department to receive the proper benefit of the intelligent service which those who were intimately associated with him saw so clearly promised. CLASSMATE.

JOHN C. SYMMES.

No. 1331. CLASS OF 1847. Died, March 16, 1895, at Berlin, Germany, aged 70.

CAPTAIN SYMMES was born in Kentucky, and came to the Military Academy from Ohio, in 1843. He graduated at the head of the Class of 1847, and was assigned to the Second Artillery.

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In 1849 he was transferred to the Ordnance, and became First Lieutenant in 1853, and Captain in July, 1861. For two years, 1847-49, he was on duty at West Point as Assistant Professor of Geography, History and Ethics. From 1850 to 1853, he was at Watervliet Arsenal; then for a year on the Rio Grande, Texas, in charge of the armament of fortifications; again at the Military Academy from 1855 to 1856. In 1855, he declined a Captaincy in the Tenth Infantry. At Watertown Arsenal, Maine, from 1856 to 1859; in command of the Leavenworth, Kansas, Ordnance Depot till 1860; on leave of absence till November, 1861, when he was retired. The cause of his early retirement was aberration of the mind. He was in Europe at the time of his retirement and never returned to this country. The following is taken from a classmate's letter: "He had high aspirations in his profession, but always hoped to be wealthy, I think for ultimate noble purposes. He had a copy of his father's book when a Cadet and I think I was the only man in our class who was permitted to read it, fearing ridicule of the theory of "Concentric Spheres," or the old story of "Symmes' Hole." The father showed no signs of unregulated imagination in his reasoning, and the stimulus given by his lectures in the West to Arctic Explorations cannot be estimated, for this was the main object of his life, to reach the pole or to sail into the interior of our shell. Symmes' failure to gain universal acceptance for his bridge truss, which was excellent for light loads, and ornamental reaches, was the beginning of his aberration of mind. His in- firmity so late as 1886 did not unfit him for the enjoyment of life or of domestic relations. The last letter I received from him told me that I might expect a call from him anyday from his balloon, in which he was coming across the Atlantic. The late Senator Matt. Carpenter was for two years his room mate at West Point and kept up a correspondence till the Senator's death." SECRETARY OF THE AssoCIATION.

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PHILIP SAINT GEORGE COOKE.

No. 492. CLASS OF 1827. Died, at Detroit, Michigan, March 20, 1895, aged 86. It is with a sense of deep sorrow and personal loss that the duty is undertaken to prepare for the Alumni Association the record of his old and honored chief, Brigadier and Brevet Major- General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, United States Army, retired, between whomll and the writer a warm personal intimacy and affection had existed for more than a quarter of a century. This fact may explain, though offered with diffidence, why this privilege was accorded to him when the General's older and renowned staff officers, General Merritt, Colonel Frank and others are still on duty. General Cooke was born near Leesburgh, Virginia, June- 13, 1809. The records of the Cooke family were destroyed when the home was burned and its contents with it. But from "recollections" of one of the eldest of the granddaughters the following is known and agrees with recent information gained from records in Philadelphia: Nathan Cooke, of Philadelphia, was a wealthy ship-owner and importer prior to the Revolutionary War. His son, Dr. Ste- phen Cooke, father of the General, was a physician of the same city, and went as surgeon of one of his father's ships donated to the Colonial Government during the latter part of that war. The vessel was captured by the British and taken to the Bermuda Islands, Dr. Cooke, with others, being held there as a prisoner of war, but put on parole. While at Hamilton, Bermuda, June, 1782, Dr. Cooke married Miss Catherine Esten, the daughter of the Honorable John Esten, Chief Justice of Bermuda. They visited the United States in 1783, during which visit their eldest child was born. This child was the celebrated' Dr. Esten Cooke, of Kentucky, who was one of the famous physicians of the old Calomel school in the first third of this century. .1 - - , . 1-I I I- 80 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895.

Dr. Stephen Cooke returned to Bermuda in 1784 and became an extensive practitioner of medicine, but in the year 1789 moved back to the United States and settled in Virginia, first at Alex- andria and finally at Leesburgh. He was a man held in high esteem as a citizen, for his superior skill as a physician, for his open-handed benevolence, and for his polished elegance of manners, resulting from his gentle parentage and refined social advantages. He died in 1816, when his sixteenth and youngest child, General Philip St. George Cooke, was only seven years old. Another brother of the General, John Rogers Cooke, was a lawyer of considerable distinction in Virginia, and a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829, serving with such men as Chief Justice Marshall, ex-President Madison and John Randolph. on the Committee of Seven, that drafted that instrument. John Rogers was the father of the author, John Esten Cooke, whose many novels give such charming accounts of peaceful life in Vir- ginia, and whose war books are records of his personal observation and opinion, when a staff officer of General J. E. B. Stuart. Up to the General's appointment as a cadet, his name was simply Saint George Cooke, in honor of his English ancestry, and from the fact, too, that a sixteenth common name for one family was hard to find; but the member of Congress who appointed him to West Point confounded his name with that of Philip Pendle- ton Cooke, a nephew, of near Saint George's age, another son of John Rogers Cooke, the lawyer. He entered the Academy at the unusually early age of fourteen, a green Virginia boy, with such a meagre education as the school at Martinsburg afforded, and took very fair rank in his class. He was launched into the Sixth Infantry in 1827 as a commissioned officer, still a boy, but honest, frank, full of health and vigor, and ready for the hard and eventful service of activity of more than thirty years before the breaking out of the Civil War. He joined his regiment at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, then a frontier station and depot from which recruits and supplies were sent to more remote posts. After conducting a detachment

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of recruits to Fort Snelhng, Lieutenant Cooke joined an expedition fitted out at Jefferson Barracks to fight the Comanches on the upper Arkansas, and then took station at Fort Leavenworth. Upon the breaking out of the Black Hawk War the Sixth In- fantry took part, being engaged in the battle of Bad Ax River. Upon the close of this campaign, in 1832, the subject of this sketch became the Adjutant of the Sixth Infantry, and joined the headquarters at Jefferson Barracks. Here he remained until the spring of 1833. Peaceful garrison life seemed irksome to him, and this he wrote to the Secretary of War. Shortly afterwards he made a visit to his native State and the National Capital, and left an improvised card at the War Office. Imagine the Secre- tary of War, the following day, climbing to the top story of a Washington hotel to return the visit of a Second Lieutenant. This was General Lewis Cass, of President Jackson's Cabinet Within a year after this the two regiments of Dragoons were raised, and the Secretary remembered the young officer and appointed him a First Lieutenant in the First Dragoons. He became Captain Cooke at twenty-six years of age, and his record of service shows many changes of station, numerous expeditions to the Indian Territory, the Texas frontier, and Rocky Mountains, till the breaking out of the Mexican War. "Capitan Cooko" was a household word in Indian and Mexican villages, equal to those of John Morgan and Forrest in Southern Kentucky in the War of the Rebellion. Upon the opening of the war with Mexico, Captain Cooke was sent to Santa Fe, New Mexico, (1846) to raise a battalion of Mormon Volunteers, which he commanded as Lieutenant-Colonel in a march through a roadless wilderness to California, where the Department Commander, General Stephen W. Kearney, assigned him to the command of the southern half of the State. For this service he was given the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel, to date February 27th, 1847, having, four days earlier, been promoted to Major of the Second Dragoons, which regiment he soon joined and commanded in the City of Mexico. At the close of the Mexican War, and the return of the army

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82 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. to the United States, Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel Cooke was assigned to duty as Superintendent of the Cavalry Recruiting Service at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1852. The next year he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the same regiment, and we again find him in active service against hostile Indians in New Mexico, and subsequently in garrison at Fort Leavenworth. When the Sioux campaign of 1855 was organized he was given the command of the Cavalry, and fought the battle of the Blue Water on September 3, and the same autumn returned with his command to Fort Riley, which post, as it existed before the War of the Rebellion, was in great part built under his command. During the years 1856-7 Lieut.-Col. Cooke was actively engaged in quelling disturbances between the "bor- der ruffians" of Missouri and Kansas, due to one being a slave State and the other free soil. This service frequently required considerable tact and ability on the part of an officer who was of proslavery antecedents, but whose instinct told him that this whole country is the land of the free, and which justice demanded and prejudice only denied to the African race, then in bondage. In 1857-8 Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke commanded the Cavalry column of General Albert Sidney Johnston's expedition to Utah, at the close of which he found himself Colonel of the Second Dragoons, vice Colonel W. S. Harney, appointed Brigadier Gen- eral upon the death of General Persifer F. Smith. Colonel Cooke being of studious habits, and as well as on account of his great experience, was designated by the War De- partment to prepare a new system of Cavalry tactics for the army, and for this purpose traveled in Europe in 1859-60, witnessing the campaign between France and Austria in Italy in 1859, and observing the Cavalry systems of other armies of Europe. Upon his return home he was assigned to the command of the Depart- ment of Utah, and remained there from August, 1860 to August, 1861, by which time the Civil War was upon us. Although his system of Cavalry tactics was adopted in November, 1861, having been referred to a board composed of himself and Captain Don Carlos Buell, of the Adjutant General's Department, it was con-

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sidered "a poor time to swap horses when crossing the creek," and by his suggestion, certainly by his assent, the issue of Cooke's Cavalry Tactics to the army was postponed. In the General's early manhood he married a noble woman, Miss Rachel Hertzog, of Philadelphia. The fruit of this union was one son and three daughters. The son, John Rogers Cooke, was an officer of the Eighth Infantry before the war, but in the dark days of '61, when many of those whose ancestry had come from the southern side of "Mason and Dixon's line" were in doubt as to which side to take, this young soldier, without his father's knowledge or ability to communicate with him, resigned his commission, wert to Virginia, and subsequently became a general officer on the Confederate side of the struggle between the States. He was severely wounded, from which he suffered the balance of his life. He died in Richmond four or five years ago. The eldest daughter, Flora, is the widow of the Confederacy's great Cavalry leader, J. E. B. Stuart. She is now, and for many years has been, at the head of an Episcopal high school, called the Virginia Female Institute, at Staunton. The second daughter, Maria, was also married before the war, to Dr. Charles Brewer, of the army. a son of Judge Brewer, of Annapolis, and he, too, gave up his commission and went to the Confederacy. The youngest daughter, Julia, is the widow of General Jacob Sharpe, of New York, who fought gallantly on the side of the Union as the Colonel of a New York regiment. When Colonel Cooke returned from Utah in 1861 he went with his regiment to Washington, but his long and faithful service to the country was no guarantee to the Government that he would remain true to his colors. From Utah he wrote a masterly letter to the citizens of Missouri, whom he knew and loved, "to stand by the stars and stripes, that glorious flag that waves over the capitol at Washington." The calm advice of this old southern soldier cooled the passionate blood of many in that State and saved them to the Union, but the disaffection of some of his children and many of his friends being known to the authorities, they naturally looked upon him with suspicion; and he, like his

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fellow statesman, the immortal Thomas, had to prove his own loyalty. It was done in this way: One evening early in the war a well-known southern woman approached him at Willard's Hotel. asked for a private interview, and placed in his hand a letter ad dressed to himself by a prominent Confederate officer whose name need not be mentioned, and who at that time was at the head of a body of Confederate troops not many miles from Washington. Those who knew the General well either during the war or within a few years after, need not be told with what indignation and wrath he sought, the same evening, the Secretary of War to transfer the letter to him. The Secretary recognized the fact that his indignation was genuine, and, though Colonel Cooke did not know it at the time, the circumstance proved his loyalty, and in a few days he was appointed a Brigadier-General of Volun- teers. This he felt bound to decline, preferring to remain with the Second Dragoons. It was changed, however, to a commission in the regular army, and General Cooke was assigned to command the regular Cavalry brigade in the defenses of Washington, and which grew to be the division of Cavalry of the Army of the Potomac. In that capacity he served in McClellan's peninsular camnpaign of 1862, being engaged in the siege of Yorktown, the skirmish and battle of Williamsburgh, and the battles of Gaines' Mill and Glendale. Upon the arrival of McClellan's army at Har- rison's Landing, at his own request he was relieved from duty iii that army and returned to Washington. In 1863 General Cooke commanded the district of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the De- partment of the Gulf, and subsequently became Superintendent of the General Recruiting Service of the regular army, with headquarters in New York City. After the war he commanded, in succession, the Departments of the Platte, Department of the Cumberland, and the Depart- ment of the Lakes, the latter being his command at the time of his retirement, in October, 1873, where he had been assigned according to his brevet rank of Major-General, which brevet was conferred upon him for gallant and meritorious service during the Rebellion.

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Not only was General Cooke a soldier, but was also a lawyer and an author. These he acquired as pastimes when not actually engaged in service. He published a romance of military life called "Scenes and Adventures in the Army," in 1856, and 'Con- quest of Mexico and California," in 1878. He was licensed to practice law in Virgiuia in 1838 and admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1850. Those who remember General Cooke only as a stern and rigid disciplinarian didn't know him. It is certainly true that he was exacting in military matters, and required that the regulations and orders should be strictly obeyed, and was impatient with offenders when they were not so, but these are some of the elements of a good soldier. Bearing upon this matter, General Sacket used to tell a good story, which those who served immediately under the General will appreciate when they remember his inarticulate utterance upon occasions, as well as the scratchiness of his usual handwriting. Captain Sacket, being the new officer- of-the-day, was standing ready to report for orders when the old officer-of-the-day, another Captain, was relieved. Some instructions given on the previous day had not been thoroughly carried out, the Colonel thought, and the officer-of-the-day was being roundly called to account for it, but couldn't understand the Colonel after being twice told. "Captain, do I write any plainer than I speak?" "No, Colonel, I don't think that you do, sir." The point struck homie, was appreciated, and the offense over- looked. Besides the stern military side of his nature, the General had a brighb social side, full of fun and humor, and fond specially of young people and their sports and enjoyments, in which he delighted to take part. At times he was excellent company. He had lived so long, his experience had been so vast, his observation and reading so extensive, coupled with the fact that the General was a good thinker and had a fine memory, made him an interesting companion for a good listener. In 1866, in the city of Omaha, when commanding the De- partment of the Platte, he presented himself for the sacrament of baptism and for the rite of confirmation in the Episcopal church,

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and ever afterwards was a follower of his Divine Master. His earnest piety and devotion to the cause of religion increased with his years. The writer specially noticed, when last with him, that all the old bitterness caused by the fratricidal strife had passed away, and that the grace of God had fully possessed his soul. He spoke with love and charity of the leaders of the Rebellion, and even of Jefferson Davis himself, who had been his intimate friend in youth. The grand old soldier and patriot had a long and hard-fought battle with his last enemy, but death conquered on the 20th of March, 1895. He went to his well-earned rest at the ripe old age of eighty-six years, in the bright hope of a glorious immortality. May the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, abide with him throughout eternal life. EDWARD DAVIS.

HENRY COPPEE.

No. 1241. CLASS OF 1845. Died, March 21, 1895, at South Bethlehem, Pa., aged 74.

DR. HENRY COPPEE, the acting President of Lehigh University, after a short illness of about a week, died of heart disease early March 21, 1895, at his home in South Bethlehem, Pa. This visitation of Providence has taken from a sorrowing community, an eminently active and valued citizen, an able adviser and devoted leader in many good causes, a prominent educator in his ever active and responsible field of duty, and highly esteemed and loved by his many acquaintances during his long and eventful life. His sudden demise is a mournful loss to his many esteeming friends and to his late field of duty. The widow, formerly Miss Julia de Witt, of West Point, N. Y., four daughters and one son, survive the distinguished and esteemed Professor. The descendants are Mrs. George Jenkins,

)- - - PROFESSOR HENRY COPPEE.

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of South Bethlehem, Mrs. Murray Duncan, a resident of Michigan, Mrs. E. L. Griffith, of San Francisco, Miss M. P. Coppee, and Henry St. Leget Coppee, a graduate of Lehigh University, as a Civil Engineer and now in the United States Engineering service at Vicksburg, Miss. Dr. Coppee was born in Savannah, Ga., October 13th, 1821, and was of prominent French ancestry. He received his early education at Yale College and, for three years as a Civil Engineer, was connected with the Georgia Central Rail Road. He entered the United States Military Academy, July 1st, 1841, and graduated No. 11 in a class of 123, and was appointed Brevet Second Lieutenant, Second Artillery, July 1st, 1845. His cadet career was always pure and exemplary, a pride to his relatives and friends as well as to himself. Well educated, able and active- minded, polished in manner and kind-hearted, he was ever genial with his associates and possessed their lasting friendship. As a Christian, the principles he practiced and inculcated were ever pure and with his ability, were a fore-runner of his subsequent useful career, and gave to all who came in social or business relation with him, full confidence in his ability and firm integrity After service of a year on garrison duty at Governor's Island, Lieut. Coppee, soon after the outbreak of the Mexican War was sent with his regiment to Mexico, where he took part under that noble soldier General Winfield Scott, in the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Cherubusco, the storming of Chepultepee, and the assault and capture of the City of Mexico, in each of which he did gallant and exemplary duty and gained the rank and commission of Brevet Captain, "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Cherubusco, Mexico, August 20th, 1847." From August 22, 1848, to June 22d, 1849, Capt. Coppee was on duty at the Military Academy as Assistant Professor of French, then temporarily at Fort McHenry, Maryland, whence from January 14th, 1850, to May 16th, 1855, he was at the Military Academy as Principal Assistant Professor of Geography, History and Ethics.

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On June 30th, 1855, he resigned from the Army and at once became Professor of English History and Literature at the University of Pennsylvania, which position he held to 1866, during which time the degree of M. A was conferred upon him by the University of Georgia; and that of L. L. D. by the University of Pennsylvania and by Union College of New York. At the opening of the Civil War in 1861, though expected and urged, by relatives and Southern friends of prominence and power, to give his services to the benefit of the Southern cause, and also urged by Northern friends to join the Union Army. Professor Coppee, knowing his binding obligations to the Union and deeply regretting the outbreak and attempted separation by his Southern friends, resisted all temptations to take an active part in the contest, and decided to remain at his post in the University of Pennsylvania and maintain his useful occupation of educating the young men of the country, abiding the result of the contest as the decision of " Him who does all for the best." During the invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee, circumstances changed, conditions were critical and the cause of our country was almost held in a balance. Professor Coppee saw the danger to the Union, and, though deeming himself but a small element in the active cause, at once tendered his services to the Governor of Pennsylvania by whom he was appointed an aide on his staff. He subsequently served on the staff of the Depart- ment Commander, General D. N. Couch, U. S. A., as provisional or extra aid-de-Camp and Military Secretary. Of the circumstances and the necessities of the services at that time, General Couch has written: "Prof. Coppee came to Harrisburg about the 20th of June, with other Pennsylvanians, prepared to organize for tile defence of the State against the invasion of Lee. I was very glad to see the Professor and, at once, sent him towards Altoona in order to keep me advised of affairs in that portion of my Department. He was recalled to Harrisburg on the 24th of June and appointed by me Military Secretary with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Of course, I had no authority to issue commissions, but the

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exigencies of the hour demanded extreme measures. The Colonel's military education and field experience in Mexico, admirably fitted him for the position. I now recollect back thirty-two years, with the anxiety of those momentous days, with an army of new, half- armed men and seemingly every burden placed upon my shoulders, that Colonel Coppee, with patience and diligence, served the public cause with the earnestness and loyalty of a veteran of the Army of the Potomac. On the 10th of July, the Colonel accompanied me when the Department Headquarters were established at Chambersburgh and continued on duty until the 15th of the same month, the day after Lee had withdrawn his Army to Virginia. The exigencies which had demanded the Colonel's services having ceased to exist, he returned to his home in Philadelphia." Professor Coppee's varied and useful occupation in civil life is best given in General Cullum's "Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy," from which the following is taken: Civil History-Professor of English Literature and History, University of Pennsylvania, 1855-1866. Degrees of M. A. conferred by the University of Georgia, 1848; and of L. L. D. by the University of Pennsylvania, 1866, and by Union College of New York, 1866. Secretary of the Board of Visitors to the U. S. Military Academy, 1868. Member of several Scientific and Historical Societies, 1851-67. Author of " Elements of Logic, designed as a Manual of Instruction," 1858; "Elements of Rhetoric," 1859. "Grant and his Campaigns," 1866; and several Military works, 1858-67. Edited a " Gallery of Famous Poets," 1858; and a "Gallery of Distinguished Poetesses," 1861. Editor of "United Service Magazine," 1864-66; and Contributor to the Principal Reviews and Magazines in the United States since 1848. Compiler of "Songs of Praise in the Christian Cent-uries," 1866. Author of "English Literature considered as an Interpreter of English History," 1873; and Editor of the American Edition of the Comte de Paris "Guerre Circle au Amerique," 1875-76. Author of "History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-

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Moors, with a Sketch of the Civilization which they achieved and imparted to Europe," 1881 ; and "Life of General George H. Thomas." U. S. Commissioner to the Annual Assay of the Philadelphia Mint, 1874. Lay Delegate from Central Pennsyl- vania to the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, held at New York City, 1874 and 1880. Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., since 1874. Lecturer on International Law, in the University Law School, Albany, N. Y., 1875-76. President of Lehigh University, at Bethlehem, Pa., 1866-75, and acting President since; and Professor of English Literature and History since 1866. Immediately after the announcement in the Lehigh Uni- versity Chapel of the death of Dr. Coppee everywhere was voiced the deepest regret for the loss of this prominent educator and principal for many years of the Institution. The undergraduates at once assembled for the purpose of drawing up Resolutions expressive of their appreciation of his services and their sorrow at his death and to arrange to do honor to the deceased President. The members of the faculty also met for the same purpose and all paid warm tribute to their departed friend and co worker. Professor E. H. Williams, Jr., in speaking of Dr. Coppee's work at Lehigh paid the following tribute, which illustrates the polished character of the deceased as well as his extensive and useful services. Professor Williams said: "The Lehigh University began its career as a technical university with all its courses based upon a grounding in the classics. It was a new departure, and sound in theory; but time soon showed that too little time could be given to the technical studies to allow thoroughness. Through the stormy seas of its launching and over the first third of its voyage the new university was guided by Dr. Coppee with credit to himself and honor to the institution. A master of the languages spoken in Central and South America, he began at the outset to attract students by circulars in their own languages, and with the result that from the outset a large proportion of the graduates were from those regions and have carried home the thoroughness of training for I I I- -I - I

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which Lehigh is justly famous, and which is the logical result of the foundation laid out by himself. After matters were running in proper order he laid down the onerous duties of the Presidency in 1875; but was not released from this work till the following year, when he became Professor of English Literature, Constitutional and International Law, and the Philosophy of History, and retained the chair to his death. As senior Professor he was President pro tempore in the absence of the President. From time to time he has been called to assume the helm of the University; first, during the dark days after the departure of Dr. Leavitt, and again when death removed Dr. Lamberton. It seemed as if the fates combined to thrust upon Dr. Coppee the work he had declined, when circumstances were most adverse; but in spite of added labors and accumulated years he was a support that never failed, and he goes to his well-earned rest with the deserved encomiums of colleagues and students. "With him justice was always tempered with mercy, and many a young man is pursuing his work unwittingly that the earnest requests of Dr. Coppee converted a severe sentence for some youthful indiscretion into a paternal warning that went to the heart and produced the needed reformation. He was loved by his. students, and every year the faculty was petitioned that the 'Doctor' would favor them with talks on subjects of mutual interest, and they always found a hearty response from the good man. The students' semi-weekly paper of to-day fitly voices their views. 'His works put forth in the clear light of day stand for themselves. In his personal connection with the students he has always been one of their truest and most loyal friends. "'Never forgetting that he was a gentleman, always kind, always courteous, he interested himself in the welfare of every young man who came under his influence. Of large intellect and clear foresight he stood forth as one of the most prominent educators in this country, and his opinions and approbation were eagerly sought for by all. This noble life has burned itself out, and his loss will be felt too deeply for words by everyone, graduate or undergraduate, who calls Lehigh his alma mater.'

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"As a Christian the influence of Dr. Coppee will be missed, as he showed that there need be no loss of the harmless pleasures of life to those whose faces were set heavenward, and under his Presidency there was a freedom given to religious exercise as connected with the University that showed that he felt as he talked, and that when a young man came to Lehigh he was to be treated as a man, and made to assume the responsibilities of one. This course brought a ready response from all whose manhood was of a healthy type, and is referred to with pleasure by' the older alumni. "As a writer Dr. Coppee was accurate and pleasing, and his works- too many to be noted here-will form a worthy monu- ment. The Government many years ago appointed him one of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and such he remained until his death. In many other positions outside of his collegiate work he was called upon to serve and died 'full of honors.' Nothing more fitting can be said of him than the encomium of his students: 'His life was passed in one of the most useful of labors- teaching young men--and his example and guidance have made many a man's future brighter.'" FJTZ-JOHN PORTER.

HUGH BRADY FLEMING. CLASS OF 1852. Died, April 9th, 1895, at Erie, Pennsylvania, aged 67. The lineage of HUGH BRADY FLEMING, on both sides, fitly represented those Scotch-Irish elements and reflected the characteristics which history, story and song have so inseparably in- tertwined with the name of the Keystone, his native State. His father was General James Fleming, who enlisted in the War of 1812, when about sixteen years of age. His mother was Rebecca, daughter of Robert Lowry, one of a family of ten m.II,· ·· · · · I · · -- - 1¶ ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 93

brothers, who, coming from the north of Ireland towards the close of the last century, had such a thrilling experience in the land-title troubles at the first settlement of the Lake Shore of Pennsylvania. A notable episode of this was the successful journey made by the wife of one of these brothers on horseback through the wilderness to the Federal Capital, where, by an order of President Jefferson, her husband was released from imprison- ment which he had incurred for disregard to a decree of Court in the land litigation. The military record of the family is exceptionally honorable, James Fleming, father of Hugh Brady, served through the War of 1812; participating in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane under General Scott, and was wounded at Fort Erie. He completed a long and honorable service in the United States Army. He afterwards served many years in the Volunteer establishment of Pennsylvania, where, passing through several grades, he became Major General. Colonel John W. McLane, (own cousin of Major Fleming,) closed a brilliant career in the War of the Rebellion by his death at the head of the renowned Eighty-Third Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers at the battle of Gaines' Mill. The chivalrous valor shown in the careers of both seemed to corroborate the tradition that they were of kin with General Anthony Wayne, whose name was given to two especially fine Military Companies before the War, raised and drilled by Captain McLane at Erie. The first, the Wayne Grays in 1841; the second, the Wayne Guards, organized in 1859; practically it was a Military School for the coming war and in fact, was the nucleus of the famous Eighty-Third Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers. With such an ancestry and surroundings, the record of Major Hugh Brady Fleming will not be a matter of surprise. He was born in Rockdale Township, Crawford County, Pennsyl- vania, in 1827. His early education was obtained in the common schools, then of the commonest sort. He was named for his father's companion in arms, if not regimental commander, while his brother bore the name of the veteran General under whom

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his father had fought at Lundy's Lane. All of his early surroundings tended to instill, to cultivate and intensify a love of military life. The science of war, especially as illustrated in the great battles of the period in Europe and America, amounted to a passion with General Fleming, whose prominence in organizing, disciplining and arming the State forces in north-western Penn- sylvania continued for many years co-incident with his son Hugh's childhood. 'His fireside was made cheerful in the companionship of his comrades of the War of 1812; while the Patriot War and the "Burning of the Caroline" quickened the interest in military circles, as they brought to the Lake frontier General Winfield Scott in connection with the stirring events liable to produce bloodshed and plunge the country into a war with England at any moment. Hugh Brady Fleming was most naturally devoted to military life; it was a logical sequence of his father's career. In July, 1848, in the very month the Mexican War was officially declared at an end, it was on the nomination of Hon. James Thompson, then member of Congress from the Erie District, under the Administration of President Polk-William L. Morey, being Secretary of War-he was appointed to the West Point Academy. The achievenients of our Armies had raised the interest in military matters to a high pitch ; yet from all of the eight counties of the Twenty-Third Congressional District, with their three endowed Academies and scores of Graduates, Hugh Fleming was named for the Cadetship of 1848. The intuitive perception and instinctive acumen of Judge Thompson were well vindicated in the long and distinguished career of his appointee. No doubt the result of the war, as that year announced, with its acquisition of California and Northern Mexico, adding as it did by the Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 649,000 square miles of territory to the domain of the United States, while more than 101,000 men had been in the field, involving an expenditure of one hundred million dollars, intensified the anxiety all over the country to enter West Point.

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It was a class embracing Phil Sheridan, Henry W. Slocum, A. McD. McCook, George Crook, T. L. Casey and others destined to win so much renown in the great War of the Rebellion. On the first of July, 1852, having graduated, Cadet Fleming was made Second Lieutenalit of the Ninth U. S. Infantry. He was assigned to duty in the distant west where the army, reduced to a peace footing, was engaged in keeping open communications in the vast region beyond the Mississippi before the organization of Kansas and Nebraska. Circumstances then made him prominent, his first skirmish was while defending Fort Laramie against the Sioux, June 17th, 1853; in another fight August 24th, 1854, he was wounded. It is needless to follow Lieutenant Fleming in his long, arduous and brilliant career, which commenced so soon after his graduation. He was on frontier duty at Fort Steillacom, Washington, and operated against the Puget Sound Indians in 1856. The next year he was stationed in Washington Territory, (then Northern Oregon,) also at Fort Dallas and Fort Walla Walla and on the Spokane Expedition. In 1858, he fought the Indians at Tohotsnimme and at Four Lakes, at Spokane Plains and River. He was on frontier duty at Walla Walla, Washington Territory, from 1858 to 1860, and was promoted to be Captain in the Ninth Infantry, May 14th, 1861. He relieved Kit Carson at Fort Garland, Colorado, and was presented by that renowned frontiersman with the sword he wore when he escorted John C. Fremont across the Rocky Mountains. It was thus Captain Fleming was thrown into active, prolonged and arduous military service, but the strain of such successive and unremittive effort by day and by night wore upon him. When the War of the Rebellion broke out he sought to place his military education and experience at the service of his country. He was invited by Governor Curtin to take command of a Pennsylvania Regiment, and a like offer came from the Governor of New York. The Secretary of War refused to accept his resignation but employed him in mustering, inspecting and organizing the volunteer forces, and he remained a Captain in the regular army. Several times after the breaking out of the war

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he was ordered to the remotest frontier. Honored as he was with the fullest confidence of the War Department, he was detailed to organize troops at Fort Columbus, New York. He served as mustering and disbursing officer at Buffalo, New York, and at Fort Humboldt, California, and for Nevada and California from 1861 to 1865. After this he was Acting Assistant Provost Marshal General and Superintendent of Volunteer recruiting service in California and Nevada. He returned to frontier duty at Fort Ruby, Nevada, in December, 1865, and July 28th, 1866, won his spurs and gold leaf while attached to the Nineteenth U. S. Infantry. He was next assigned to the Fifth U. S. Infantry in 1869, and in 1870 was retired on account of disease contracted in the line of duty. He had helped to clear the Indians from the Plains, but with them had vanished the youth, the vigor and the elasticity of Major Fleming; who, at his graduation, seemed to possess an iron clad constitution, fired with the courage of a lion, animated by a spirit of loyalty, worthy of the kinsman of Mad Anthony Wayne. Major Fleming never ceased his studies of military science. Ile kept up, almost to the day of his death, with every change in tactics, in arms, engineering, ship building and armor plating. He was genial and companionable and a man of strong friend- ships, with a high sense of honor; he would not allow himself to be outdone in his duties to his fellow men or to society. His domestic relations were most pleasant. In 1866, while stationed at Buffalo, he was married to Miss Marie Louise, daughter of Joseph Neely, Esq., of Erie. With his wife he reported at Fort Garland, where his son Hugh Neely Fleming was born in 1868. Upon Major Fleming's retirement from active service he took up his residence at the family home on West Eighth Street, Erie. Though offered the Chair of Military Science in the University of California and that of Minnesota, he was obliged to decline both on account of ill health. In the vain effort towards recuperating that health and vigor, which had been lost

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in arduous frontier service, he spent much time and very much of means in travelling. His friends noted the steady decline of the rapidly dying soldier. About two years ago the light of his pleasant home went out in the death of his charming wife. Though cheered by the constant companionship and untiring attentions of his devoted son, the sturdy warrior answered his last roll call at his beautiful but darkened home on the ninth of April, 1895. The remains of the battle-scarred veteran were tenderly placed in the beautiful Erie Cemetery in a sightly location near to the resting place of his beloved wife and his kinsman, Colonel McLane, overlooking the spot on the bluff Lake bank where General Wayne, on his return from his successful Indian campaign, died and was buried. Kindred in blood and in their unfaltering loyalty, though their spheres of activity so widely separated, each found a grave within sound and view of the other while the name and fame of each will be cherished among its choice legends of history by the Gem City of the Lakes. JAMES SILL.

JOHN NEWTON. No. 1112. CLASS OF 1842. Died. May 1 st 1895, at his home in New York City, aged 72. MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN NEWTON, was born at Norfolk, Virginia, August 24th, 1823; entered the United States Military Academy as a Cadet, July 1st, 1838, was graduated from that institution July 1st, 1842, and was at once appointed Second Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers U. S. Army. His father, the Hon. Thomas Newton, represented the Norfolk District of Virginia in Congress for nearly thirty years, and at his retirement from public office in 1830, was the oldest member in service, of the House of Representatives.

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John Newton received his primary education in the private schools of his native town, and when he was between twelve and thirteen years of age was sent to West Point, New York, there to be qualified, under private tuition, for the position of a civil engineer. In 1838, as already stated, he entered the Military Academy as a Cadet, being at that time less than fifteen years old. He was the youngest member of the Class which was graduated in 1842; and from the beginning to the end of the Academic Course was first in rank in the studies of that class, which graduated fifty-six members, and was noted for its large proportion of men of great ability, high character, and unusual proficiency. He was very highly respected by Professors, Officers and Cadets-and soon acquired and retained the devoted personal friendship of all with whom he was brought into intimate relations. Although less than nineteen years of age when appointed Lieutenant of Engineers, his career as a Cadet had given clear indications that he possessed in a high degree those qualities, which, when developed by experience, led to his great eminence and distinction. In 1852 he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant of Engineers. During his ten years service as Second Lieutenant his duties were varied and important. First, as Assistant to the Board of Engineers; Second, for three years, Assistant Professor of Engineering at West Point; next, as Assistant Engineer in the construction of fortifications, Boston Harbor; later, as Assistant Engineer, New London Harbor. He then became Superintending Engineer in the construction of Forts Wayne. Porter, Niagara and Ontario. As First Lieutenant of Engineers, he conducted the surveys of various Rivers and Harbors in Maine, with the view of the improvements of navigation at those. places. In 1853, he was ordered to Florida, and placed in charge of River and Harbor improvements in that State and in Georgia-as well as the fortifications of Pensacola Harbor, and Forts Pulaski and Jackson in Georgia. He was promoted to be Captain in the

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Corps of Engineers, July 1st, 1856. As Captain of Engineers he continued in charge of the above works; and was a member of a Special Board of Engineers to select sites and prepare projects for coast defences in Alabama. Mississippi and Texas. In 1858, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Utah Expedition, and at the end of that service was placed in charge of the construction of Fort Delaware, and remained on that duty until the breaking out of the war, 1861. His first service in that war was as Chief Engineer of General Patterson's column in the Valley of Virginia. He participated in the action at Falling Waters, June 30th, 1861. August 6th, 1861, he was promoted to be Major of Engineers. and on the 26th of that month was ordered to Washington for duty upon the defences of that city. He laid out and constructed several large works covering Alexandria; and, on September 23d, 1861, was appointed Brigadier General of Volunteers, and assigned to the command of a brigade in the defences of Washington, until March, 1862, when the Army of the Potomac embarked upon the Peninsula campaign and commenced the siege of Yorktown. His active duty as Commander of Volunteers in the field was now entered upon, and his services in that capacity continued until the end of the war. He was promoted to be Major-General of Volunteers in the latter part of 1862, and from that time commanded a Division-- and at the battle of Gettysburg, a Corps-in the Army of the Potomac until he was transferred to General Sherman's Army in the West, and on the 2d of May, 1864, was assigned to the command of the Second Division, Fourth Corps, under General Thomas, in the advance of Sherman's Army from Chattanooga to Atlanta. After the capture of Atlanta, he was assigned, October, 1864, to the comnmand of the Military District of Key West and Tortugas, Florida. He was mustered out of the Volunteer service, January 15th, 1866; and returned to duty in the Engineer Corps with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, to which he had been promoted, December 28th, 1865.

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Without attempting to give, even an outline of his services during the war as Brigadier-General and Major-General of Volunteers, it is well to mention a few special incidents illustrating his connection with that service. When the Confederate forces evacuated the works at Yorktown, the division to which Newton's brigade was attached was rapidly embarked and sent up the York River to the neighborhood of West Point, at the head of that river, to cut off the Confederate retreat. When the division landed, after dark, it was ascertained that the Confederate Army had concentrated in large force at Barhamsville; and, that instead of cutting off the enemy's retreat, this unsupported division, only two and one half miles from the main body of the enemy, with the river at its rear, ran an imminent risk of entire destruction. In this state of affairs, and the temporary absence of the Division Commander, General Newton .examined the position that night, with a view to ascertain what measures of defense could be devised. He discovered that the marshes covered all of their position except a space sufficient for the deployment of one brigade. He applied for and obtained permission to post his brigade at that place, and the action of the day, May 7th, 1862, was fought under his personal direction, without supervision or orders from the Division Commander. The field of action, thus contracted by the marshes, was susceptible of defence against greatly superior forces, but without the reconnaissance and knowledge so obtained of the position, the result of that engagement would probably have been eminently disastrous to the division. The official records show that it was no part of the plan of the Confederate Commander to make a real attack upon such a position as that occupied by Newton's brigade; but if that division had advanced-" to cut off the Confederate retreat" -it would, in all probability, have been annihilated. Newton's good judgment and skill on that occasion and his debut as Commander of troops in battle are highly commendable.

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In the operations of the Army of the Potomac in the vicinity of Richmond his brigade bore an active part in the bloody battle of Gaines' Mills, June 27th, 1862; received the commendation of the Commanding General on that field; andi was engaged in the battle of Glendale, June 30th, 1862. At the battle of Crampton's Gap, September 14th, 1862, in the Maryland Campaign, General Newton commanded a brigade in one of the divisions of Franklin's Corps, McClellan's Army. The division to which Newton belonged was chosen to make the assault, and on the march to the point of attack, he recommended to his superior that the division on reaching the ground should be halted, and as soon as formed, pushed in altogether with the bayonet, and that no time should be lost in returning fire. He was told that this should be done. As his brigade was the last in column of march he arrived last in the field, and to his great disappointment, found that the two brigades which preceded him had become engaged, regiment by regiment, as they arrived upon the ground, and that the plan agreed upon had not been carried out. He was obliged to lend the assistance of his own troops to the brigades already engaged, and to replace some of the regiments whose ammunition had been expended. In the mean time the losses - were heavy, the men being mostly in the open, while the enemy on the slope of the mountain, were covered by dense woods, or were behind stone fences. There was no officer superior to a brigade commander visible on the field from the :beginning of the action to the end, so that General Newton, in the continued absence of instructions, was obliged to take command of the operations of the attack. He directed the line to be formed and bayonets to be fixed, and ordered the advance, without firing, until the enemy should begin to retreat. He accompanied the troops. The position of the enemy was carried with a rush. This might have been done earlier, and much loss of life saved, had the proper dispositions been made when the division arrived upon the ground. At the battle of Antietam, (Sharpsburg,) General Newton was engaged, on the bloodiest part of that bloody field, and was

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promoted to be Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in the regular army for gallant and meritorious conduct in that battle. At the battle of Fredericksburg, in the Rappahannock Campaign, December 12th. 1862, General Newton, as Major General of Volunteers, commanding a division in the Army of the Potomac, was engaged on the left of the line at Franklin's crossing. In the Chancellorsville Campaign, at the battle of Marye Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3d, 1863, General Newton's division formeJ a part of the Sixth Corps, (Sedgwick's.) In the circumstances of dense fog and movements of the troops at night, there seemed to be at daylight, no course left but to organize an attack in force upon the strong position, Marye Heights, already memorable, since December 12th, 1862, for the slaughter and defeat of the attacking forces under General Burnside. General Newton advised Geieral Sedgwick, who had arrived on the ground, that'diversions and attacks, if possible, should be made to the right and to the left of his position, to prevent a concentration of force in his front. This was done, and, the requisite preparations being made, General Sedgwick directed General Newton to attack the stone wall rifle pit, at the foot of the Marye Heights, with his own division and the Light division which was now assigned to his command. The advance was made with the bayonet, caps having been taken off the guns. The position of the enemy was carried. In this short attack, which lasted not more than three minutes, 1,000 men were killed or wounded, out of 3,500 men, which, owing to the cramped and confined field of battle, was all that could be brought into action. At the battle of Gettysburg, in the Pennsylvania Campaign, July 1st, 2d and 3d, 1863, General Newton was assigned to the command of the First Corps, on the second and third days in place of General John F. Reynolds, the proper Commander of that Corps, killed on the first day. For gallant and meritorious services as a Corps Commander, in that memorable battle, General Newton received the Brevet of Colonel in the Regular Army. In the movement of General Sherman's Army, from Chatta-

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nooga to Atlanta in 1864, General Newton commanded a division of the Fourth Corps, under General Thomas, and was engaged in the contest on Rocky-faced Ridge and in the operations around Dalton; in the battle of Resaca; action at Adairsville; battle of New Hope Church ; battle of Kenesaw Mountain; and in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, near Atlanta, July 20th, 1864. Peach Tree Creek.-At the period of this important battle, General Sherman had divided his forces in the immediate neighborhood of Atlanta, where the Confederates were concentrated. The position of Thomas' command was in the angle between the Chattahoochee River and Peach Tree Creek, its left resting upon the Buckhead road where it crosses the Creek. The remainder of Sherman's Army, the commands of McPherson and Schofield, were under his own immediate control, considerably to the left of Thomas, leaving between the two a wide interval of marshes and difficult ground sufficient to prevent co-operation in case of battle. General Sherman, supposing the extreme left to be threatened, drew off from Thomas two divisions of the Fourth Corps. This was an error. The enemy attacked Thomas, weakened by the detachment of two divisions from his forces. Thomas had been ordered by Sherman to march on Atlanta, on the supposition that there was no enemy in his front. Parallel with the course of Peach Tree Creek, on the side towards Atlanta, in the neighborhood of the Buckhead road crossing, is a range of hills, which, on the left of the road, sink in a short distance to the level of the bottom land. General Newton's division, the extreme left of Thomas, was at the road crossing, starting from which a narrow spur, elevated above the bottom land, formed a roadway to the ridge of the range of hills Seeing the importance of occupying the range of heights which commanded the bottom land, and without which the position in advance of the Creek was untenable, General Newton obtained permission from General Thomas to seize the crests in his front, and to post his division there in advance of the troops on his right who were formed on the bottom land. The position was easily carried, being defended only by a few skirmishers, and the

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division was marched along the spur to the ridge, and there halted. The formation was on the line of the ridge, on either side of the road, with one brigade in reserve halted a little in rear of the line of battle, along the road of approach. Two guns were placed in position between the two front brigades, and two in rear of the reserve brigade (and on the road from the creek to the bridge) so placed as to-command the low ground to the left of the road where the hills sank into the bottom land. The position being thus taken up, the skirmish line was ordered to advance- but immediately encountered a sharp resistance from riflepits. and was brought to a halt. The appearance of things was now very different from that supposed in the orders to the troops. General Newton rode back to General Thomas, who was at the road crossing of the Creek; and, upon reporting the facts of the case, was directed to encamp on the position held by his division. As he quitted General Thomas to return, a tremendous fire broke out. Hurrying back, when he reached the two reserve guns, he found them directed against a heavy Confederate force, which, circling around the left of the division was emerging into the low ground and marching to the rear of the position. A rapid fire of these guns checked this advance, and the enemy retired. Pursuing his way towards the front, General Newton found the reserve brigade on the road had faced to the left, and was engaged with the enemy. Arriving at the extreme front, he found the two brigades were attacled by large numbers and hard pressed. Having waited until everything appeared to be firm in front, he rode back to the reserve guns, where he found General Thomas, who had meanwhile brought up two six-gun batteries, making in all fourteen guns in position there. The large Confederate force entrusted with the turning of the position made another attempt, but the fire was too heavy for it. Newton's division held its ground firmly throughout the battle, without yielding an inch, and thus saved the flank of Thomas' line. While the battle was raging, with the enemy all aroiund the position, General Newton was handed a despatch from General Sherman to General Thomas,

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which directed the receiver to march on Atlanta, as there was no enemy in his front. Not having time for writing, Newton pointed out, to the orderly who bore the despatch, the enemy in his front, flank and rear, and bade him report what he saw there The Confederate Commander had ordered more than two thirds of his Army to concentrate, under cover of dense woods. against Thomas, and, if possible, destroy him before he could make effective dispositions for successful resistance after the passage of the Creek. If Newton had not taken position on the crest of the hills at the time he did, and had not there formed his troops in the manner he did, it is probable the surprise would have been successful. The consequences of such an event would have been, if not the destruction of Thomas' command, the separation of Sherman's forces into two parts with an active and vigorous enemy between them; if not defeated in detail, it would have been difficult for the separated forces to unite without a long march to the rear. In either event, Atlanta would not probably have been captured, at least, during that campaign. General Newton was breveted Brigadier-General in the regular army for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Peach Tree Creek. Later, he was engaged in the siege of Atlanta, and in all the operations leading to the occupation of that place, including the bloody assault at Jonesboro and the desperate battle of Lovejoy's Station, In 1865, he was breveted Major-General in the regular service for gallant and meritorious conduct during the war. At the end of the war he returned to duty in the Engineer- Corps, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in that Corps, to which he had been promoted December 28th, 1865. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel in the Engineer Corps, June 30th, 1879; and on the 6th of March, 1884, was appointed Brigadier-General and Chief of the Engineer Corps of the United States Armry. From the end of the war, until he was made Chief of the Corps of !Engineers, he was engaged in the construction of

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fortifications and the- improvement of rivers and harbors. He was a member of the Permanent Board of Engineers upon Fortifications and Rivers and Harbors; and was in frequent service with Special Boards of Engineers. The list of civil works under his charge during this time comprised the surveys and improvements of the waters around New York City, including those of Lake Champlain; the Hudson River; the waters of New Jersey in the vicinity of New York City; the Upper and Lower Bay; the waters of the western end of Long Island; the Harlem Ship Canal; and surveys and removal of obstructions in the East River, including Hell Gate. Of the many obstructions in the East River, near the heart of the City, the most dangerous was Pot Rock, a large stone, several hundred feet in length, and somewhat less in width, the top being a few feet below the surface of the water. Untold wrecks had been caused by that Rock, and many unsuccessful attempts to remove it had been made before the war. For the destruction of this, and similar obstructions to navigation, Newton devised a method which proved to be promptly and completely effective. His invention consisted of a steam drilling scow, upon which was placed a frame work to support many heavy drills, so arranged that when let down to the bottom upon which the drill-frame was to rest, it could be promptly leveled, thus eausing the drills to work vertically. When the drill-frame was lowered, through a well in the scow, it rested solidly on the rock, without connection with the scow. Tubes were fixed to the drill-frame, in which heavy drill rods were raised and let drop by engines, thus causing the drills to perforate the rock, which operation was performed very rapidly, notwithstanding the size and depth of the holes, which were nearly six inches in diameter, and averaged nine feet in depth. When drilling was completed, the drill-frame was raised, the scow was floated off a short distance, the holes charged with dynamite cartridges by divers, and ignition was communicated by electric current. After the rock was blasted it was removed by divers, or more commonly by means of the steam-grapple. By the method just described the Diamond Reef, --· ~ _ - II -·I 11·11 - I · I I, 2 lI -

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Coenties Reef, Way's Reef, Sheldrake, and other reefs were blasted and removed. At Hallet's Point, a large reef projected into the Hell-Gate channel, causing a deflection of the currents towards other dangerous reefs, so that in avoiding one there was great danger of being carried upon another. This reef covered a surface of three acres, and its volume was about 60,000 cubic yards in place. To effectually remove this mass of rock, whose upper surface was but little below that of the water, Newton deemed it expedient to sink a shaft at the shore, and from the bottom of that shaft tunnel under the whole three acres, leaving piers to support the roof, and afterwards to blow up the whole mass by one explosion. The tunneling was gradually effected-the debris being carried out through the shaft -and, without accident or excessive leakage. The piers and roof were then bored with blast holes to receive the cartridges. The quantity of explosives used in this final blast was 50,000 pounds of dynamite and equivalent compounds, and the number of distinct charges and ignitions was about 4,500. It was considered a delicate and hazardous operation to handle and place in position these large amounts of explosive compound; but, a more difficult task remained: that of combining electric batteries, wires and groups of charges, by mathematical formulae, based on well known electrical data to cause an instantaneous explosion of the 4,500 charges. Notwithstanding the frequent firing of mines by the electric spark or incandescent platinum wire, it had never been attempted to group together the electro- motive force of the battery, its internal resistance, the resistance of the leading and connecting wires, the fuse resistance, the disposition of the elements of the battery and of the charges, so that when the number and situation of the charges were fixed. the number of elements of the battery necessary to effect instantaneous ignition of all became known by a certain calculation, as sure for a million as for one charge. The division of the large amount of explosives into many charges, the apportionment of each charge to rending the rock in which it was placed, and the filling of the galleries and tunnels

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with water, were so arranged that no external explosion and perturbation of air resulted ; as was proved by the absence of injury to a frame building alongside of the shaft, in which not even a pane of glass was fractured. The rending of three acres of rock into fragments which could readily be removed by the steam-grapple, was a complete success. Previous to the explosion great anxiety was felt by many of the people of the city in reference to the effect of the simultaneous discharge of 50,000 pounds of dynamite in their immnediate vicinity; and, they feared the result would be disastrous to life and property. To allay that feeling, General Newton publicly expressed the firmest conviction that no damage whatever would arise from firing the mine; and announced that his wife and children would be at the point where the electric batteries were placed, within a few feet of the shaft; afd, that his only daughter-Mary Newton-then an infant, two years of age, would touch the button which would simultaneously ignite the 4,500 distinct charges of which the mine was composed. THer finger, guided by her fath, r's hand, set in motion the electric currents that, in an instant, rent the three acres of rock which constituted the dangerous obstruction to navigation known as Hallet's Point Reef. A good deal of adverse criticism was caused by the fact that this explosion was to take place on Sunday. The War Depart- inent, at Washington, was called upon to order General Newton not "t thus to desecrate the Sabbath." That Department declined to take the responsibility of interfering with General Newton's arrangements. The Chairman of the New York Sabbath Committee appealed to General Newton asking a change of date. To that appeal, the latter replied, in a letter dated September 22d, 1876: 'Dear Sir:- "I have had the pleasure to receive your communi- 'cation of the 20th inst., and I regret to say that the pressure of 'business prevents a reply as full as the importance of the subject "demnands. In the first place, I have to thank you for the

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"courteous terms in which your communication is expressed, "and to say that I was well aware of serious objections to 'appointing Sunday as the day of firing the mines at Hell Gate; but, a necessity which I considered urgent compelled the step. "Wednesday last was originally appointed as the day, but the "delay (unforeseen) of a contractor compelled a postponement "day by day until the day complained of was reached. Neither 'myself nor any of my subordinates would take the respons- "ibility-on account of certain probable consequences-of ' delaying the explosion one day after all is ready. This alone '"should prevent our action being considered by any one as a "desecration of the Lord's day." The next obstruction to be blown up in Hell Gate was Flood Rock, or Middle Reef, covering an area of more than nine acres. The operations in this work were conducted in a manner similar to the method which had been pursued at Hallet's Point; differing only in the longer time required to accomplish a greater amount of work. The explosion, which broke Flood Rock into fragments, took place on the 10th of October, 1885, and was equally as successful as that at Hallett's Point. Again, General Newton's daughter touched the button which set in motion the electric currents that caused the instantaneous ignition of a much larger number of distinct charges, and the much greater amount of dynamite, (200,000 lbs.) than had been used in the first explosion. The surveys, the location, and the detailed plans for the Harlem River Ship Canal-to connect the waters of the Hudson River with those of the East River, along the northern boundary of Manhattan Island-were completed by General Newton. But, owing to delays caused by litigation in the Courts and by the failure of Congress, from year to year, to make the requisite appropriations, the actual construction of that important work had hardly been begun when he was relieved from his duties in New York Harbor. In the meanwhile, the means he devised for removing rock obstructions to navigation by the steam drilling scow, operating from the surface; and in other cases operating from below by

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tunneling under rocks of very large area, and the complete success of both those methods, had established his reputation, as an engineer of great ability and distinction, among the leading men of that profession in this country and in Europe. When he was promoted to be Brigadier-General and Chief of Engineers in the Regular Army, he was ordered to Washington City. He discharged the duties of that important office in a manner highly satisfactory to the General Government-both Executive and Legislative. On the 27th of August, 1886, at his own request, he was retired from active service in the United States Army, and placed on the retired list. Such, in brief, is the record of his career in that Army from the time he entered the Military Academy, in 1838, as a Cadet, until in 1886, after more than forty-eight years service, he vacated the, position of Chief of the Corps of Engineers. Immediately after leaving the active military service, General Newton, on the 28th of August, 1886, accepted the office of Commissioner of Public Works in the City of New York. In that important Municipal Department he had control of millions of dollars, expended annually, and of hundreds of officers who, under his direction, had charge of "Public Works" of this city. His administration of that office proved he was fully as capable in the conduct of civil business, of great moment, as he had previously, so conspicuously, shown himself to be as an officer in the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army; and as Commander of troops in War. In 1888, he declined a proffered offer, of re-appointment, as Commissioner of Public Works for another term, and accepted the Presidency of the Panama Rail Road Company. He continued to be the President of that Company until he died, May 1st, 1895. On the 3d of that month, the following resolutions were adopted by the Board of Directors: " When, in 1888, Geaeral John Newton became the President "of the Panama Rail Road Company, he had earned a name "honored by the Nation through forty years of distinguished

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"service in its War Department and on the battle field, as well "as by succeeding years of equally honorable duties in civil life. "During this long, career his fame in his lovel profession "had steadily grown from early manhood without a check, until "his pre-eminence as an engineer, who had successfully met "every problem confronting him in great governmental works, "was fully recognized at home and abroad. "The duties of the office of President of this Corporation, "the concerns of which are International and of unusual variety "in the management of its system of 6,000 miles, required just "such talents as General Newton had so conspicuously exhibited, "and the Corporation was fortunate in securing them in its behalf. "We give grateful acknowledgement to the rare fidelity, the "patient and studious devotion, the far seeing discernment and "the unwavering adherence to principle which, with a ripe "judgment, made his counsels so valued and his administration "so successful. "But we wish to record, as well, our personal affection for " one who was to each also a personal friend, and whose invariable "amiability and courtliness inmde business associations with him '"a rare pleasure and brings to each the sense of a personal loss. "Therefore, be it unanimously Resolved, That this simple 'expression of our sentiment be engrossed on the records of the "Corporation, and under the signature of each Director be "transmitted to the family of General Newton, with the sincere "sympathy of the Board." In early manhood he became-and continued to be until the end of his life-an earnest and devout member of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1886, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from St. Francis Xavier College. In 1848, he was married to Miss Anna M. Starr, of New London, Conn., whose father, Jonathan Starr, was President of the leading Bank of that city. General Newton was a devoted husband and father. He leaves a widow, one daughter, and five sons to niourn his loss. They have the heartfelt sympathy of all who knew him. GUSTAVUS W. SMITH.

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S. B. HAYMAN.

No. 1161. CLASS OF 1842. Died, May 1, 1895, at Houstonia, Missouri, aged 75.

GENERAL S. B. HAYMAN, who died at the residence of his son, in Pettis County, Missouri, was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, June 5, 1820, so that he lacked but little cf being 75 years old at the time of his decease. He received his appointment as a cadet at the Military Acad- emy from President Harrison, being appointed at large. He entered West Point July 1, 1838, and graduated July 1, 1842. He was retired, at his own request, July 1, 1872, making his term of active service exactly thirty years. During this time he served almost constantly on frontier duty, except during the Mexican and civil wars. His military career was replete with honor to himself, and efficient service to his country. In the Mexican war he participated in the first battle of that war at Fort Brown, Texas, which lasted about a week; he afterwards, as First Lieutenant of Seventh Infantry, took part in all the battles of General Scott's Army in the valley and around the City of Mex- ico. He fought at Cerro Gordo, Molino Del Rey, Monteray, Contreras, Cherubusco, Chapultepec and San Cosmo. In letters of his written from Mexico, about fifty years ago, the writer has recently read very interesting and lucid accounts of all these battles. With characteristic modesty, he never mentions himself except at the battle of Contreras, where he refers to the fact, in a letter to his sister, that he was the first man to reach the enemy's work, and that he turned their own cannons upon their retreating columns before they were out of range. In the war of the rebellion he commanded at the outset the Thirty-seventh New York Volunteers, and was with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia throughout the war. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Chancellorsville. He participated in fourteen battles and skirmishes in Virginia, and was three times brevetted for gal-

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lant and meritorious conduct on the field, viz: Fair Oaks, Chan- cellorsville and the Wilderness. He also received very honorable mention in the reports of the gallant Gen. Phil. Kearney, in whose Division he served, an honor which nobody ever received from that source who did not exhibit a perfect willingness to go and stay when duty called, where bullets rained the thickest. General Hayman was twice offered brevets for civil services in performing the duties of Provost Marshal-General at Indian- apolis, Indiana, and at Elmira, New York. These he declined, holding that a soldier should not accept a brevet for anything but valor on the field. On frontier duty he served at different times at Fort Winne- bago, Wisconsin, at Fort McCree, Florida, in Utah in expedition against the Mormons, in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, and lastly, in Dakotah. In Dakotah he contracted inflammatory rheumatism, and fearing that he would be disabled permanently for active service, he applied to go on the retired list, which request was granted July 1st, 1872. He was married in 1850 at Madison Barracks, Wis., to Mary Clark, daughter of Major Saterlee Clark, United States Regular Army. He only enjoyed five years of married felicity. His much beloved wife died in 1855, and he remained a widower the remaining forty years of his life. He had three children, one of whom died in infancy. The other two, Wayne Hayman and Frank C. Hayman still survive. Since 1878 he has resided with his son, Frank C. Hayman, on his farm, in Pettis County, Missouri. In his character he exemplified the highest virtues of the Christian soldier and gentleman. He was brave, chivalrous, kind and courteous. In his daily walk and conversation his life was pure of all uncleanness. He was modest and generous to a fault. Duty with him was the supreme word, and he was always inclined to interpret duty on the line of self-sacrifice. He also possessed that most rare gift of charity; not only in the giving of alms, where he was always generous, but in that rarer and broader charity "that envieth not, is not puffed up, and thinketh no evil."

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In his judgment of other people he was always charitable. He was kind to their virtues, and almost never spoke critically of their shortcomings. In fact, he was so regardful of the rights of others that he never aroused any of those antagonisms that grow out of selfishness and intolerance. He was one of those rare characters of whom it can be truly said that "none knew him but to love him, none named him but to praise." The spontan- eous tribute of respect that was shown at his funeral by his neighbors, and the encomiums that are being sent from every place where he has lived. and was known will ever prove to his bereaved relatives a source of intense gratification. FRANK C. HAYMAN.

WILLIAM R. PEASE.

No. 1707. CLASS or 1855. Died June 7, 1895, at Wallingford, Ct., aged 00.

General WILLIAM R. PEASE entered the Military Academy on the first day of July, 1851, from Utica, N. Y.; was graduated in June, 1855; was appointed Brevet Second Lieutenant, Tenth Infantry, on the first day of July, 1855, and was promoted to be Second Lieutenant, Seventh Infantry, October 16, 1855. He was for a time with the Tenth Infantry at Carlisle Barracks and Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, and joined the Seventh Infantry at Fort Smith, Arkansas, upon promotion, and served there for nearly two years. In 1858, while with his Regiment in the Utah Expedition, he suffered a severe attack of mountain fever, and later a relapse which left him with strong symptoms of disease of the heart. unfitted him for duty for a period of six months, and required him, in September, 1859, to return to his home for the benefit of his health. In 1860, in a vain attempt to rejoin his Regiment, he pro-

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ceeded as far as Fort Leavenworth and was there overcome by extreme heat and fatigue, and so prostrated that he was forced again to return to his home. From July, 1861, he served as Mustering and Disbursing Officer for the central portion of the State of New York, until he was tendered and accepted the position of Colonel of the One Hun- dred and Seventeenth New York Volunteers, the following year. Though still an invalid, he proceeded with his Regiment to the field and remained there till June 5, 1863, when, as the result of exposure, the disease from which he had so long suffered returned with such intensity that he was forced to take sick leave. In August, 1863, he was retired from active service by reason of dis- ability incurred in line of duty. While a Colonel of Volunteers, he served in command of his Regiment from August 25th to December 25th, 1862, and of a Brigade from December 25th, 1862, to April 15th, 1863, in the Defences of Washington; in command of a Regiment and two Batteries in the Defence of Suffolk, Virginia, during the siege of that place by the enemy under General Longstreet, April 17th to May 4, 1863, participating in several engagements; in command of a Brigade of the Ninth Army Corps in the construction of defences to guard the approaches to Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia, May 15th to June 5th, 1863. Immediately upon his retirement, he was assigned, under authority which then existed for the employment of retired officers, to duty in the Provost-Marshal General's office at Washing- ton, and later served as Disbursing Officer for the State of Con- necticut; as Chief Mustering and Disbursing Officer and Assistant Provost-Marshal General for the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island; and Chief Mustering and Disbursing Officer of the State of New York. From February, 1868, to April, 1869, he occupied the position of Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the State University of Wisconsin. For gallant and meritorious services at the siege of Suffolk, Virginia, he received the brevet of Major, May 4, 1863; and on the 9th of November, 1865, the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel, for

-'I -I L d -I l I- III _s I - - II - --laLI-I__-L- --------·· ----·-- ^ w 1 116 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895. meritorious services. On the 13th of March, 1865, I- faithful and he was brevetted Brigadier-General of Volunteers for gallant and meritorious services during the Rebellion. From 1869 until the date of his death he seems to have led a retired, quiet life, forced upon him by the nature of his disease. He was a man of high principle, of gentle nature, and of abiding Christian faith. The Class to which he belonged held a reunion at West Point in June, 1895, on the fortieth anniversary of its graduation. General Pease had hoped, in vain, to be present. On the 20th of May, 1895, he wrote to his classmates words of affection and regret that his state of utter prostration, of nervous debility, and of serious heart affection, made it not only dangerous but impossible for him to leave his bed to be with them. At the reunion on the 11th of June, they sent a telegram of love and greeting addressed to him at Wallingford. It passed the funeral train which carried his remains for interment that very day at Rye, New York, and was received by his widow on her return from her sad journey. General Pease was twice married. A widow and one son survive him. To them the words of affection which were sent to him by his classmates, too late to be received by him, are evidence of the esteem and love entertained for him by those who knew him in fullest intimacy. GEO. D. RUGGLES.

AUGUSTUS J. PLEASONTON.

No. 448. CLASS OF 1826.

Died July 26, 1894, at Philadelphia, Pa., aged 86.

GENERAL PLEASONTON was born in and appointed Cadet from the District of Columbia. He entered the Academy July 1, 1822, and was graduated in 1826. He was assigned to the Sixth Infan- .11 -I ~~1__._,-_-1 _.,I I -1 , , I- ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895. 117

try, and then transferred to the Third Artillery and later to the First Artillery, and resigned after four years of service at Fort Monroe, Va., and on Topographical duty. He settled in Phila- delphia, Pa., and in 1832 began the practice of law. He served in the Pennsylvania Militia in various capacities from 1833 to 1840. While Colonel of his regiment, in 1844, he was badly wounded in a fight with a body of armed rioters. During the Rebellion he organized and commanded a Home Guard of 10,000 men for the defense of Philadelphia. The following, which will be of interest to many graduates, is taken from the New York Sun:

The death of General Augustus James Pleasonton at Phila- delphia last Thursday will recall vividly to many persons the famous "blue glass craze " that swept the length and breadth of this country about nineteen years ago. The craze also affected Europe, and was for several years discussed among scientific men. General Pleasonton had been a soldier, but left the Army to practice law. He devoted a great deal of his time to scientific research and experiment, and in the course of his investigations got the idea that the blue of the sky must have some important effect upon living organisms of this earth. Tests of the alleged peculiar properties of blue light had been made some years before in Europe but with unsatisfactory results. General Pleasonton made experiments with blue light at his farm at Overbrook, just outside Philadelphia. In the autumn of 1860 he erected a cold grapery, 84 feet long, 26 feet wide, and 16 feet high at the ridge. The structure was finished in March of the following year. Then he busied himself in deciding the quantity of blue glass he needed. Too much would produce too great action, he thought, and militate as much against the success of the test as if too little were used. After computing the surface of the building, General Pleasonton concluded to insert blue glass panes in every eighth row, the other rows being of ordinary glass. He alternated the rows on opposite sides of the roof so that in the daily course of the sun there would be a colored shaft of light on every leaf and

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twig in the building. The sides and ends of the grapery were fitted with separated runs of violet glass. Soon after the building was completed twenty varieties of grape cuttings one year old were planted, and they grew amaz- ingly. Four weeks after planting the inside of the roof and walls were covered with a healthy and luxuriant growth of vine and foliage. There were no blemishes on any of the leaves or shoots, and the insects generally found on grape vines were ab- sent. General Pleasonton spoke to his friends of the promise given by his vines under the novel treatment, and early in Sep- tember, 1861, the grapery was visited by Mr. Robert Buist, Sr., a prominent agriculturist and grape grower. Mr. Buist was lost in admiration and amazement. He told the General that he had cultivated grape vines for forty years and had visited the finest vineries of Scotland and England, but never in his life had he beheld anything like the vines before him. He added that some other vines planted at the same time as those of General Pleason- ton had attained a length only five feet, while the vines matured under the colored glass were forty-five feet long and an inch in diameter one foot above the soil. The greatest of care was given to the vines, and in March, 1862, they began to bear. The number and promised size of the grape bunches were considered wonderful, and the individual grapes were enormous. The following September Mr. Buist returned to visit General Pleasonton, bringing with him a very successful grape grower who had heard of the marvelous progress of the vines. After a careful calculation the General was informed that his vines were laden with no less than 1,200 pounds of grapes. This was astounding to the visitors, as in countries where vines have been grown for many hundreds of years new vines require five or six years before they put forth a single clus- ter of grapes, whereas the blue glass grapery was producing in seventeen months. The vines bore again in the season of 1863, and the yield, calculated by a comparison with the previous yield, was two tons of large grapes. The news of such wonderful forcing spread to every agricul-

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turist in the country. Many persons discredited the statements. Nevertheless, the blue glass craze had begun, and blue glass graperies were constructed in many States with success. General Pleasonton received scores of letters of inquiry and congratulations and statements of marvellous results. His success with the grapes tempted General Pleasonton to consider experiments with animal life. To this end he built a piggery on his farm, with the roof and three sides constructed of blue glass and plain glass in equal proportions. He then selected eight Chester county pigs of a promising litter and put four in the blue glass pen and four in an ordinary pen, where they would be subjected to the natural rays of the sun. The pigs were two months old. Those in the blue-glass pen weighed 167½ pounds and those in the other pen 203 pounds. Each pig in the experi- niental enclosure was lighter than the lightest pig in the other. The pigs were cared for in the same manner and fed on the same measure of the same food by one man. They were kept in the pens from November 3, 1869, until March 4, 1870, and were then weighed. It was found that three of the blue-glass pigs had gained 398 pounds, whereas three in the natural pen had increased only 386 pounds. To offset this difference was the fact that the fourth sunshine pig had gained twenty-seven pounds on the fourth blue-glass pig. The General explained this by saying that the latter was not in such good condition at the start as his rival. At any rate, the experiment was deemed highly successful, and further advanced the blue-glass theory. General Pleasonton's next test was made on an Alderney bull calf, born January 26th, 1870, and so puny and feeble that it was not expected to live many days. The animal was placed in the blue-glass pen, and in twenty-four hours his feebleness began to diminish, and in a few days he was decidedly vivacious. Five days after birth the calf had grown noticeably. In fifty days he was six inches taller and had developed laterally in proportion. The calf experiment caused as much of a sensation as the grape and pig experiments, and skeptics began to waver. Blue glass was in great demand, and agriculturists and experimenters

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of all kinds built blue-glass houses and grew all sorts of things in them. Very SQon General Pleasonton had a large and enthu- siastic following. The daily papers published many accounts of what were claimed to be cures and improvements in health resulting from the use of sunlight filtered through panes of violet or blue glass. A woman who had been ill for a long time with some constitutional weakness was not only strengthened but absolutely cured in a short time by sitting in blue light and a man whose arm was crippled by rheumatism declared that he experienced almost immediate relief when the arm was thrust within the violet rays. A child that was not expected to live gained eighteen and a half pounds in four months, or an average of four and five- eighths pounds a month, from the blue-glass treatment. General Pleasonton purchased a mule that had been in the army and had been rendered deaf by the discharge of artillery and rheumatic by exposure, and began experimenting with the animal. Panes of blue glass were arranged to cast rays on the mule's neck, head and shoulders all day. In a short time the mule recovered his hearing, and was relieved of the rheumatism. The removal of the deafness was explained by General Pleasonton as having been effected by electro-magnetic currents induced by the lights over the auditory nerves. General Pleasonton received so much encouragement that on September 26th, 1871, he applied for and received a patent on an "Improvement in Accelerating the Growth of Plants and Ani- mals." The blue-glass idea was then taken up by silkworm growers in Italy, who found that, whereas 50 per cent. of the worms died ordinarily, of those reared under blue-glass screens only 10 per cent. perished. In May, 1871, General Pleasonton delivered, before the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, a lecture on "The influence of the blue ray of the sunlight and of the blue color of the sky in developing animal and vegetable life, in arresting disease and in restoring health in acute and chronic disorders to human and domestic animals." The lecture was the result of experiments made from 1861 to 1871. The basis of General Pleasonton's theory was the difference iI - M-I - U' -- ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 121

in the action of tho various rays of the spectrum. In his lecture he said the sky was remarkably blue at the equator and in the Arctic regions, and the exuberance of vegetable growth in the region of the former and the rapid growth of vegetable life in the latter were said to be unequalled in any other portions of the globe. From this the lecturer said it would be easy to imagine the enormous influence exerted by the blue of the sky, combined with the sun's white light and heat and the moisture of the regions. As an example of this influence, General Pleasonton brought forth the subject of the green color of the leaves of plants. Blue combined with yellow makes green, being darker when blue predom- inates and the reverse when yellow is in excess. When a seed is planted a white threadlike root emerges from its lower end. From the top of the seed protrudes a white swelling, which changes color as it approaches the surface of the soil. The swelling is the embryo leaf, which absorbs yellow from the earth, which latter is brown, being a combination of yellow and black. As the leaf gets into the influence of the blue sky it absorbs the blue light, which mixes with the yellow and forms green, light at first, but darker as the blue is exerted. Then, after the plant blossoms and goes to seed, the blue in the leaves is eliminated and they become yellow, and, after absorbing the carbon of the plant, become brown and die. This shows, said the General, that the blue ray is'the symbol of vitality and the yellow of decay and death. Another phase of General Pleasonton's theory was that blue light excites magnetism and electricity, by which carbonic acid gas evaporated from. growing plants is deconmposed and the oxygen thereof liberated, to be absorbed again in maturing the plant and stimulating the active energies into fullest development. He also held that if the blue light of the sky is not electro-magnetic in itself it induces electro-magnetism, and, applying it at the early spring time, when the sky is bluest, stimulates after win- ter's torpor to supply carbon and oxygen to plants and enhance their growth. The lectures of General Pleasonton were collected and published in 1876, with some of the letters he had received. The

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book was printed in blue ink on tinted paper, as an experiment in avoiding the glare gaslight induces in ordinary ink and paper.

JOHN ARCHER.

No. 453. CLASS or 1826. Died, December 30, 1889, at Tilden, Texas, aged 84.

CAPTAIN JOHN ARCHER, was born June 30, 1806, in Cecil County, Maryland. He was appointed Cadet from the same State in 1822, and graduated number twenty-five in 1826. He was assigned to the Seventh Infantry and served at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory; Jefferson Barracks, Mo.; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Fort Towson, Indian Territory, till March 31, 1834, when he resigned. After leaving the Army he engaged in the lumber business at Port Deposit, Md., with his father-in-law. The business did not prosper and the firm failed in 1845, Captain Archer going to Texas in 1846, where he lived till his death. At first he taught school near Corpus Christi; then he engaged in mercantile business and ranching till 1855, when he moved to Helena, engaging in the same occupation till 1860, when he moved to Goliad, Texas, where he was when the rebellion broke out. Being a warm personal friend of Jefferson Davis, he went to Montgomery, Ala., and offered his services to the newly organized Southern Confederacy. Mr. Davis appointed him Captain in the Regular Confederate Army; he served in Virginia till the summer of 1864. Poor health prevented active service in the field so he was kept on Court-Martial and other light duty, being at one time in coimmnand of Fort Winder, one of the defences of Richmond. In 1864, Capt. Archer was ordered to report to Gen. E. Kirby Smith of the Trans-Mississippi Department. While crossing the Mississippi River he was seriously wounded and

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captured. He was exchanged in a short time, but was unable to do any further service during the war. While still in the government service Capt. Archer studied law and in 1849, was elected Judge of the County Court. This position he held for several years. In 1877, h'e renewed his law 'studies and at the age of 70, he stood a public examination by a committee of lawyers. He passed a fine examination, for which he was highly complimented by the District Judge, and was soon after elected to the Judgeship. His adminiistration of the office was so well regarded by his constituents, that he was re-elected for three successive terms. In 1884, he became almost blind and resigned his office and thereafter lived with his children. He left three sons and two daughters, all of the sons following his footsteps in the profession of law. Captain Archer was an uncompromising secessionist and when the Southern Confederacy was no more, refused to accept the result of the conflict. The above obituary is compiled from a letter sent to the Association by his son, Mr. Osceola Archer, of Austin, Texas. SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION.

ALBERT G. EDWARDS.

No. 706. CLASS OF 1832. Died April 20, 1892, at Kirkwood, Mo., aged 80. Mr. EDWARDS was born in and appointed Cadet from Illinois. He entered in 1827 and graduated in 1832. He became a Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Mounted Rangers and the same in the First Dragoons the next year. He resigned in May, 1835, and was a merchant in St. Louis, Mo., till 1865. He held the offices of Bank Commissioner and Brigadier-General of Militia, and was Assistant Treasurer of the United States at St. Louis from 1865

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to 1886. In .1871 he was a member of the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy. The Association has been unable to ascertain any further information concerning Mr. Edwards, letters to members of his family not being answered. SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION.

THOMAS S. RHETT.

No. 1382. CLASS OF 1848. Died, December 23, 1893, at Washingtonll, D. C., aged 67. The subject of this brief sketch was born in South Carolina and entered the Military Academy in 1844; graduating in 1848; he was appointed to the Second Artillery and served with the regiment in Louisiana and Florida, being engaged in hostilities against the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1854-55. He resigned in February, 1855, and was a Clerk in a Baltimore Bank till the beginning of the Rebellion, when he cast his fortunes with the South. The Association is unable to obtain his history during the war or his career in civil life since 1865. SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION.

__ I I I[ ------a - MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

The Treasurer presented the following report, which was accepted and adopted: WEST POINT, N. Y., June 10th, 1895.

Professor E. IV. Bass, in account witth the Association of Graduates, United States Military Academy. DR.- Balance on hand last report ...... $ 7,133 32 Interest on bonds ...... 367 00 Initiation fees ...... 200 00 Bequest from estate of General Cullum ...... 3,330 41 Sale of pam phlets ...... 7 00

T otal ...... $11,037 73

CR.-Printing Annual Report, 1894 ...... $ 204 60 Postage and stationery ...... 23 12 Premium on $3,300 U. S. regular 4 per cent. bonds ...... 445 50 Sundries ...... 46 76 T otal...... $ 719 98

Balance on hand June 10th, 1895 ...... $10,317 75 E. W. BASS, Treasurer Association of Graduates, United States Military Academy.

Professor Larned submitted the following report:

THE FREIS MEMORIAL, WEST POINT, N. Y. A circular signed by me, suggesting the propriety of a memorial to Andre Freis, recently deceased, and for fifty years As- sistant Librarian of the Academy, was enclosed by the Secretary of the Association of Graduates with his annual notice of the meeting and dinner for June, 1894, and thus distributed to all of 126 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895. its members. From fifty cents to one dollar was the amount so- licited. The response was unexpectedly large and generally accompanied with expressions of warm regard and commendation. There have been received some eighty-nine separate letters of this nature, which, together with a picture of the memorial, have been forwarded to his widow. The total amount received was $277, from some three hundred and ten subscribers. After consideration, it seemed to me in harmony with the simple and uncultured personality of the man, his faithful persistence and integrity, to take for the memorial one of the rough boulders with which the land is covered and cut upon it his name with a brief record of his service. Accordingly search was made and a stone of monumental shape selected. The proposition of an appropriate emblematic design, and the supervision of the work was entrusted to Mr. Louis Brown, architect, and inspector of the Academic Building in process of construction at the Academy. A contract in due form was made with Mr. Milliam McMeekin, of Newburgh, to erect the memorial complete, according to design, for the sum of $225. A further contract for additional lettering and gilding, amounting to $29, was effected, making the cost of its erection aggregate $254. Mr. Brown was paid $20 for the design and his services, leaving now on hand the sum of $3, which I propose to use for the decoration of the base with vines, etc. The inscription placed upon the South face in incised old Roman letters, reads as follows:

"This stone was erected by the graduates of the Military Academy as a memorial of Andre Freis, born 1820 died 1894, who, as Assistant Librarian, served this school faithfully for fifty years."

On the opposite face is cut in larger letters "Andre Freis." The memorial is placed at the fork of two roads in the cemetery, near the entrance, under a chestnut tree, and bears, besides the inscription, a palm, cut upon the South face, extending nearly the height of the stone, and together with the inscription gilded with gold leaf. The boulder is about nine feet high, standing upon a ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE loth, 1895. 127 rough, horizontal slab, beneath which is a bed of concrete 2 feet 8 inches thick, resting upon a layer of broken stone 12 inches thick. CHARLES W. LARNED.

On motion of General Stanley the report was accepted and the thanks of the Association were extended to Professor Larned for his trouble and interest in the matter. The Chairman appointed the following Committee and announced the officers for the ensuing year:

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

COLONEL 0. H. ERNST, PROFEssoR P. S. MICHTE, COLONEL S. M. MILLS, PROFESSOR W. P. EDGERTON, LIEUTENANT S. E. ALLEN.

SECRETARY, LIEUTENANT CHARLES BRADEN.

TREASURER, PROFEssoR E. W. BASS.

Colonel Ernst, Superintendent of the Military Academy, invited the graduates present to inspect the new Academy Building; the invitation was accepted by nearly all, and they afterwards expressed themselves as much pleased with the splendid structure and its furnishings and arrangement. There being no further business, the meeting adjourned. CHARLES BRADEN, Secretary.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE I.-THE ASSOCIATION OF THE GRADUATES OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY shall include all the graduates of that institution who shall have assented to the Constitution and By-Laws. ART. II.-The object of this Association shall be to cherish the mieniories of the Military Academy at West Point, and to pro- mote the social intercourse and fraternal fellowship of its graduates. ART. III, Par. 1.-The officers of this Association shall con- sist of a President, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and an Executive Committee of five members. I'ar. 2.-The oldest graduate belonging to the Association shall be the President; and, in his absence, the senior graduate present shall preside at the meetings of the Association. The Secretary and the Treasurer, to be selected from the members of the Association residing at or near West Point, shall be appointed by the presiding officer, at each annual meeting, for the ensuing year. Par. 3.-The Association shall meet annually at West Point, New York, on such a day of the month of June as shall be designated by the Executive Committee. ART. IV.-Political, or any other discussions foreign to the purposes of the Association, as set forth in this Constitution, or any proceedings of such a tendency, are declared inimical to the purposes of this organization, and are prohibited. ART. V.-This Constitution may be altered or amended at any regular meeting of the Association, by a vote of three fourths of the members present. 130 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE 10th, 1895.

BY-LA WS.

1. Every graduate desiring to become a member of this Asso- ciation shall be admitted upon paying an initiation fee of ten dollars. 2. At each annual meeting the presiding officer shall appoint an Executive Committee of five members, whose duty it shall be to make all needful preparations and arrangements for the ensuing meeting, and transact such other business as may not devolve upon the other officers of the Association. 3. The Treasurer shall disburse all moneys of the Association upon the order of the Executive Committee, attested by the signature of its chairman, and shall at each annual meeting make a full report of its receipts and disbursements. 4. The Secretary shall cause a book of records to be kept, ex- hibiting the address and occupation of every member of the Asso- ciation. 5. The records of the Association shall be preserved at West Point, New York, and shall be open to the inspection of the members. 6. All members of the Association who may be prevented, by any cause, from personally attending the annual meeting are expected to notify the Secretary, and to impart such information in regard to themselves as they may think proper, and as may be of interest to their fellow members. 7. No member of the Association shall speak more than once on any subject or question of business, and no longer than five minutes, without the consent of the meeting being first obtained. 8. A two-thirds vote of all the members present at any regular meeting shall be required to alter or amend these By-Laws. 9. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Law shall be authority for the government and regulations of all meetings of this Asso- ciation. The following names have been added to the list of graduates since last report:

CLASS OF 1895.

3617 1 Edward H. Schulz, Add'l Second Lieutenant Corps of Engineers. 3618 2 Harry Burgess, Add'l Second Lieutenant Corps of Engineers. 3619 3 John A. Gurney, Second Lieutenant Fifth Infantry. 3620 4 Jens Bugge, Jr., Second Lieutenant Third Infantry. 3621 5 Casper H. Conrad, Jr., Second Lieutenant Sixth Cavalry. 3622 6 Harry E. Smith, Second Lieutenant First Artillery. 3623 7 Harry H. Stout, Second Lieutenant Sixth Cavalry. 3624 8 Herbert A. White, Second Lieutenant Sixth Cavalry. 3625 9 Joseph L. Knowlton, Second Lieutenant Second Artillery. 3626 10 Charles H. Paine, Second Lieutenant Thirteenth Infantry. 3627 11 Thales L. Ames, Second Lieutenant Third Artillery. 3628 12 Conway H. Arnold, Jr., Add'l Second Lieutenant Fifth Artillery. 3629 13 Nathan K. Averill, Second Lieutenant Seventh Cavalry. 3630 14 Harry LaT. Cavenaugh, Second Lieutenant Ninth Cavalry. 3631 15 Joseph Wheeler, Jr., Add'l Second Lieutenant Fourth Artillery. 3632 16 Adrian S. Fleming, Add'l Second Lieutenant Fifth Artillery. 3633 17 Brooke Payne, Add'l Second Lieutenant Fourth Artillery. 3634 18 Mortimer 0. Bigelow, Second Lieutenant Eighth Cavaljy. 3635 19 William G. Sills, Second Lieutenant Second Cavalry. 3636 20 August C. Nissea, Second Lieutenant Fifth Cavalry. 3637 21 Thomas W. Darrah, Second Lieutenant Ninth Infantry. 3638 22 Americus Mitchell, Second Lieutenant Fifth Infantry. 3639 23 Perry L. Miles, Second Lieutenant Fourteenth Infantry. 3640 24 Milton L. McGrew, Second Lieutenant Eleventh Infantry. 3641 25 Clyde E. Hawkins, Add'l Second Lieutenant Third Cavalry. 3642 26 Lorrain T. Richardson, Second Lieutenant Twentieth Infantry. 3643 27 James S. Parker, Add'l Second Lieutenant Fourth Cavalry. 3644 28 Charles R. Howland, Second Lieutenant Twentieth Infantry. 3645 29 Francis P. Siviter, Second Lieutenant Twelfth Infantry. 3646 30 Morton F. Smith, Second Lieutenant Twentieth Infantry. 3647 31 Louis M. Nuttman, Second Lieutenant Twenty-first Infantry. 3648 32 Glenn H. Davis, Second Lieutenant Twelfth Infantry. 3649 33 Franklin S. Hutton, Second Lieutenant Second Infantry. 3650 34 Joseph S. Herron, Add'l Second Lieutenant First Cavalry. 132 ANNUAL REUNION, JUNE o10th, 1895.

3651 35 Henry B. Dixon, Add'l Second Lieutenant Tenth Cavalry. 3652 36 Albert S. Brookes, Second Lieutenant 'Eighteenth Infantry. 3653 37 George B. Pritchard, Jr., Add'l Second Lieut. Ninth Cavalry. 3654 38 Thomas F. Dwyer, Second Lieutenant Ninth Infantry. 3655 39 Fine W. Smith, Second Lieutenant Twelfth Infantry. 3656 40 Walter S. McBroom. Second Lieutenant Eighteenth Infantry. 3657 41 Louis H. Lewis, Second Lieutenant Ninth Infantry. 3658 42 David S. Stanley, Second Lieutenant Twenty-second Infantry.' 3659 43 Benjamin T. Simmons, Second Lieutenant Sixteenth Infantry. 3660 44 Joseph N. Augtustin, Jr., Second Lieut. Twenty-fourth Infantry. 3661 45 Samuel G. Creden, Second Lieutenant Twenty-fifth Infantry. 3662 46 Girard Sturtevant, Second Lieutenant Twenty-fifth Infantry. 3663 47 Louis H. Bash, Second Lieutenant Thirteenth Infantry. 3664 48 Anton Springer, Jr., Second Lieut. Twenty-first Infantry. 3665 49 Frank B. Watson, Second Lieutenant Nineteenth Infantry. 3666 50 Oscar J. Charles, Add'l Second Lieutenant Tenth Infantry. 3667 51 Thomas A. Pearce, Add'l Second Lieutenant Fourteenth Infantry 3668 52 Daniel Duncan, Add'l Second Lieutenant Seventeenth Infantry. INDEX.

Page. CLASS OF 1895...... 131-1832 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS ...... 129-130 MEMBERS OF ASSOCIATION ...... 3-8 MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS ...... 125

OBITUARIES. ARCHER, JOHN, ...... 122 BECKWITH, AMOS ...... 45 BENET, STEPHEN V. (Portrait) ...... 55 COOKE, PHILIP ST. G., ...... 79 COPPEE, HENRY. (Portrait) ...... 86 EDWARDS, ALBERT G., ...... 123 EWELL, BENJAMIN S., ...... 11 FLEMING, H. B.,...... 92 FRY, JAMES B. (Portrait) ...... 15 HAYMAN, S. B., ...... 112 MARTIN, JAMES P., ...... 64 NEWTON, JOHN. (Portrait)...... 97 PATTERSON, GEORGE T. T., ...... 23 PEASE, W M. R., ...... 114 PECK, FREMONT P., ...... 76 PLEASANTON, AUGUSTUS J., ...... 116 PRICE, PHILIP M. (Portrait) ...... 40 RAYNOLDS, WM. F., ...... 43 RHETT, THOMAS S., ...... 124 ROBINS, ERNEST S., ...... 24 SCAMMON, E. PARKER, ...... 53 STONEMAN, GEORGE. (Portrait) ...... 25 SYMMES, JOHN C., ...... 77 TURTLE, THOMAS, ...... 36 WASHINGTON, THORNTON A.,...... 14 WILDRICK, ABRAM C.,...... 50 W HITE, JAMES L., ...... 49